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The study aimed to determine the effects of adhesive content on rubber wood charcoal briquette characteristics. Wood charcoal was produced using a double-drum retort kiln at > 500°C. Wood charcoals were crushed into powder and then mixed with tapioca adhesive of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The charcoal-adhesive mix was then pressed using a hydraulic press machine. For comparison, rubber wood biomass briquettes were also produced using wood particle-adhesive mix with similar adhesive content. Biomass and charcoal briquettes characteristics as physical properties (density and water absorption), chemical properties (ultimate analysis, and FTIR analysis) and energy properties (calorific value) were evaluated. The results showed that density ranged between 0.52-0.56 g/cm3, water absorption of 6.54-7.47%, C content of 82.67-84.41%, H content of 3.28-3.60%, N content of 0.67%-0.74%, and calorific value of 30.76-32.86 MJ/kg. The results of FTIR analysis showed changes in the spectrum of the wave band on the functional groups OH, CH, C≡H, C=C, and C=O, indicating the decomposition of the chemical components of rubber wood due to pyrolysis. The results prove that increasing the adhesive content can reduce the quality of briquettes. Based on physical, chemical, and energy properties, charcoal briquettes with 5% adhesive showed better characteristics than briquettes with 10% and 15% adhesive content, showing water absorption of 6.54%, C content of 84.41%, H content of 3.28%, and heating value of 32.86 MJ/kg. Keywords: adhesive content, charcoal briquette, pyrolysis, rubber wood waste, tapioca starch

Kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris) is a fern that lives wildly in nature. High iron content in the diet underlies the use of kalakai plants as a natural iron fortifying food for growing children. The purpose of this study was to determine the best formulation of baby porridge flour meeting the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Kalakai was selected as a Fe fortifying material due to its high content of Fe. Three formulations (A, B, and C) were produced from three different flours (cassava nagara, kalakai, and young banana), and the formulated samples were tested. Formula A was 55 (cassava) : 5 (kalakai) : 40 (banana); formula B was 57:3:40; and formula C was 59:1:40. Those three formulations were compared with a control which was made from cassava nagara flour and banana flour with ratio of 60% and 40% (without kalakai). The results showed that the best formula was the A formulation, with a ratio content of 55:5:40. This formula had 0.90 g/ml of kamba density, 2.04 of water absorption index, 6.62% of moisture content, 3.02% of ash content, 0.67% of fat content, 2.41% of crude protein, and 4.48 mg/100g of Fe level.

The most widely used material as a house wall is red brick, which is relatively cheap and safe to weather compared to other materials. Red bricks are usually in the manufacturing process by traditional means and fabrication. In general red bricks require additional materials of rice husk in the process of making. Much of the "starchy" waste material widely found in Klaten that is not currently utilized, is expected to be used instead of rice husk which is one of the red brick material mixtures.This research will be conducted brick test with mechanical behavior test which includes density test, water absorption test and compressive strength test with red brick made from rice husk mixture as comparison with analysis result of mixture of starch onggok waste. The result of this research is compressive strength of brick with mixture of rice husk larger and has a small water absorption compared with compressive strength of brick with mixture of onggok.

This research is made to knowing the influence of adding amount of seagrass to amount of sand on the compressive strength and the Eco-concrete bricks’s water absorbtion. The methods used in this research is experiment with a sample of Eco-concrete bricks (20 x 10 x 6) cm in adding 4 variation amount of seagrass . the first variation is without adding amount of seagrass (0%), second adding 5%, third adding 15%, and the fourth is adding 25%. The examination compressive strength and water absorbtion is do to Eco-concrete bricks 28 days age with ten times repetition and take the average number. The result of this examination show the number of compressive strength for each variation are 12.102 MPa without adding amount of seagrass (0%), 11.011 MPa adding 5%, 7.6044 MPa adding 15%, and 5.3872 MPa adding 25%. The data for examination of water absorbtion are 12.439% without adding amount of seagrass (0%), 13.81% adding 5%, 15.215% adding 15%, and 16.019% adding 25%. The conclution is the more concentration adding amount of seagrass the less number of Eco-concrete bricks’s compressive strength and otherwise the less concentration adding amount of seagrass the less number of Ecoconcrete bricks’s water absorbtion power. Keywords : compressive strength, eco-concrete bricks, seagrass, water absorption

The objectives of the study was to determine the effect of phoxim on the properties of rubber wood particleboard (Hevea brasiliensis ) phoxim concentration used were 0.05,1, 1.5 and 2 % based on particle dry weight. The result showed, that the addition of phoxim preservative to particleboard reduced the values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength and shear strength, but increased the thicknees swelling and water absorption of particleboard. However, the phyrical. and mechanical properties of particleboard treated With phoxim preservative up to 2 % met the FAO standard for medium density particleboard and met JIS for type 150 particleboard. Compared with Indonesian standard all particleboards produced met the standard requirements except for internal bond strength.

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perbandingan penggunaan metode granulasi basah dan kempa langsung terhadap sifat fisik dan waktu hancur orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) piroksikam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan metode pembuatan ODTs piroksikam yang menghasilkan sifat fisik tablet dan waktu hancur yang paling baik. Komposisi formula pada metode granulasi basah dan cetak langsung sama tiap tabletnya yaitu Piroksikam 20 mg, Primellose® 5%, PVP K30 1%, Mg stearat 1%, Manitol 10%, dan Comprecel® ad 175 mg. Tablet ODTs kemudian dievaluasi sifat fisiknya yang meliputi keseragaman bobot, keseragaman ukuran, kekerasan, friabilitas dan friksibilitas, waktu hancur, rasio penyerapan air, waktu pembasahan dan penetapan kadar serta uji disolusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua metode menghasilkan sifat fisik tablet yang baik. Namun metode kempa langsung memberikan waktu hancur yang lebih cepat yaitu 55,51 detik dibandingkan dengan metode granulasi basah. Hasil uji statistik menggunakan metode independent sample T test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna waktu hancur (P

This paper deals with on experiment of fibreboard from eight East Indonesian wood species. Wood pulp was cooked by semi chemical process with hot caustic soda. The cooking conditions were concentration of alkali 35 g/l, wood to liquor ratio 1 : 8 and temperature at 100°C for 2 hours. Sheet was formed by wet felting technique using deckle box, followed by cold pressing at the pressure Of 10,kg/cm2 for 5 minutes. Wet fibreboard sheet then hot pressed at the pressure of 25 kg/cm2 for 10 minutes 170°C. The results shows. that the fibreboard density and modulus. of rupture from seven wood species meet the requirements of FAO standard. only fibreboard from one wood species which meet FAO standard for modulus of elasticity Fibreboard from three wood species meet the standard for tensile strength. Fibreboard from eight wood species don't meet FAO standard for water absorption and thicknessling swelling.

The research of particle board for interior purpose with the mixed composition of rattan shavings (as core) and oil palm shell (the outer layer) had been done. Those composition consisted of a1= 30%: 40%: 30%, a2= 25%:50%:25%, a3= 20%, 60%, 20%, a4= 15%:70%:15%, a5= 10%:80%,10%, a6= 5%:90%:5%. The concentration of Urea Formaldehida (UF) adhesive were b1=3%, b2= 6%, b3=9%. The physical and mechanical properties of particles board showed that water content 11,12% - 11,71%, the development of thickness 5,56% - 7,15%, water absorption 18,04% - 23,46%, density 0,52 g/cm3 – 0,71 g/cm3, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) 128 kg/cm2 – 697 kg/cm2, Module of Rufture (MOR) 52 kg/cm2 – 106 kg/cm2. The higher the concentration of raw materials of rattan shavings nor UF adhesive, the better quality of partcle board, included in the criteria for medium density of flat particle board. The resulted particle boards meet requirements of Indonesian National Standard for flat particle board SNI 03-2105-2006.Keywords: particle board, rattan shaving, oil palm shell

The need of log increace rapidly, mean while forest product decrease, so efficiency on wood process should be done wisely, in the other hand plastic waste is uncompossed material, become an environmental problems. This research aims to determine the impact of particles of type HDPE plastic wastes and twigs/branches of rubber on some physical and mechanical properties of wood. Physical properties have been tested for water content, density, thickness, and water absorption. Although mechanical properties tests were tough Broken/Module of Rufture (MOR) and the preservation of architecture/modulus of elasticity (MOE). The raw materials used are polyethylene of high density of waste plastic and rubber adhesive urea formaldehyde branch branch. Experimental design used the randomized Completely Design (RCD) 5 x 4, in which each treatment became much like 5 times replicated).The treatment used is the diversity of the composition of the waste of plastic of different types of polyethylene of high density provides a significant effect on the content of water, water absorption, the density and the development of thickness. With regard to the persistence and the fracture of the arch determination not to give a significant effect.Keywords: physical and mechanical properties, particle board, HDPE plastic waste, branch/twig of rubber.