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This paper examines the implementation of auditing in Zakat Institutions with a case study in BAZNAS Riau Province and BAZNAS Pekanbaru. Nowadays, the government and citizen’s attention for zakat management has become so high. Therefore, there are publications of rules about the obligation of zakat Institutions to make the report which, then, is an object to be audited. The researcher interviewed some regarding this topic, such as the Commisioner Head and Manager of BAZNAS Riau province and BAZNAS Pekanbaru and some staff of the Ministry of Religion who are in charge of zakat. The findings show the high attention of important role of internal auditor in zakat institutions. In the case at BAZNAS Pekanbaru, a team of internal auditors has been formed in 2017. The internal auditing activities can be the starting point for the external auditing activity. External auditing in zakat institutions industry facing many challenges such as waiting the release of technical rules of sharia audit from Ministry of Religious Affairs. The paper contributes to the better governance for zakat institutions to increase the trust of moslems especially muzakki in Riau province.

Abstract. This paper aims to propose a model of investment account based on Islamic Financial Services Board guiding principles. The research figures out some factors affecting the process of deploying investment account, the proposed model, cost - benefit analysis as well as the steps to be taken by Islamic banking stakeholders to install the model in the future. Having reviewed many litetatures related to irregular deposit, investment account as well as the institutional theory, the study found that the adoption of investment account heavily relies on the political factor applied by Bank Indonesia. Law No. 21 Year 2008 that regulates Indonesian Islamic Banking clause 35 stated that Bank Indonesia has coercive power to drive the accounting and governance standard for the Indonesian Islamic banking. Other actors such as Financial Services Authority, National Sharia Board, and Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation also do affect the regulation on Investment Account. This paper informs the policy makers to set different regulation on investment account within the practice of dual banking system.

Objective - The market share of Islamic banking in Indonesia has continually decreased from 4.89% in 2013 to 4.85% in 2014 and 4.83% in 2015. As a result, the idea to establish a single state owned Islamic Bank occurs. This conceptual paper aims to contribute the maslahah framework regarding the future of Islamic banks in Indonesia.Methods - The methodology that used in this paper is a qualitative method which supported by quantitative data that align with the theory of the benefit of the Ummah (maslahah) and the community theory.Results - The breakthrough to increase the market share and deliver Indonesia becoming an Islamic financial hub is the option to convert the BRI as the biggest retail bank to a full fledge Islamic bank, and the next action is to acquire the Islamic banks which are subsidiary of conventional state-owned banks (Bank Syariah Mandiri-BSM, Bank Nasional Indonesia Syariah-BNIS, Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah-BRIS, and Bank Tabungan Negara Syariah-BTNS). Conclusions - Establishing a single state-owned Islamic bank is beneficial for the future of Islamic banks in Indonesia

Objective - The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the contribution of Islamic Microfinance Institutions (IMI) in the process of empowerment of women microenterprises, and recommended a related policy.Method – This study is a field research in 2012, which focused in BMTs Agam Madani at Agam district. The data is sourced from the observation, documentation and questionnaires from 60 women micro-entrepreneurs samples who receive working capital financing. This paper uses simple regression model in order to observe relationship between working capital and the increasing of revenue. This model is to measure the amount of the multiplier effect in working capital-to increasing of revenue.Result – This paper found that IMI is a good model to develop society more prosperous by developing BMTs in each district. These BMT has thousands of micro enterprises member and could revitalized the spirit of entrepreneurship of minangkabau’s women. A research to 60 women’s micro entrepreneur samples showed the positive significant influence between lending to revenue. A multiplier effect equal to 0.068.The small number of multiplier effect implied that many factors determining their revenue, not lending only.Conclusion – This finding could explain that IMI could empower micro entrepreneur woman. This finding also recommend few strategies: 1) Revitalization of BMTs as micro catalyst by revitalization of structure of organization, products variation, human resource compentence, sharia monitoring, public cooperation and implementating local cultural value 2) Revitalization of government role as fasilitator, coordinator, initiator and mediator in developing micro sector. Keywords : Women’s Entrepreneurship, Micro Enterprises, Islamic Microfinance Institution, BMTs Agam Madani

Objective - This study examines the present-day implementation of the counter-cyclical principle suggested by Yusuf (AS) around four thousand years ago, in response to the King of Egypt's dream, to overcome the famine of seven years through saving grain during seven years of abundance. In general, the counter-cyclical principle encourages saving during times of plenty and spending during times of scarcity, activities which today help to stabilise the business-cycle.Method - Library research is applied since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughly reviewing the most relevant literature. This paper reviews the commodity-based currency systems proposed before, during and after the Second World War by several prominent economists (particularly Keynes, 1938; Graham, 1940; Hayek, 1943; Grondona, 1950 and Lietaer, 2001) all of which basically incorporated the counter-cyclical principle of Prophet Yusuf (AS). The primary purpose of these commodity-based currency systems is to stabilise the real value of money in order to improve macroeconomic stability. Additionally, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of Grondona system of conditional currency convertibility.Results - The Grondona system would partially stabilise the real value of each country's national currency in terms of a range of durable, essential, basic imported commodities, thereby also partially stabilising the prices of the selected commodities in terms of the national currency of each country implementing the system.Conclusion - The Grondona system of conditional currency convertibility as compared to other commodity-based currency systems is more practical. Its primary advantage in comparison to other proposals of commodity reserve currency is that it could be implemented in parallel with the existing monetary system. Accordingly, it could be taken as a preliminary step towards a monetary system based on real money such as gold dinar.Keywords : Counter-cyclical principle; Grondona system; Commodity-based currency system (s).

Objective – The main objective of this paper is to focus on wakalah model and its impact in takaful operation and to evaluate the compliance of takaful company with shari’ah principles in applying the wakalah concept.Methods – qualitative method which is based on library research. Reference to many books, articles, proceeding papers, handouts, journals, and internet source regarding wakalah by Etiqa Takaful Berhad.Result–The finding of this research shows that the takaful operation in Etiqa Takaful Berhad relies solely on the role of agents to market and promote their products. The agents shall act in accordance with the agreement signed by both parties as to the duties and work to be done by the agent. Binding agreement between the agent and the principal in Etiqa Takaful Berhad is the Family Takaful Agency Agreement and the General Takaful Agency Agreement.Conclusion –It can be concluded that the agency system should be further strengthened as it has important role in takaful business. Indirectly, it can enhance the development of Islamic finance in Malaysia as well as make it known to the society that it is a good system and can completely replace conventional insurance in this industry.Keywords: Wakalah, Agency System, Takaful, Conventional Insurance

Objective - This paper attempts to discuss the Islamic law of inheritance (Faraid), its existence and its systematic impact to humankind. Faraid plays a fundamental role as an impetus behind the development of science, which has a great economic impact to the development of social welfare. This paper aims to increase the awareness towards the importance of Islamic law of Inheritance for knowledge development, and social prosperity of humankind. Secondly, to reveal the hikmah behind the rules set in Faraid and their economic implications. Thirdly is to emerge the consciousness for being Sharia’ compliance by revealing the secret behind His rules and its benefit for humankind.Method - Employing a qualitative method and literature reviewResult - This paper shows that from the macroeconomic perspective, Faraid systematically ensures the redistribution of wealth, and spreads the concentration of wealth in every generation. Literature reviews and information collected are employed in order to analyze and make further inferences. The literature review clarifies the magnificence of Faraid and its real contribution to human development; in economics and in other disciplines. Faraid keeps the justice in wealth distribution, protects property rights, empowers women to be involved in economic activities and as a whole, Faraid also encourages economic growth.Conclusion - Conclusively, by commissioning Faraid, the wealth is generated and returned to the factors production through many hands of who deserve it after the absence of deceased.Keywords : Islamic Inheritance Law; Faraid; Property Rights; Distribution of Wealth

Objective –The objective of this paper is to provide a discussion Islamic Financial Engineering which practice between Indonesian Capital Market and Malaysian capital market. This paper also investigate whether regulator could effectively take a role in materializing demands for Islamic securities and whether regulator declaration is more convincing than sharia compliance declaration between IDX and KLSE.Methods - We use descriptive analytic and literature study to see the background, market response caused by regulatory for Islamic Financial Engineering. We also analyze Islamic capital market regulatory from middle east countries.Results - We find that Islamic Capital Market in KLSE (Malaysian Capital Market) more higher growth than IDX (Indonesia Capital Market) because of Islamic Capital Regulatory in KLSE much easier to improve Islamic Financial Engineering from conventional schemes.Conclusion - This finding could explain why Islamic Capital Market in KLSE is still growing rapidly and IDX will adjust their Islamic Capital Market Regulatory to compete with regional Islamic Capital Market.Keywords : Islamic Financial Engineering, Risk, Return, Derivative, Hedging, Option, Forward, Hybrid contract

Objective – Waqf is a unique feature of the socioeconomic system of Islam in a multi- religious and developing country like India. India is a rich country with waqf assets. The history of waqf in India can be traced back to 800 years ago. Most of the researchers, suggest how waqf can be used a tool to mitigate the poverty of Muslims. India has the third highest Muslim population after Indonesia and Pakistan. However, the majority of Muslims belong to the low income group and they are in need of help. It is believed that waqf can be utilized for the betterment of Indian Muslim community. Among the available uses of waqf assets, the main objective of this paper is to introduce waqf based takaful model in India. In addition, how this proposed model can be adopted in India is highlighted.Methods – Library research is applied since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughlyreviewing the most relevant literature.Result – India as a rich country with waqf assets should fully utilize the resources to help the Muslims through takaful.Conclusion – In this study, we have proposed waqf based takaful model with the combination of the concepts mudarabah and wakalah for India. We recommend this model based on the background of the country and situations. Since we have not tested the viability of this model in India, future research should be continued on this testing.Keywords : Wakaf, Takaful, Kemiskinan dan India

Objective – This paper attempts to highlight the farmers’ lives in Malaysia and their problems in developing idle agricultural land.Methods - This paper is using descriptive and exploratory method of study which refer to the situation of agricultural sector in Malaysia.Results - The scheme aPLS (agricultural production and loss sharing) that proposed cannot stand alone in the traditional fiqh to be implemented now. Therefore, the combinations of aPLS contract with ujrah principle are really needed. This is important to ensure the flexibility of the contract that can offer a fully comprehensive scheme of Islamic agricultural finance.Conclusion – The land together with labour can be considered as a form of capital and therefore has a similarity to the contracts of mudaraba and musharaka. Hence, it can be said that these principles are “agricultural production and loss sharing (aPLS)” because land will naturally produce an output or a product. Muzara’a and musaqa therefore can be said to be contracts which are based on sharing output rather than sharing profit.Keywords: Idle Agricultural Land, Islamic agricultural finance, Malaysia

Objective- The main objective of this study is to estimate the Willingness to Pay of the Muslim households to contribute cash waqf as a strategy towards wealth management in Sri Lanka. Waqf is holding or confinement which is emphasised in Islam as ibadah as it can distribute the wealth among the Muslim society and would help to develop the Islamic vision of brotherhood.Method- Contingent valuation method is used to estimate the Willingness to Pay of Muslim households to improve socio-economic status of the low income people through waqf wealth management in Sri Lanka. This study is developed based on Random Utility Theory.Result- This paper identifies the appropriate methods to estimate the willingness to pay of Muslim households in Sri Lanka for waqf (awqaf is plural) institutions. Such evaluations are crucial for the Islamic financial system to function effectively in order to achieve the dignified objectives of socio-economic justice through proper distribution of wealth.Conclusion-This paper presents a conceptual model of waqf institutions which would be useful for further empirical research in this area. The findings are not only appropriate and applicable to Sri Lanka but also to other Muslim and non-Muslim countries. This is a unique contribution to the Islamic economic literature. The knowledge obtained from this study hopes to propose cash waqf to manage the wealth in order to improve the socio-economic status of low income people in Sri Lanka.Tujuan - Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperkirakan Kemauan Membayar rumah tangga Muslim untuk berkontribusi wakaf tunai sebagai strategi menuju pengelolaan kekayaan di Sri Lanka. Wakaf secara bahasa menahan (harta) yang ditekankan dalam Islam sebagai ibadah karena dapat mendistribusikan kekayaan di antara masyarakat Muslim dan akan membantu untuk mengembangkan visi Islam yaitu persaudaraan.Metode - Metode penilaian Kontingensi digunakan untuk memperkirakan Kesediaan membayar rumah tangga Muslim dalam meningkatkan status sosial - ekonomi masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah melalui pengelolaan kekayaan wakaf di Sri Lanka. Penelitian ini dikembangkan berdasarkan Teori Utilitas Acak.Hasil - Paper ini mengidentifikasi metode yang tepat untuk memperkirakan kemauan membayar rumah tangga Muslim di Sri Lanka untuk wakaf lembaga. Evaluasi tersebut sangat penting untuksistem keuangan Islam yang berfungsi secara efektif dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang bermartabat keadilan sosial - ekonomi melalui distribusi kekayaan yang tepat.Kesimpulan - Paper ini menyajikan model konseptual lembaga wakaf yang akan berguna untuk penelitian empiris lebih lanjut di daerah ini. Temuan ini tidak hanya tepat dan berlaku untuk Sri Lanka, tetapi juga ke negara-negara Muslim dan non -Muslim lainnya. Ini adalah kontribusi yang unik untuk literatur ekonomi Islam. Pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari studi ini adalah mengharapkan agar wakaf tunai diusulkan untuk mengelola kekayaan dalam rangka meningkatkan status sosial - ekonomi masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah di Sri Lanka.Keywords: Awqaf, Contingent Valuation Method, Utility Theory, Willingness to Pay, Welfare Changes

Objective – Islamic Banking is closely related to the real sector. Then, its operation should reflect the real sector which is expected to contribute to the sustainable economic growth. Nevertheless, Islamic banks are still benchmarking the price of their products (profit sharing and sales) on interest rate. This is as an implication of the implementation of the dual banking system. Moreover, the small portion of Islamic banking compared to the total national banks causes the competitiveness of Islamic banking product in terms of pricing has a high correlation with the interest rate of conventional counterpart. This phenomenon indicates the need to find.Method – This research employed library research method since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughly reviewing the most relevant literature. The paper attempt to propose a pricing indicator which is based on the real sector activities as the root of Islamic banking operations.Result – Theoretically, this indicator can reflect the real rate of return of every industry sector. In addition, it can help Bank Indonesia to monitor the real sector performance and analyze the possible gap between real sector activities and financial sector. Furthermore, when the benchmark of real rate of real sector return is available, the return index of Islamic banking reflecting the profit sharing performance of the whole Islamic banking industry can be formulated. This concept is different with other indexes which are corresponding to the price of financial assets.Conclusion – In general, return index of real sector as a reference for Islamic banking product pricing is expected to define the way of non-interest return analysis, to calculate the non-interest return of selected sectors that becomes the focus of analysis using Cash Recovery Rates (CRR), forming an index of industry by sector in the second stage, by doing a certain weighting of those companies, to analyze the relationship between macro factors and CRR by sector and to forecast. Modeling the Demand for Family and General Takaful in Malaysia (A Comparative Study): ARDL Approach to CointegrationObjective- Nowadays, numerous studies focus on the determinant of the demand for takaful, either family or general takaful in Malaysia. In this respect, these studies employ economic and socio-demographic variables to examine the determinants of takaful. They found that income, interest rates, financial development, pensions, stocks, price of insurance, life expectancy, dependency ratio, education, and age have positive on determinants of takaful. However, previous tudies have found that inflation, savings, and unemployment rate have negative relationship with the determinant of takaful in Malaysia. This study attempts to examine the determinants of the demand for family takaful and general takaful for comparative study in Malaysia for the period of 1988 to 2010. It employs economic and socio-demographic variables to measure these determinants.Methods-Using time series data, this study applies the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration to examine the determinants of the demand for family takaful and general takaful in the short and long run.Result-The findings indicate that the economic and socio-demographic variables such as income, and education have positive relationship with the demand for family takaful in the short run, but not in the long run.Conclusion-Meanwhile, it also indicates that income and education have no relationship with demand for general takaful in Malaysia in the short run and long run. It indicates that if there is an increase in income, people tend to buy more family takaful of STMB. At the same time, the educated people already aware of the takaful products, they may necessarily purchase family takaful than life insurance. Objective – The objective of this paper is to analyze the profit distribution method applied in Islamic banks in Indonesia and to propose better method in order to improve sharia risk compliance.Methods – Employing a descriptive quantitative method and literature review. This paper evaluate weaknesses of the current profit distribution method and proposes daily revenue index to solve the problems arising from using current method which is unfairness between bank and customers.Results – By the two current profit distribution methods which use monthly revenue index calculated only at the end of the month, there are potential injustices occur. Therefore, instead of using monthly index, daily index is proposed. There are two steps in calculating profit distribution by using daily revenue index: (1) Accumulating Source of Fund (SoF), Reserve Requirement (RR), and Source of Fund after Reserve Requirement (SoFaRR), and (2) Determining Average Financing (AF), Revenue Index (RI), Cost Index (CI), Revenue Sharing Index (RSI), and Profit Sharing Index (PSI).Conclusion - Daily revenue index will solve the unfairness problems arise from current profit distribution method applied in Islamic banks. Daily revenue index is also applicable if Islamic banks apply profit and loss sharing instead of revenue sharing. Objective – This study will try to describe inclusive asset building (further abbreviated as IAB ) concept which proposed by Michael Sherreden and it’s implementation as the main agenda of ZIS institutions activities. Anti-poverty proposals from various parties include government agencies, private and public, generally focusing on income subsidy policy to encourage public demand over the minimum edge (borderline poverty) of live well.Method - Library research is applied since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughly reviewing the most relevant literature. This will be elaborated starting from the introduction of mechanisms and IAB programs in the main activities of ZIS institutions. In addition, several prerequisites adjustments and strengthening either in terms of institutional, organizational capacity and management needs to be conducted by the ZIS institutions so that this study will achieve as expected.Results -.Combination of income support with the asset accumulation such as subsidise saving for the poor will be more long-term. Which is expected to help out the poor from socio-economic alienation. Through the implementation of this concept, ZIS institutions have a chance to heighten the leverage of their role in poverty alleviation.Conclution – All resources, either internal and external that have been built by LAZ during these days, is a valuable capital to initiate the paradigm shift. Also, the benefits of institutional characteristics and closely relationship with the clients (mustahik) could be additional notes. Objective – Islamic finance has been established as an alternative to the conventional banking system which is made up component not permitted under Shariah. Tawarruq is one of the Islamic finance products which commonly used in Islamic banks. This research assesses two important areas which include the principle of Tawarruq in Fiqh perspective and the practical aspect of such principle in Islamic banks in Malaysia.Method – The method used for this research is comparative analysis.Result – This research begins to explore the different views of the proponent and opponents toward the legality of Tawarruq in Fiqh . Instead of considering the basic condition of the valid sale, the other aspect has to be pondered by the contemporary scholars to render Tawarruq is valid sale according to Shariah. The legality of Tawarruq has been debate by some scholars. Due to that, there are different resolution and rulings from Islamic countries on legality of of Tawarruq . In the practical aspect, Tawarruq has been used in Malaysia by Bursa Malaysia Suq Al Sila' as a trading platform and it uses Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as the commodity in Tawarruq transaction. While, in the Middle East, it uses London Metal Exchange (LME) in dealing with commodity transaction through Tawarruq principle.Conclusion – Based on the legal argument on the permissibility of Tawarruq , it can be summarized that Tawarruq is permissible but subject to certain condition. Provided that genuine Tawarruq is permissible than organized Tawarruq in Tawarruq transaction.Keywords: Tawarruq, Murabahah Objective – This research aimed to analyze zakat calculation practices from online providers. There are some differences in the calculation method, for example different treatment in zakatable deduction, types of income and zakat for business.Methods - Twenty-three zakat online calculators are analyzed and then grouped into a main category. A simulation model is employed by inputting several common assumptions.Results - The results showed that generally three zakat calculator become main providers and differences are still occur.Conclusion – This research showed that the calculation of zakat should be simpler, standardized, and may not cause double zakat counting for profession-zakat. Government should intervene to provide a single zakat calculation method that must be refereed by all zakat institutions and link it to tax system.Keywords: Zakat, accounting, calculation, online Objective – The objective of this paper is to provide a discussion whether Islamic securities enjoy larger demands than conventional securities. This paper also investigate whether regulator could effectively take a role in materializing demands for Islamic securities and whether regulator declaration is more convincing than sharia compliance declaration by another institution.Methods - We employ differences in differences (DID) regression to see the immediate, medium, and long term market response to this announcement. We also estimate cumulative abnormal returns by employing the standard market model for the robustness test.Results - We find that market reacts to sharia compliance declaration by regulator in the long-run, hence potential demands are realized and the Islamic securities will enjoy greater market power. We also provide evidence that Islamic investors are not too strict in screening Islamic securities and are willing to accept different opinions regarding sharia compliance.Conclusion - This finding could explain why Islamic finance is still growing rapidly even though there are critiques in the genuineness of sharia compliance of the current Islamic financial products/services.Keywords: Regulator, Islamic securities, sharia compliance, demand, investor confidence 7-2-2012Objective- The main objective of this study is to estimate the Willingness to Pay of the Muslim households to contribute cash waqf as a strategy towards wealth management in Sri Lanka. Waqf is holding or confinement which is emphasised in Islam as ibadah as it can distribute the wealth among the Muslim society and would help to develop the Islamic vision of brotherhood.Method- Contingent valuation method is used to estimate the Willingness to Pay of Muslim households to improve socio-economic status of the low income people through waqf wealth management in Sri Lanka. This study is developed based on Random Utility Theory.Result- This paper identifies the appropriate methods to estimate the willingness to pay of Muslim households in Sri Lanka for waqf (awqaf is plural) institutions. Such evaluations are crucial for the Islamic financial system to function effectively in order to achieve the dignified objectives of socio-economic justice through proper distribution of wealth.Conclusion-This paper presents a conceptual model of waqf institutions which would be useful for further empirical research in this area. The findings are not only appropriate and applicable to Sri Lanka but also to other Muslim and non-Muslim countries. This is a unique contribution to the Islamic economic literature. The knowledge obtained from this study hopes to propose cash waqf to manage the wealth in order to improve the socio-economic status of low income people in Sri Lanka.Tujuan - Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperkirakan Kemauan Membayar rumah tangga Muslim untuk berkontribusi wakaf tunai sebagai strategi menuju pengelolaan kekayaan di Sri Lanka. Wakaf secara bahasa menahan (harta) yang ditekankan dalam Islam sebagai ibadah karena dapat mendistribusikan kekayaan di antara masyarakat Muslim dan akan membantu untuk mengembangkan visi Islam yaitu persaudaraan.Metode - Metode penilaian Kontingensi digunakan untuk memperkirakan Kesediaan membayar rumah tangga Muslim dalam meningkatkan status sosial - ekonomi masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah melalui pengelolaan kekayaan wakaf di Sri Lanka. Penelitian ini dikembangkan berdasarkan Teori Utilitas Acak.Hasil - Paper ini mengidentifikasi metode yang tepat untuk memperkirakan kemauan membayar rumah tangga Muslim di Sri Lanka untuk wakaf lembaga. Evaluasi tersebut sangat penting untuksistem keuangan Islam yang berfungsi secara efektif dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang bermartabat keadilan sosial - ekonomi melalui distribusi kekayaan yang tepat.Kesimpulan - Paper ini menyajikan model konseptual lembaga wakaf yang akan berguna untuk penelitian empiris lebih lanjut di daerah ini. Temuan ini tidak hanya tepat dan berlaku untuk Sri Lanka, tetapi juga ke negara-negara Muslim dan non -Muslim lainnya. Ini adalah kontribusi yang unik untuk literatur ekonomi Islam. Pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari studi ini adalah mengharapkan agar wakaf tunai diusulkan untuk mengelola kekayaan dalam rangka meningkatkan status sosial - ekonomi masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah di Sri Lanka.Keywords: Awqaf, Contingent Valuation Method, Utility Theory, Willingness to Pay, Welfare Changes Objective – The purpose of this research is to analyze correlated factors related to social reporting by Islamic banks in Indonesia. According to the accounting standard in Indonesia, Islamic banks are legally required to report on social aspects. Social reporting is regulated in Indonesia under the accounting standard for Islamic Financial Institutions No. 1. Islamic banks must present social reporting in a standardized format.Methods-The present research methodology analyzes financial reports from Islamic banks between 2006 and 2011. It also analyzes correlated factors based on supporting variables.Results- This research reveals that asset, debt, net income and temporary investment have the highest correlation to social reports by Islamic banks in Indonesia. In addition, older, full-fledged Islamic banks have different characteristics compared to new, full-fledged banks in terms of charity, fines, non-halal funds, and other fund correlations.Conclusion- This research shows that the bigger the bank the bigger social reporting given. In addition, better zakat management is shown by new Islamic bank full fledged group as adaptations in the standard.Keywords: social, report, accounting, Islamic bank

Objective – The objective of this paper is to analyze the profit distribution method applied in Islamic banks in Indonesia and to propose better method in order to improve sharia risk compliance.Methods – Employing a descriptive quantitative method and literature review. This paper evaluate weaknesses of the current profit distribution method and proposes daily revenue index to solve the problems arising from using current method which is unfairness between bank and customers.Results – By the two current profit distribution methods which use monthly revenue index calculated only at the end of the month, there are potential injustices occur. Therefore, instead of using monthly index, daily index is proposed. There are two steps in calculating profit distribution by using daily revenue index: (1) Accumulating Source of Fund (SoF), Reserve Requirement (RR), and Source of Fund after Reserve Requirement (SoFaRR), and (2) Determining Average Financing (AF), Revenue Index (RI), Cost Index (CI), Revenue Sharing Index (RSI), and Profit Sharing Index (PSI).Conclusion - Daily revenue index will solve the unfairness problems arise from current profit distribution method applied in Islamic banks. Daily revenue index is also applicable if Islamic banks apply profit and loss sharing instead of revenue sharing.

Objective – The objective of this paper is to provide a discussion whether Islamic securities enjoy larger demands than conventional securities. This paper also investigate whether regulator could effectively take a role in materializing demands for Islamic securities and whether regulator declaration is more convincing than sharia compliance declaration by another institution.Methods - We employ differences in differences (DID) regression to see the immediate, medium, and long term market response to this announcement. We also estimate cumulative abnormal returns by employing the standard market model for the robustness test.Results - We find that market reacts to sharia compliance declaration by regulator in the long-run, hence potential demands are realized and the Islamic securities will enjoy greater market power. We also provide evidence that Islamic investors are not too strict in screening Islamic securities and are willing to accept different opinions regarding sharia compliance.Conclusion - This finding could explain why Islamic finance is still growing rapidly even though there are critiques in the genuineness of sharia compliance of the current Islamic financial products/services.Keywords: Regulator, Islamic securities, sharia compliance, demand, investor confidence

Objective – Islamic Banking is closely related to the real sector. Then, its operation should reflect the real sector which is expected to contribute to the sustainable economic growth. Nevertheless, Islamic banks are still benchmarking the price of their products (profit sharing and sales) on interest rate. This is as an implication of the implementation of the dual banking system. Moreover, the small portion of Islamic banking compared to the total national banks causes the competitiveness of Islamic banking product in terms of pricing has a high correlation with the interest rate of conventional counterpart. This phenomenon indicates the need to find.Method – This research employed library research method since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughly reviewing the most relevant literature. The paper attempt to propose a pricing indicator which is based on the real sector activities as the root of Islamic banking operations.Result – Theoretically, this indicator can reflect the real rate of return of every industry sector. In addition, it can help Bank Indonesia to monitor the real sector performance and analyze the possible gap between real sector activities and financial sector. Furthermore, when the benchmark of real rate of real sector return is available, the return index of Islamic banking reflecting the profit sharing performance of the whole Islamic banking industry can be formulated. This concept is different with other indexes which are corresponding to the price of financial assets.Conclusion – In general, return index of real sector as a reference for Islamic banking product pricing is expected to define the way of non-interest return analysis, to calculate the non-interest return of selected sectors that becomes the focus of analysis using Cash Recovery Rates (CRR), forming an index of industry by sector in the second stage, by doing a certain weighting of those companies, to analyze the relationship between macro factors and CRR by sector and to forecast.

Islamic banking has grown rapidly and has become fi nancial-nerve centre in today’s world economy, particularly in the last three decades. It has attracted various entrepreneurs and enterprises to get its fi nancing. However, Islamic banks tend to have a higher rate of fi nancing compared to the conventional ones. This less competitiveness encourage the demand for Islamic products may fall leaving the Islamic banks. Good debtors opted for conventional loans since the interest rates paid were relatively lower and the rest (the bad debtors) successfully made their way to Islamic banks. Therefore, the nonperforming financing of Islamic banks is high. This paper attempts to analyze factors that determine high rate of fi nancing in Islamic banks, by taking the case of Malaysian Islamic banks. In this paper, the top three of Islamic banks and conventional banks are selected for comparison. It finds that high default premium and overheads per capital contribute signifi cantly to the high fi nancing rate. Hence, the Islamic banks should diversify their assets and implement universal banking concept.Keywords: Islamic bank, rate of fi nancing, NPF (Non-Performing Financing), universal banking system

This paper aims to analyze the determinants of the proportion of tabarru’fund in family takaful in Indonesia at the periods 2012 – 2016. Insurance growth reach 75% which 60% came from family takaful. Family takaful implements separation on fund management. Fund management with fund separation is in line with Shariah Split Fund Theory which in practice requires proportion. The method used in the research data is panel data regression. The independent variables of this study are claims (Cit), retakaful (RTit), commission fees (CFit), and administrative and general expenses (AGit). The dependent variable of this study is the proportion of tabarru’fund (Tit). The sample was chosen by using purposive sampling method and obtained sample member as many as 15 companies of Takaful. The results of this study indicate that claims affect the proportion of tabarru’ fund and these variables as determinant of tabarru’ fund proportion. While retakaful have not positive effect on the proportion of tabarru’ fund, and then commission fees and administrative and general expenses have not negative effect on the proportion of tabarru’ fund.

The purposes of this paper are to investigate the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting information at Indonesia sharia banks based on Sharia Enterprise Theory and explores the potential effects of Corporate Governance (CG) elements, Return on Equity (ROE) on CSR based on sharia enterprises theory, with size as the moderating variable. Using the sample of 10 sharia banks which published annual reports, CG, and CSR reports above the year 2014 to 2016, the panel data are examined by regression. The statistic test reveals that size is not fit as a moderating variable in testing the effect of CG and ROE on CSR. Aggregately, GCG, Size and ROE influence CSR. A large and high-profit sharia bank which apply good corporate governance will implement CSR by considering horizontal and vertical accountability based on Sharia Enterprise theory. This study makes a significant contribution to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and enterprise theory by offering Sharia Enterprise theory as the foundation of the CSR implementation at sharia banks.

This paper aims at assessing the motivational factors that influence the customer’s preferences of Takaful over conventional insurance. The customers’ information about the Takaful products and services based on sharia are identified in order to enable them differentiate Takaful and conventional insurance. The research uses mixed method of data collection. This comprises of questionnaires and in-depth interviews with the respondents from four selected Takaful industries in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaires were analysed using simple percentages and for the interviews, thematic analyses were used. Based on the findings of the study, the customer’s preferences on the selection of Takaful over conventional insurance include protection of Takaful product by sharia, support from the government. Similarly, the absence of risk incurred or transferred to participants, funds contributed in the spirit of brotherhood for all members. Moreover, another customer’s preferences is that contributions (tabarru’) are invested in non-interest based capitalization by the Takaful agents and profits are shared according to individual contributions. Based on Takaful, donations are established at the pooling system in line with sharia and they are formed on the bases of sympathy, consciousness of the idea of tabarru’ as well as abstaining from gharar, maysir and riba.

This paper aims to design the roadmap of Holistic Financial Inclusion (HFI) by Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT), where Baitul Maal carries out social inclusion and Baitut Tamwil carries out financial inclusion, using Analysis Network Process (ANP). The results show that the most important aspects of HFI are Sustainability, Development Program, Financing Program and Islamic Microfinance Services, while the most important elements of HFI are regular meeting, micro savings, simplicity and easy access, consumption smoothing, bailout debt, savings program and income increase, followed by funding independent, total deposits, mindset change, and micro financing. HFI of BMT could be developed gradually. At the first stage, BMT should have the minimum 16 elements of HFI comprising 4 (four) Social Inclusion elements, 4 (four) Financial Inclusion elements, 4 (four) Double bottom-Line elements and 4 (four) Welfare Impact elements. At the second stage, BMT should add the next 16 elements comprising 5 (five) Social Inclusion elements and 3 (three) Financial Inclusion elements, 5 (five) Double Bottom-Line elements and 3 (three) Welfare Impact elements. Moreover, at the third stage, the remaining 24 elements of HFI should be fulfilled. All Islamic financial institution must have the characteristic of HFI.

This study aims to analyze Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) prescribed by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) under Islamic Law. This paper is qualitative method of research analyzing SDGs under verses of Holy Qur’an and traditions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. This study found that what SDGs ask member states to do has been prescribed in Holy Qur’an and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ way back 1400 years ago and demanded by Almighty Allah and the last Prophet Muhammad ﷺ for eradication of poverty, hunger, malnutrition etc. Islamic law prohibits usury, gambling, uncertainty and other illegal activities to protect poor people of the society against rich landlords. Therefore, member states are required to follow SDGs to achieve peace, harmony and economic growth for betterment of humanity which is also a duty under verses of Holy Qur’an and traditions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ to achieve success in this world and in the hereafter.

Abstract. This study aims to observe the existence of Halal food industry in developed and developing countries, and ways to increase the acceptance towards Halal products from non-Moslem societies. The approach is based on observation of the business environment of Halal food industry, online research and analysis of papers in journals. The finding indicates that although developed countries have less Moslem but the market share for Halal food is high. Countries with less Moslem population namely Thailand, United Kingdom and Australia can capture the opportunity of Halal food in the global market. Thus, most of Halal food exporters are coming from there. Halal food industry can be a catalyst to develop other potential sectors who get the negative impact from economic crisis in a country with less Moslem population. Countries namely Thailand, Australia, United Kingdom and Japan have applied commercial farm in their supply management to support their Halal food production. Furthermore, the awareness of consuming Halal food also come from non-Moslem due to the safer and freshness of the food. Hence it is important for producer to promote Halal food as being safety-compliant.

Objective - This study attempts to implement the efficient trade matrix among five selected ASEAN countries and its settlement by the gold reserve requirements through Multi-Bilateral Payments Arrangement (MBPA).Methods – The study is a qualitative research with analytic description. The purpose of this qualitative-descriptive study is to simulate the implementation of gold in the Multi-Bilateral Payment Arrangement among ASEAN countries using the current trade data.Results – This paper argues that the Southeast Asian countries can solve the problem through their internal coordination, particularly in terms of trade. One of the efforts is to reduce even eliminate the market risk by using the efficient payment arrangement.Conclusions – The study implied that the quantity amount of gold required to settle the trade balance will be reduced from the early gross payment. However, the ASEAN countries need to strengthen the cooperation among them through maximizing the trade relationship.

Objectives: This research is aimed to critically review the relationship between interest rate and economic downturnMethods: Meta-analysis.Results: The existing monetary policy will always create higher inflation rate overtime triggering economic crisis in the long run. This is not merely about how the monetary authority strictly manages the supply and demand for money in the economy.Conclusion:This paper concludes that interest rate give negative contribution to the economic growth.

Objective - Islamic banks are banks which its activities, both fund raising and funds distribution are on the basis of Islamic principles, namely buying and selling and profit sharing. Islamic banking is aimed at supporting the implementation of national development in order to improve justice, togetherness, and equitable distribution of welfare. In pursuit of supporting the implementation of national development, Islamic banking often faced stability problems of financing instruments being operated. In this case, it is measured by the gap between the actual rate of return and the expected rate of return. The individual actual RoR of this instrument will generate an expected rate of return. This raises the gap or difference between the actual rate of return and the expected rate of return of individual instruments, which in this case is called the abnormal rate of return. The stability of abnormal rate of return of individual instruments is certainly influenced by the stability of the expected rate of return. Expected rate of return has a volatility or fluctuation levels for each financing instrument. It is also a key element or material basis for the establishment of a variance of individual instruments. Variance in this case indicates the level of uncertainty of the rate of return. Individual variance is the origin of the instrument base for variance in the portfolio finance that further a portfolio analysis. So, this paper is going to analyze the level of expected RoR volatility as an initial step to see and predict the stability of the fluctuations in the rate of return of Indonesian Islamic financing instruments.Methods – Probability of Occurence, Expected Rate of Return (RoR) and GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity).Results - The expected RoR volatility of the murabaha and istishna financing instruments tend to be more volatile than expected RoR volatility of musharaka and qardh financing instruments.Conclusions – The uncertainity of Musharaka and qardh financing instruments tend to be more stable than other Islamic financing instruments.

Objective - Sociologically, the existence of Law No.21/2008 on Islamic Banking in the splendor of economic development and Islamic finance is an interesting thing to observe. This paper wants to discuss the sociological foundation of Islamic banking law legislation as the legal umbrella of economic and Islamic finance development in Indonesia.Methods – qualitative Research, includes the study of law.Conclusions – At least, there are several spectrums that can be understood from the emergence of this law. First,the establishment of Islamic Banking Act is essentially a response to the provisions of Islamic law that has become the popular belief in the majority of Indonesian people who crave the realization of banking institutions which are free from usury, which is the Islamic law since his arrival in the archipelago until now classified as living law in the community. This reality is associated with the construction established by von Savigny. Second, the formation of Law No. 21/2008 concerning Islamic Banking is a response to social economic demand both nationally and globally. The presence of Islamic banks have become a necessity in managing the economy and coping with the economic crisis based on the underlying transaction. Third, the Establishment of Law No. 21/2008 concerning Islamic Banking in legal political perspective, has a basic principle, an aim and a response to the dynamic development of Indonesian society, particularly in relation to the development of Islamic economy. Fourth, formation of Islamic Banking Act affects the Islamic economic development in Indonesia, particularly in relation to the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia. Keywords: Sociological Foundation, Islamic Banking Law, Economic Development.

Objective - The objective of this paper is to assess on how the rule of Islamic capital markets to support sustainable economic development and what kind of instruments can be developed.Method – The method used in this research is the study of normative juridical approach to legislation and the concept of Islamic economics through literature review.Result – Issuer's business activities related to support for environmentally friendly business activities are part of the implementation of sharia principles despite the provisions of the implementation of Islamic finance through a decision has not been stated . All types of instruments issued by issuers of sharia in Indonesia should be consistent with Islamic economic values, including the commitment to enforcement of environmentally friendly business activities.Conclusion – This finding suggests to strengthen the legal instruments in the issuer's issuance of Islamic instruments in the form of regulations issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission and through the National Fatwa Council of Sharia.Keywords : Islamic Capital Markets, sustainable economic development, friendly environment

One of the basic problems faced by small scale and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia is the availability of financing access provided by financial institutions including banking institution. There are three types of Islamic bank operating in Indonesia presently: Islamic commercial bank, Islamic banking unit and Islamic rural bank. Providing the SMEs with sufficient financing source is highly required. This paper attempts to observe empirically the role that have been played by Islamic rural bank in financing the SMEs, by taking case study of Amanah Ummah Bank, the best Islamic rural bank in the country. Thirty small and medium entrepreneurs have been selected as the sample of the research, and have been deeply interviewed on September and October 2008. Descriptive statistics, IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) and CSI (Customer Satisfaction Index) methods have been used as analytical methods. The results show that the financing given by the bank does really help the SMEs. There are three factors, which are important, and which have satisfied the SMEs. These are easiness of bank’s requirements, the speed of financing approval, and bank’s services. In general, the respondents are of the view that the bank has shown a good performance.Keywords : SMEs, Islamic rural bank, customers’ perception

Objective –The main objective of this paper is to present a Myint Myat Phu Zin Clinic Model that integrates three traditional Islamic tools such as waqf, zakat and sadaqah. It is the first clinic in Myanmar which is established based on the combination of these three concepts for Muslims and non-Muslims. Methods – Case study method and interview technique are used to collect the data and to evaluate the operating clinic model and its management.Result–The findings explain how this clinic model is operating from the funding of waqf, zakat and sadaqah and illustrate the operating model from the sources of fund until how they are utilized for the beneficiaries. The clinic is depending on four sources of income, which are the contribution from Muslims and non-Muslims. The types of income received from Muslims are zakat and sadaqah. The income received from non-Muslims is only the charity.Conclusion –It can be concluded that this clinic model can be used as a model in any other non-Muslim countries with minority Muslim population. The clinic is drastically helping patients although the expenditures become higher. Therefore, researchers suggest introducing cash waqf to make sure the clinic is economically stronger.Keywords: Waqf, Zakat, Sadaqah, Health and Clinic

Objective - Islam is a total way of life, and covers all dimensions of life. The life of the world is temporary; it is simply a transitional place before one embarks on final destination. Bearing this mind, the worldly life should be framed within Islamic paradigm, but that should not hinder Muslims to make progress and development in this temporary world as evidenced in history. During the “golden era” of Islamic civilization, Islam had produced such brilliant scientists as Ibn Hayyan (ca. 8th – 9th centuries), al-Kindi (801–873), al-Khawarizmi (ca. 8th–9th centuries), al- Battani (850–922), al-Razi (ca. 854–925/935), al-Farabi (ca. 870–950), Ibn Sina (908–946), al-Zahrawi (936–1013), Ibn Hayyan (965–1040), Omar Khayyam (1048–1131), and Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288). In economic, Islamic civilization gave birth to scholars like al-Ghazali (1058–1111), al-Mawardi (1075–1158), Ibn Taimiyah (1263–1328), Ibn Khaldun (732-808), al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), and many others who had made great contribution to the development of Islamic economic thought.This paper is an attempt to explore the ideas and thoughts of those Muslim scholars on the concept of economic development and its relevance to the contemporary era.Method - Content AnalysisResult - Economic development is one of the objectives in achieving the welfare of the ummah and it must be based on Islamic valuesConcusions - Economic development is one of the objectives in achieving the welfare of the ummah. However, development must be based on Islamic value. Various scholars of classical and contemporary thought in the concept of development provide an opportunity for us to improve the current condition of the ummah.Keywords : Economic Development, Science and Technology, Islam, Scholar

Objective – This study will try to describe inclusive asset building (further abbreviated as IAB ) concept which proposed by Michael Sherreden and it’s implementation as the main agenda of ZIS institutions activities. Anti-poverty proposals from various parties include government agencies, private and public, generally focusing on income subsidy policy to encourage public demand over the minimum edge (borderline poverty) of live well.Method - Library research is applied since this paper relies on secondary data by thoroughly reviewing the most relevant literature. This will be elaborated starting from the introduction of mechanisms and IAB programs in the main activities of ZIS institutions. In addition, several prerequisites adjustments and strengthening either in terms of institutional, organizational capacity and management needs to be conducted by the ZIS institutions so that this study will achieve as expected.Results -.Combination of income support with the asset accumulation such as subsidise saving for the poor will be more long-term. Which is expected to help out the poor from socio-economic alienation. Through the implementation of this concept, ZIS institutions have a chance to heighten the leverage of their role in poverty alleviation.Conclution – All resources, either internal and external that have been built by LAZ during these days, is a valuable capital to initiate the paradigm shift. Also, the benefits of institutional characteristics and closely relationship with the clients (mustahik) could be additional notes.Keywords: Poverty, Income Subsidy, Inclusive Asset

Does Islamic banking contribute to the economic development of a country? In what way Islamic banking contribute to the economic development? Are the main question might be asked to examine the viability of Islamic banking to the economic development. This paper attempts to answer those questions by examining the dynamic interactions between Islamic banking and economic development of Malaysia by employing the Cointegration test and Vector Error Model (VECM) to see whether the Islamic financial system contributes to the economic development and economic development that contribute to the transformation of the operation of the Islamic financial system in the longrun. We use time series data of total Islamic bank financing (IB financing) and real GDP per capita (RGDP), fixed investment (GFCF), and trade activities (TRADE) to represent real economic sectors. We found that in the short-run only fixed investment that granger cause Islamic bank to develop for 1997:1-2005:4. Where as in the long-run, there is evidence of a bidirectional relationship between Islamic bank and fixed investment and there is evidence to support ‘demand following’ hypothesis of GDP and Islamic bank, where increase in GDP causes Islamic banking to develop and not vice versa. Islamic banking is also found to have less contribution to the international trade in the form of export and import of goods and services.Keywords: Islamic banking, economic growth, Malaysia, VECM

This paper analyzes the financial peformance of Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM) using financial ratios and Economic Value Added (EVA) method. The ratio of Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) show fluctuative result. However, on average, during 2003-2006 financial performance of BSM was increased considerably. While using EVA method, its result during 2003-2006 tend to decreased and even negative. The best performance was happening in 2003, whereby during 2004 - 2006 EVA result was lower than zero meaning that financial performance of BSM do not have any economic contribution to the institution especially for the interest of investor.Keywords: Economic Value Added, NPM, ROA, ROE, CAR

The issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been of growing concern among business communities in recent years. Various corporate leaders maintain that business is considered to contribute fully to the society if it is effi cient, profi table and socially responsible. Islam is considered as addin (a way of life), thus, providing comprehensive guidelines in every aspects of the believers’ life. It is the aim of this paper to propose an Islamic model of corporate social responsibility based on human relationships with the God (hablun min’Allah); with other fellow human being (hablun min’an-nas) and with the environment.Keywords : Corporate Social Responsibility, Islamic Business Organization

Central Bank of Indonesia with dual banking system – i.e Shariah and Conventional Bank – keep on developing system that considered as an answer to generate the national economic growth. One of the banking activities that emphasized by the Central Bank of Indonesia is fund distribution through either conventional bank credit or shariah bank fi nancing. Having the Experimental Economic Approach based on Induced Value Theory and employing ANOVA, this paper found that shariah bank musharakah fi nancing system would come up with higher profi t opportunity compare to conventional credit system. One main reason is that musharakah fi nancing in shariah bank applies profi t and lost sharing (PLS) scheme so that will not be a burden to the customer when he fi nd low profi t.Keywords: Credit Loan, Musharakah Financing, Induced Value Theory, Experimental Economic Approach, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).