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Volatility can be measured, but in fact, there is still frequent debate over the selection of precise measurements in describing volatility. In Indonesia, the commodity market is known for its volatile prices, which can impact the livelihood of farmers, traders, and the wider economy. The existence of possible asymmetry in the behavior of food commodity price volatility in the Indonesian market is not yet known. This paper aims to determine the best model to describe the volatility and to investigates the presence of the asymmetric effect on the volatility of food prices in Indonesia, over the period 2009-2019, on a monthly basis. Modeling of volatility uses the GARCH family model, both symmetric and asymmetric. The results showed that the GARCH asymmetric model produces better performance than the symmetric GARCH. Through the best GARCH asymmetric model, the food commodities used in this study showed a statistically significant asymmetrical effect on volatility. Nevertheless, policymakers and market players need to be aware of the impact of market volatility and implement measures such as real-time price information systems to mitigate its effects. The government can increase food production by providing support to farmers in managing supply efficiency and improving agricultural infrastructure. Keywords: agricultural commodity, asymmetric effect, asymmetric GARCH, modeling volatility

This paper attempts to investigate the price volatility of fruits with higher economic values, which are avocado, apple, guava, banana, and jackfruit, and analyzes the long-term and short-term period relationship between production and prices of these fruits. The data used are the quarterly productions and prices of avocado, apple, guava, banana, and jackfruit on the producer level for 2012 to 2020 obtained from Agriculture office of Batu Municipality. The volatility evaluation was using the ARCH/GARCH. The long-term relationship was analyzed using the Johansen cointegration test, and the short-term relationship used the Error Corection Mechanism (ECM). The results of the volatility analysis confirmed that every fruit studied had a low volatility rate. In addition, the productions and prices of the commodities studied had been cointegrated in the long-run; however only avocado, guava, and apple have a short-run relationship. The government is suggested to provide price and production information systems to ensure farmers' market access. Keywords: price volatility, fruits, ARCH/GARCH, cointegration, ECM

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is typically endemic and commonly found as a recurring issue in many developing countries, including Indonesia. In 2022, FMD has massively spread to 62 districts and cities so that it was declared an outbreak which caused significant economic losses. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impacts of FMD on the Indonesian economy by using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach. The results show that the FMD outbreak caused negative pressure on national economic growth, reducing the real wage and consumption, as well as exacerbating trade deficit. The outbreak also induced higher prices of beef and dairy sectors as well as their related sectors. Based on the regional perspective, the main production regions of beef and dairy are expected to suffer higher economic loss than that of other regions. Meanwhile, at the household level, the outbreak caused considerable effect in lowering income and consumption, particularly for rural farm households. Some necessary policies to overcome the outbreak, consisting of establishing a FMD handling post, promoting vaccination, extending financial supports, and maintaining communication and transparency with other countries regarding the outbreak status. Keywords: Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), livestock, macroeconomy, regional

Many new positions in palm oil plantations and mills are for casual laborers who are particularly vulnerable to poor earnings, lack of social security, and limited legal support. This study purpose is to identify the alternative strategy that can be taken by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan to increase the number of casual laborers in oil palm plantations who enroll in the labor social security program. Purposive sampling is utilized to collect primary data for this study. Respondents are interviewed and given paper-based questionnaires. The respondents are five experts involved in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's planning and strategy decision-making processes, specifically the Investigating Supervisory Officer (Petugas Pengawas Pemeriksa), Head of Branch Office, Deputy Director of DKI Jakarta Region, Deputy Director for Corporate and Institutional Membership, and Deputy Director for Special Membership. The results of the questionnaire were processed using Expert Choice 11, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the analytical tool for this study. The results of this study suggest that BPJS Ketenagakerjaan can employ a law enforcement strategy to increase company compliance as an alternative strategy so that casual laborers are able to enroll in the labor social security program. Keywords: AHP, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, casual laborers, labor social security, oil palm plantation

It is expected that the COVID-19 pandemic provides a significant impact on food price volatility in many products including sugar. The paper aims to analyze the price dynamic of sugar before covid (1st August – 2nd March 2020) and during the covid outbreak (3rd March – 31th August 2021) in all provinces in Indonesia by using the t-test and ARCH GARCH model. Based on Augmented Dickey-Fuller analysis before and during covid, the prices of sugar in Indonesia were stationary at the “first difference”. The results reveal that the prices of sugar in all provinces in Indonesia before covid was lower compared to during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to ARCH GARCH results, sugar prices were much more volatile in Riau, Jambi, West Java, East Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and West Papua. As such, the government should focus to reduce the price volatility of sugar in these provinces. Keywords: ARCH GARCH, COVID-19, sugar prices, stationarity, volatility

Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the most exported spices in Indonesia followed by cinnamon, cloves, and vanilla. Due to its strong dependency on international trade, Indonesian pepper exports are suspected to be prone to exchange rate volatility risks. Traditionally, exchange rate volatility is perceived to discourage exports. However, studies to date remain to provide an open question on whether volatile exchange rates discourage exports. This paper aims to examine the impact of exchange rate volatility on Indonesian pepper exports to its main trading partners from 2005 to 2019. Using gravity model and GARCH (1,1) for volatility measurement, the results reveal that Indonesian pepper exports are not affected significantly by exchange rate volatility. This is because Indonesia has been in the position as a net exporter of pepper where a majority of its production is consumed abroad and pepper only costs a small percentage of the total cost of food productions. Keywords: exchange rate volatility, GARCH (1,1), gravity model, Indonesian pepper trade, Indonesian spice

This paper explores inclusive business practices by focusing on the relationship between investments for-profit and social impact for small-scale farmers. Value chain mapping was used and combined with business model canvas to enable fact-finding and linkage between profit-taking action and social impact in the coffee value chain. The study was performed in two regions: East Java and North Sumatra. The study interviewed 72 farmers from Bondowoso District, East Java, and 30 farmers from Mandailing Natal District, North Sumatra. The qualitative analysis revealed the role of local organization networks in supporting the extension and improving performance in value chain governance. The organization networks supported social issues and provided access to diverse resources and environments for companies to build commitments. Furthermore, the business model canvas modeled value propositions that were practically tackling the dimensions of profit and social impact to the organization's context. The coffee value chains in both regions were differ based on key features and elements of small farmers' inclusion in the coffee value chain. The findings show that the coffee business model in Mandailing Natal encouraged smallholder farmer inclusion better than in Bondowoso. Therefore, the study implies that a shifting from profit into social initiatives in inclusive business is needed. This study provides practical evidence of business model canvas in the coffee value chain cases, showing how to develop a mission social innovation in a profit organization. Keywords: inclusive business models, business model canvas, value chain, coffee

Most learning organization studies have focused on enhancing the organization’s performance. However, learning organization extends beyond knowledge management that makes the organization more adaptable and more responsive to the challenges of a fast-changing business environment. The application of a learning organization is an alternative step for companies to be able to face the challenges of the fast-changing business environment. This paper aims to identify the effect of learning organizations on supply chain performance. This study adds the effect of transformational leadership as a variable that affects the comprehensive understanding of learning organizations to gain a. Structural Equation Modelling – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) was used to reveal that learning organization has no significant impact on supply chain performance. However, learning organization affected supply chain driver. The Supply chain driver has a positive and significant impact on supply chain performance. Leadership style has a positive and significant impact on learning organization. Organization can make better decisions on choosing facilities more efficiently, managing supplies efficiently and be can use the information itself to increase profits by implementing learning organization. Keywords: learning organization, SEM-PLS, supply chain performance, leadership, supply chain driver

The global demand for seaweed is expected to increase in the coming years due to new product development using seaweed. There are many benefits of seaweed such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food industries, textiles, paper, and bioenergy production. On the other hand, Indonesia, as the archipelago country with the second-longest coastline after Canada, is expected to achieve competitiveness so Indonesia benefit more from the seaweed industry. This study aims to get the landscape of the seaweed industry and to select strategies. The strategies are designed using the Structural Equation Modelling Method – Partial Least Square (SEM – PLS). The findings of this study are the competitive advantage of Indonesia's carrageenan-producing seaweed industry using descriptive statistical methods through the perception model show considered weak. The three main parameters of concern are assessed as low-cost leadership, ability to increase export value and self-sufficiency in meeting the needs of domestic seaweed. The analysis also shows that the influence of innovation and stakeholder support on increasing the competitive advantage of Indonesia's carrageenan-producing seaweed industry is considered significant. Innovation is represented by the latent variable attributes of innovation, communication channels and the role of change agents, which are concluded to have a significant effect both directly and indirectly on the industry's competitive advantage. Keywords: seaweed industry, competitiveness, carrageenan, innovation, SEM-PLS, stakeholder support