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Based on the specifics of the coronavirus epidemics (SARS, MERS) that preceded the COVID-19 pandemic, our study presents the causes and geographical pathways of the spread of the diseases. The global interconnectedness of human societies led almost necessarily to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe the routes of the global spread of the pandemic, including the role of aviation, and then examine the causes of the infection waves of the pandemic, and the methods of effective control. Regarding the effects of the pandemic on the global economy, we found that rich countries recovered from the crisis relatively quickly, while the suffering of the economies of poor countries was prolonged. Among the social impacts, we consider the widening gap between rich and poor and the educational backwardness of poor children to be serious. The beneficial environmental impact of the pandemic was only temporary. In order to avoid another pandemic changes to the urban environment and also in the society are necessary. The imagined green transformation of the world economy has not materialised, nor has the fight against global climate change become more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing some of the major pandemics in history (plague, smallpox, cholera, and influenza), this study examines the causes of their outbreak and their effects on human society, as well as on the natural environment. The animal origin of the majority of infectious diseases is considered proven by most specialists. In several cases, persistent weather changes also played a role in the outbreaks of pandemics, causing famines. The development of a society, including crowdedness in cities, the development of trade and transport, and the expansion of human relations have played a decisive role in the spread of pandemics, while wars deepen the consequences of diseases. The spread of pandemics is shown on maps and the first successful medical geography research in history is analysed. Severe pandemics have hindered the development of particular societies, which, in turn, leads to the regeneration of nature. Finally, the lessons that can be learned from the great pandemics in history are discussed, which can provide clues regarding how to prevent and control new epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]