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Introduction: Nearly 6000 autoptic studies were carried out during the last 50 years at the Laboratory of Neuropathology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Hungary., Aim: The aim of the authors was to present those previously frequent and often fatal conditions that can be prevented or treated today., Method: Retrospective analyses of the neuropathological documentations., Results: Measles-related subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused death in 13 cases, the last occurred in 1991. The mandatory vaccination against the causative virus has eliminated this severe neurological complication. Fourteen lives were lost due to herpes simplex encephalitis, including the last case seen in 1999. Feasibility of early diagnosis and the availability of acyclovir therapy resulted in better outcome without fatality. Tuberculous meningitis still occurred in most recent years, although only sporadically. Recognition of this condition is not straightforward due to its rarity, and considerations for this disease are often omitted from the routine differential diagnosis. The generally low mortality rates in tick borne encephalitis further dropped after the introduction of vaccination. Altogether only 8 such cases were documented. The last fatal cases of neurolues were seen in the 1990s. However, syphilis itself has not disappeared, and the number of cases with newly acquired infection continues to rise. The introduction of intrathecal methotrexate and radiotherapy made possible the prevention or effective treatment of meningeal leukosis. A careful coordination of these treatment modalities, however, is important as nervous system complications may develop in the form of disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy that is also reflected in the records., Conclusions: The 50-year neuropathology documentation reflects changes in the occurrence of diseases, and it calls attention to those disorders which can be prevented or treated today, but may represent diagnostic challenges.