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This paper presents a special, direct methodology regularly applied in the Baltic countries to measure the size of the shadow economy. The same approach had been applied in Hungarian data collections in 2016 and 2017. Besides presenting the results, the patterns of nonresponse are also in focus. The Shadow Economy Index (SEI) is based on a direct survey of companies to estimate the size of the shadow economy as a proportion of a given country's GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Direct approaches are mainly avoided by researchers on this topic because of its sensitive nature. Response rates are usually low because concealing the information is just „natural" regarding shadow activities. The SEI approach uses several techniques to maximize the responses: the survey is run as a face-toface interview; they ask company owners/managers; the questions are related to the industry and not directly to the firm. Still, nonresponse can be notable. In the second part of the paper, I determine the main patterns of nonresponse based on the two Hungarian surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper falls within the scope of entrepreneurship research focused on entrepreneurs as agents with individual personality traits. This paper first overviews the relevant literature – both early and current theories – of this research agenda. The main conceptual findings are then linked to the value theoretical framework developed by Shalom H. Schwartz, which seems to reflect, with limitations, on the basic content of these framings about entrepreneurial traits. Based on the Schwartzian background, this paper sheds light on the linkages among the individual value structures and specific personality traits considered important for entrepreneurial actors. The empirical portion used data from the European Social Survey to identify four distinct entrepreneurial mindsets among European entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the relatedness of digital transformation, customer relationships and servitization in the context of contract manufacturing in Hungary. From an interactive point of view, this paper discusses digital transformation in inter-organizational relationships as an evolutionary process between contract manufacturers and their customers. A qualitative, case-study method was used for a single case. Components of the digital transformation process reflected the seller’s ability to solve problems and fulfil the customers’ needs. The two groups of strategic drivers are the purpose of fulfilling customer expectations and the efforts to increase efficiency. Customer expectations contribute, not only to the problem-solving ability, but also to decrease the uncertainty of the contract manufacturer. Efforts to increase efficiency contribute to fulfilment ability and decrease uncertainty of the contract manufacturer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the main steps of the meta-analysis when applying the Cohen's d effect size indicator in a one-sample context. In the paper, the authors use a database from a real survey as an example, through which they describe the database structure for the analysis, the steps to determine the overall effect size indicator, the interpretation of the results and a possible approach to explain heterogeneity between studies (subgroup analysis). Although the paper describes the main steps of the method in a relatively simple structure, focuses only on the analysis based on Cohen's d effect size in a one-sample context. It is important to emphasise that, depending on the research question, different effect size indicators may need to be calculated and the complexity of the analysis can be much more in-depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon costs impact both the input side of economic sectors, as fossil inputs are used as raw materials, and the output side, as CO2 emissions are paid for in the form of emission allowances. The effectiveness of climate policies depends heavily on the total cost of fossil inputs and emissions, but the input side has typically been ignored so far. The aim of this paper is to present a model that quantifies the total private costs associated with the carbon use of economic sectors. The model presented in this paper is based on an environmentally extended input-output analysis. Total private carbon costs include costs associated with fossil inputs, including both energy and non-energy use, as well as costs associated with carbon emissions. China provides an instructive example, as its economy is heavily dependent on fossil energy sources. The results of the presented model highlight the problem of conflicting energy and climate policies. Reductions in input-side costs may offset the rising costs of carbon emission costs enforced by the climate policy. This article represents a stride in that direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analysis has a special relationship to measurement. For it, measurement and measurement theory not only provide the data on which analysis is based, but are also a source of important uncertainties in theoretical, methodological and applied research. A detailed presentation of measurement issues is therefore justified, together with the different approaches and the arguments behind them. After a careful discussion of the everyday and scientific meanings of measurement, the paper deals with the different meanings and conceptions of measurement, and then turn to the drastic change in meaning in social statistics in the mid-20th century. Then the theory of measurement scales, their criticism and proposals for expansion will be discussed, and finally some of the specific aspects of Likert-type statements that cannot be placed within the framework of measurement scales will be examined. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the Stevens system of measurement scales cannot be regarded as an adequate description of data types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that entrepreneurs often aim to fulfil environmental, political and social goals, the role of task-specific self-efficacies in entrepreneurial intention, other than entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and the relationship of self-efficacies with entrepreneurial social identities have been largely ignored in the entrepreneurship literature. Since entrepreneurial success requires strong interpersonal skills and the dominant goal of some entrepreneurs is to create social value, in this paper we investigate how and why social self-efficacy may be an important factor underlying entrepreneurial intention. Our results show that while the effect of Darwinian social identity on entrepreneurial intention is mediated only by entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the effect of communitarian social identity is fully mediated by both social and entrepreneurial self-efficacies. However, individuals with a missionary social identity expect to need additional self-efficacies to become successful entrepreneurs. Thus, our results suggest that, in addition to entrepreneurial self-efficacy, other task-specific selfefficacies should be considered when examining the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. Perceived environmental support did not moderate the mediating effect of the examined self-efficacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explosion of digital technologies marks the beginning of a new industrial revolution. Digitalization has transformed not only our everyday lives, but also the entrepreneurial processes. We are now seeing the integration of digital and entrepreneurial ecosystems at the heart of the digital revolution with the rapid rise of platform organisations. We aim to track this integration using the Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (DEE) Index developed in Szerb et al. (2022). In the paper, we present the structure of the DEE index and the steps to calculate the composite indicator. Our study focuses on a comparative analysis of Hungary's digital entrepreneurship ecosystem, identifying its strengths and weaknesses for the period 2020-2022. The reference European countries were grouped into six categories, with Hungary being selected as one of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) EU members. In the DEE Index ranking of 170 countries in 2022, Denmark was at the top of the ranking, with the US second. Hungary is ranked 36th, 23rd in the EU, with Poland, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria trailing behind in the CEE countries. The four sub-indices, twelve pillars and 24 variables of the DEE Index are used to analyze the Hungary's digital entrepreneurship ecosystem profile. While we are relatively well placed in terms of laying the foundations of the digital economy and developing the physical infrastructure, the benefits of the platform economy are hindered by the relatively low number of fintech firms and the low level of digital skills of the population, while the diffusion and adoption of digital technologies is hampered by the digitalization deficiencies at the business level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a systematic review of the international literature, this paper investigates how the digitalization of information processes shapes the role of controllers in supporting decision-making. Drivers of this transformation include the increased amount of data and the diffusion of advanced data analytics techniques. At the same time, the available ‘new types’ of decision-relevant data are no longer primarily financial and accounting in nature, so other professional groups have entered the field of decision-supporting data analytics. These changes rightly raise the question of what added value controllers create in managerial decision support. Based on our synthesis, we argue that controllers as become marginal in data analytics, their importance increases in the areas of interpreting results, sense-making and trust building. Advances in data analytics lead to jurisdictional problems, and the cooperation not only with other professional groups but with the technology itself raises new questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software development can clearly be classified as one of the most dynamically developing areas of the R & D sector. The development of a country's R & D sector is well characterized by the wages of workers in this sector, among other things. That is the reason for examining the factors that contribute to the salary of a Hungarian software developer in our paper. We have analysed the data collected by the Stack Overflow Annual Developer Survey by applying traditional econometric models. By utilizing Blinder–Oaxaca-decomposition, the endowment and discrimination effects of a university degree on programmer salaries are analysed in detail. In our paper, respondents who are members of the Stack Overflow user community are considered to be programmers. These specialists are mostly software or web developers or system operators. Our results, among others, highlight the important role of the interaction between coding experience and knowledge of modern technologies in the wages of Hungarian programmers. Extensive experience in an outdated technology can even have a wage-reducing effect. Furthermore, our results indicate that in Hungary it is still authoritative if a programmer has at least a bachelor's degree. Based on our model, the average salary of programmers who did not graduate from university is expected to be 7% lower than that of their counterparts with a bachelor’s degree. Examined separately, almost no programming language has wage-increasing effect on its own. However, the number of programming languages a person knows or wants to learn has a significantly positive effect on salaries. Due to the shortage of IT workers in Hungary, it is probably sufficient for employers if an employee has already gained coding experience in an arbitrary language and has basic algorithmic thinking, so they can easily be retrained to program in the language desired by the employer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that Leibniz's ethics is a kind of virtue ethics where virtues of the agent are explanatorily primary. I first examine how Leibniz obtained his conception of justice as a kind of love in an early text, Elements of Natural Law. I show that in this text Leibniz's goal was to find a satisfactory definition of justice that could reconcile egoism with altruism, and that this was achieved through the Aristotelian virtue of friendship where friends treat each other as “other selves.” Following this decisive moment, Leibniz adopted an Aristotle‐inspired ethical framework where the virtuous agent is central for moral evaluations. I then show that, despite certain developments, Leibniz's ethics retained this essential feature throughout his career. In Leibniz's later writings, God constitutes the foundation of the moral realm, and the fundamental moral endeavor of human beings consists in the imitation of God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression is one of the most common statistical tools used in exploring relationships between socio-economic phenomena. Traditional regression models, however, have limited reliability in case of spatial data. One solution to this problem is the geographically weighted regression (GWR), which considers spatial processes as variables. Traditional GWR assumes that all modelled processes operate on the same spatial bandwidth. A novel extension allows each relationship to vary according to different spatial bandwidths, leading to the multiscale geographically weighted (MGWR) method. This paper is comparing standard OLS, GWR and MGWR by investigating corporate liquidation. The author estimated the spatial variability of settlement-level corporate liquidations using meso-level economic, municipal, and transportation data. The findings of the three models indicated that MGWR outperformed the other two methods. Among the economic factors affecting liquidation, the global effect of the unemployment rate and the local effect of per capita income may be observed. The presence of bank branches in the settlement and the weight of the industrial sector significantly impact business liquidations, as well as transportation indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the significance of cultural diversity and its implications within virtual and face-to-face project team interactions. In international business and management education, comprehending the differing expression of cultural specialities in these settings and enhancing intercultural competencies adapted to each is extremely important. To gain insights into teamwork dynamics regarding cultural diversity, a project involving 65 bachelor students was designed. The project’s progression was closely monitored, and students provided feedback through two stages, yielding a total of 130 feedback sheets for analysis. The research findings underscored that, in virtual teamwork, cultural diversity is often perceived as a risk factor. In contrast, during the face-to-face round of the project, cultural diversity emerged as a valuable asset, contributing to innovative and creative solutions. Ultimately, this study is a critical resource for educators, project managers, and stakeholders seeking to optimise cross-cultural interactions in virtual and face-to-face settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the history and role of the Digital Hungarian Watermark Databank (DMVA), that is available for free in Hungarian on The Memory of Paper – Berstein portal. The author describes the circumstances and purpose of the creation of the first and second DMVA, and its simpler and faster search system, which is different from other motif-based watermark databanks, as well as the development plan of the third Hungarian digital watermark databank, the DVA. From the article, the reader can learn about the most important areas of watermark collection in Hungarian filigree, the determining role of age, place and originality of watermarks, as well as the group of successful users of DMVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present my recently observed floristic data on the Danube-Tisza Interfluve. I report a total of 117 species of vascular plants, of which 27 are protected and 3 are strictly protected. As the landscape of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve is diverse, these data come from a wide range of habitats: disturbed and natural dry, mesophilic and wet grasslands, forest edges, and different weed communities. I also provide a considerable amount of data from various sec ondary habitats: forest plantations, cemeteries, buildings, habitats along railroads, road verges, dry canal beds, water-filled canals, and ruderal habitats in urban environments. My data cover a total of nine microregions, the most prominent of which are: the Bácska Loess Plain, the Bugac Sand Ridge, the Dorozsma-Majsa Sand Ridge, the Kiskunság Sand Ridge and the Kiskunság Loess Ridge. For protected plant species, most noteworthy are the new observations of Apium repens, Epipactis bugacensis, E. atrorubens, Ranunculus illyricus, Muscari botryoides, Ophrys sphegodes, Vicia biennis. From a phytogeographical perspective, the most important new records are those of Galium tenuissimum, G. parisiense, Spiranthes spiralis and Bifora radians in the Kiskunság, and that of Ornithogalum refr actum in the Praematricum. From secondary habitats, I report the occurrence of five fern species, one of which (Asplenium ceterach) was not previously reported from the Great Hungarian Plain. I also present recent localities for certain alien plant species, some of which have barely known occurrence or historical data even at the country level (Echium plantagineum, Persicaria orientalis, Periploca graeca), and some of which are poorly known for the Danube-Tisza Interfluve (e.g., Lepidium densiflorum, L. virginicum, Geranium purpureum, Taeniatherum caput-medusae, Humulus scandens). The paper also describes the occurrence of several species for which there are no previous records from the region or microregion, only historical records are available, or data are scarce (Alcea biennis, Arabis glabra, Arctium minus, Chenopodium botrys, Ch. murale, Herniaria incana, Melilotus dentatus, Potentilla inclinata, Reseda luteola, Vicia pannonica subsp. striata, Vulpia myuros etc.). New records for several aquatic plant species (e.g., Najas marina, Lemna gibba, Wolffia arrhiza) are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are attempting a longitudinal, historical (1330-2010), fine scale (settlement-level) comparative analysis in this study of the territorial inequalities in the Kingdom of Hungary and its successor states. Data collection over the last 8 years in 5 time-horizons (1330, 1720, 1786, 1910, 2010) allows the study of almost 300 000 km2 through our databases containing 7 million entries. A study covering such a time span, based on settlement level data series covering an area of similar size is unknown in Europe. The first part of the paper presents the value and availability of historical sources, the problems of interpreting historical indicators (translating them to modern geographical terms), their selection methods and discusses the limitations of integrating and comparing the different indicator sets of each time horizon. In addition, from a methodological point of view, the paper addresses the historical analysis of the concept of development, the challenges of comparing different time horizons through different variable structures, the problems of map visualisation when projecting time horizons onto each other, the problems of different and changing spatial entities, and finding the optimal resolution using the grid solution. The five time-horizons also allow the testing of the Williamson hypothesis and its extension in historical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sprawl is one of the most prominent processes of urban development, of great importance in post-socialist countries, too. Urban space use reshapes the traditional rural landscape, resulting in environmental and social sustainability challenges. The intensive changes are not only reshaping the suburban belt, but also transform the outskirts of our cities. This subprocess is differentiated at micro-scale, and this fragmentation may hide it in certain databases. The study attempts to provide additions regarding this peculiarity. The authors selected three case studies for detailed examination: those of Győr, Kecskemét and Szeged. GIS methods, field examination, surveys and expert interviews have been used to get a detailed picture of the demographic and land cover change processes, as well as the distinctions between the destination areas of the case studies. The comparison of results drawn from different methods reveal that land use changes in the study areas are more widespread than what the land cover datasets indicate. The authors' observations show that Corine Land Cover categories describing mixed land use - especially complex cultivation patterns - are not able to capture the drastic function shift caused by intense suburbanization. Different environmental and social sustainability issues have been identified depending on the economic status of outmigrants. The paper also sheds some light on urban planning considerations regarding this emerging challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, the authors examined the unsecured interbank deposit market, more specifically, how short-term, passive-side central bank instruments with highly attractive interest rates influence it. They tested the hypothesis that instruments of this type impose a quasi-manual control and reduce the activity on the interbank market. They considered the post-2013 Hungarian monetary policy as a crucial case. The one-week central bank deposit rate introduced in April 2020 and the one-day deposit rate applied from October 2022 both represent the subject of the investigation. Through network analysis, the authors proved that the one-week deposit rate exerted effects over the period March–December 2020, in line with their hypothesis. The liquidity of the interbank market deteriorated accordingly, and the opportunity to manage liquidity needs through the interbank market narrowed. They conclude that short-term, passive-side central bank instruments such as an especially high interest rate should be used only on a temporary basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author combined the theoretical framework of political exchange and agenda-setting with the concept of political product. He examined voter perceptions of political products in the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary elections to identify voter segments with cluster analysis. Eleven days before the 2022 parliamentary elections, he conducted an online survey, which resulted in a sample of 2,000 voters who reflected the basic socio-demographic attributes of Hungarian citizens by gender, age and type of residence. The author created segments based on the salience of issues by party preferences, and he was able to observe identity voting and issue-voting in various groups. Based on the results, he has to highlight the role of two clusters: war-orientated and disillusioned opposition segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a practical sense, success is a positive echo, i.e. a good reputation. However, from the point of view of organizations and their management, there are more subtle connections between the two concepts in scientific terms. This paper aims to explore these relationships by exploring and clarifying the concepts of organizational reputation and success and by creating a model that shows the relationships. In particular, the authors aim to highlight the factors and interrelationships between human resources and leadership in order to inform further practical research. To define organizational success, they conducted a scoping review, using 209 sources selected from international databases. The authors illustrate the conceptual components identified and their interrelationships in a model that considers not only success and reputation factors but also a management model (McKinsey, 7S) that reviews the hard and soft factors of organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network analysis opens new horizons for data analysis methods, as the results of ever-developing network science can be integrated into classical data analysis techniques. This paper presents the generalized network-based dimensional analysis (GNDA) method. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) The proposed GNDA method handles high dimensional low sample size datasets. In addition, compared with existing methods, we show that only the proposed GNDA method adequately estimates the number of latent variables. (2) The proposed GNDA already considers any symmetric and nonsymmetric similarity functions between indicators (i.e., variables or observations) to specify latent variables. The proposed GNDA method is compared with traditional dimensionality reduction methods on various simulated and real-world datasets. The implementation of the proposed method can be downloaded from the official CRAN site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research programmes initiated by the EU have a significant role in shaping European research collaborations. Nevertheless, participation opportunities are quite unequal within the continent. The aim of this paper is to learn about the basic spatial patterns of these inequalities and discover their causes. The analyses focus on the Horizon 2020 (H2020) research and innovation collaborations; their spatial characteristics are studied by statistical and GIS tools. The paper attempts to assess the unequal positions in research collaborations by emphasizing the viewpoint of the East Central European countries and describing patterns that indicate severe East-West divide and significant core-periphery cleavage considering institutional and project participation as well as EC contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ARWU (Academic Ranking of World Universities) is one of the three major university rating organisations, along with QS and THE. The latter two organisations compile their publication and citation data using the Scopus database, while the ARWU ranking is based on the Web of Science (WoS) database. The aim of this paper is to study whether the data from the Scopus and SciVal databases allow the estimation of rankings based on WoS. The paper also analyses, based on the selected variables, the country affiliation of the universities included in the ARWU ranking. Next, the authors analyse whether the variables selected from the Scopus/SciVal datasets may be used to definethe next year's ranking. In order to completethis task, the authors estimate the ranking of 2021 using 2020 data. Finally, the group of 1,000 universities according to statistical variables are presented. The study is seeking to answer the question of how each cluster's composition depends on the country where the universities belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the issues of preserving digital culture, including web content. Based on the experiences of the National Széchényi Library’s (NSzL) web archive over the past six years, the author describes the decisions that need to be made when creating a collection, why it is important to collect „born digital” documents, and what are the tasks of various organizations and institutions, especially public collections, in this area. The second half of the paper describes the current practice of web archiving at NSzL and finally covers possible future tasks. The article is an edited version of a presentation given at the conference „Binoculars on history” of the Vörösmarty Mihály Library in Székesfehérvár on 24 April, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews psychological interventions for chronic skin conditions. The introduction briefly discusses how the relevant studies were collected and outlines why, instead of writing a systematic review and a meta-analysis, a genre was chosen that tries to focus on the main mechanisms of action of each therapeutic technique. It presents some guidelines for psychoeducation programmes, and the findings on different types of therapeutic techniques that also support stress management (autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation, biofeedback, mindfulness-based interventions, hypnosis) and cognitive behavioral therapy based interventions. It tries to outline the potential mechanisms of the different methods and to give practical examples of the steps of interventions. The paper draws attention to the fact that there is not yet enough scientific data on the beneficial effects of psychological interventions on skin symptoms to draw firm conclusions. Although psychological methods can be an important complementary tool for treating skin disorders, based on the results and known mechanisms of action, efforts should be made to support this with further methodologically appropriate intervention effectiveness studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has confirmed that psychosocial factors (such as burdensome distress) can play a significant role in deterioration of patient's quality of life, the recurrence and persistence of skin conditions in dermatological patients, as well as affecting adherence. According to the literature, the skin conditions that have the greatest impact on quality of life are psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, alopecia, leprosy or Hansen's disease, scars, hyperhidrosis and genital human papillomavirus. Despite this, dermatological care in the current Hungarian dermatological practice is mainly focused on biomedical treatments. The interdisciplinary, complex assessment of psychosocial factors and referral to psychosocial care (by this is meant the ward psychologist, psychiatrist or district psychiatric nurse or other psychotherapeutic or support centre) is often incidental and is not systematic. The multidisciplinary approach and treatment proposed in the literature is limited and only available in a few priority centers. We consider it important to present the literature that argues in favor of complex care and to outline the proposed treatment models. The introduction of psychodermatology combined clinics could be a cost-reducing solution for treating dermatological diseases and comorbid psychological and psychiatric disorders, as it reduces the number of inaccurate diagnoses, the rate of ineffective treatments, and the number of unnecessary referrals. In this study, the authors suggest a rapid mental status assessment that can be used during the first doctor-patient encounter and how it can be used to complement the clinical history of psychocutaneous patients. They propose a psychological screening package for dermatological disorders and conclude the paper by arguing for support groups and psychotherapeutic individual, group and online self-help interventions that are effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to review the psychosocial characteristics of acne vulgaris. The biomedical literature on the disease is abundant, and the treatment of the disease tends to follow this approach. However, the scientific results point to the fact that a deeper understanding of the experience of the affected person, support for coping with the disease, and enhancement of quality of life can be achieved more effectively in a complex biopsychosocial framework. The paper reviews the evidence that illustrates the extent to which the quality of life of people with acne is most affected and in what areas and attempts to outline the psychological and psychophysiological processes that may underlie these interactions. It addresses the prevalence of mental disorders (depression, anxiety), the negative impact on body image, the experience of stigma, and the possible social consequences. It describes the findings and central mechanisms of stress and the most relevant lifestyle issues and highlights the importance of individual treatment plans and psychological interventions. The review concludes by attempting to argue for the need for complex, biopsychosocial treatment and outlines areas where psychologists or other mental health professionals may have a priority role to play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2023, we conducted a survey among undergraduate students at the Széchenyi István University of Győr, where almost 500 evaluable questionnaires were collected. We not only wanted to find out the working habits of students in Győr but also to reveal how much undergraduate students are involved in the platform economy. However, we found examples almost exclusively of food deliveries, although more than 55% of students worked somewhere. Nearly half of the working students were involved in work activities for more than 40 hours per month. This paper focuses on analysing the correlations between working students' salaries and their other characteristics. To this end, in addition to descriptive statistical analysis of the survey results, we use an ordinal logistic estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, satellite settlements surrounding large cities have become popular destinations for tourism-driven mobility. Foreign tourists play a significant role in these flows, typically staying in large cities as centres of gravity and making visits of varying duration to satellite settlements with tourist attractions. 'Invisible' tourism trips of less than 24 hours are difficult to measure using traditional statistical tools, so mobile phone cellular data offered by digital technology is an alternative to monitoring. The paper explores how cellular data generated by mobile phone communication can be used to understand the characteristics of short-duration mobility in metropolitan areas, satellite tourism, and how Big Data technology can be used to study tourism in socio-geographical terms. The study has found that the gravitational pull of the metropolis, i.e. the range of settlements accessible through satellite tourism, goes far beyond the boundaries of the agglomeration area outlined in the hypothesis, and has also pointed out that the methodology used has a number of limitations that may weaken the validity of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) applications often fail to deliver the expected results for a variety of reasons. One of them is that many I 4.0 maturity/readiness models cannot capture the application prerequisites in sufficient depth, so companies apply such technologies without being ready for them. This article addresses this problem. It uses the Design Science Research methodology to develop an I 4.0 readiness model. The authors complement existing scientific results with seven expert interviews and propose an I 4.0 readiness assessment model. The paper presents the model in detail, then follows this with eight business cases providing assessment of their readiness but also suggestions for further improvements. Based on the feedback on the model and the supporting questionnaire, the authors were able to finalise the proposed evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors present a firm-level digital development indicator inspired by the European Commission’s Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). This index was developed using an entropy-based objective weighting method based on a representative survey of 2500 firms. The index comprises five principal dimensions with the aim to evaluate the digital applications used by companies, their access to digital tools and infrastructure and the related skills (devices and network access; ICT skills and knowledge; general/external applications; specific/internal applications; use of digital public services). In addition to presenting the main dimensions, subdimensions and their entropy-based weights, the authors also analyse the relationships between firm size and digital dimensions using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Their results show that the effect of firm size will be significant for ICT skills and knowledge, general external applications and specific internal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2008 and 2020 it has been a common practice among main central banks to keep the policy rate at or around zero. Apart from the expected macroeconomic consequences described partly by liquidity trap theories and structural macroeconomic models discussing the effectiveness of economic policy at the zero lower bound (ZLB), moderate interest rates have a notable influence on the portfolio optimising decisions of economic actors as well. The paper thus endeavours to reveal the wealth effect at the ZLB. Firstly, it compares how the various monetary aggregates and sectoral portfolios changed in the USA and in the eurozone between 2000 and 2020 contrasting the empirical facts with the theoretical assumptions and the experience of the Japan’s lost decade. Secondly, it examines the impact of the common monetary policy at the ZLB on the portfolio structure of individual countries of the eurozone. Hierarchical cluster analysis is applied using Eurostat sectoral financial asset statistics for selected years between 2005 and 2019. After choosing the best asset-to-GDP variables of sectoral financial asset holdings, countries are separated in different clusters based on Squared Euclidean distance and variables are standardised to z-scores. The analysis revealed that low interest rates cause significant portfolio rearrangements in the eurozone as a whole. Moreover, there is much greater diversity between individual member states originally than the way monetary policy influenced differences in the portfolio composition of economic sectors, even some convergence between core and periphery countries is observable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a specific case study to determine the similarity / difference of two software projects. The investigation was based on the source code which was available for the analysis. The main goal of the investigation was to identify the metric that can be used as a forensic evident the case. Besides presenting the case study the paper overviews the methods and algorithms from the literature. Typical areas are plagiarism detection, malicious code detection, decompilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The old printed books of the historic library of Zagreb cathedral (today housed in the Metropolitanska knjižnica u Zagrebu or Metropolitan Library, Zagreb) were given a special kind of binding around 1692. The bookbinder glued onto the covers of the printed books pieces of medieval parchment codices in a very special way. The binding that resulted (generally referred to as “Metropolitanski uvez” or “Metropolitan binding” in the Croatian literature on the subject) resembles half-leather binding, the crucial difference being that, with the books of the cathedral, parchment was used instead of paper. Around 1692, when Aleksandar Mikulić, the bishop of Zagreb (1688–1694), had a new building erected for the cathedral library, between 2000 and 3000 books were bound in this particular way, to safeguard the printings. In this paper, I give a detailed description of this special type of binding and also survey the history of the cathedral library. Between 1692 and 1846, when Zagreb canons were allowed under strict conditions to borrow books from the collection, several volumes went their way. According to present knowledge, outside the Metropolitanska knjižnica, at least 5 libraries in Croatia and 3 in Hungary have preserved altogether 70 books bound in this way. For this reason, I introduce a new term for the type of binding, namely “Mikulić binding”, as the majority of the books kept outside the Metropolitanska knjižnica were never stored in this modern collection, but in the library of Zagreb cathedral, which had existed only until 1906. I give a short history of the collections where books bound in this way are preserved; publish detailed bibliographical descriptions of the volumes in question; identify the manuscripts found on the bindings; and try to reconstruct the itinerary of the books with the help of the possessors’ notes. I was finally able to identify 21 codices surviving on bindings in either a small or relatively large number of fragments; these manuscripts had been used as raw material by the 17th-century bookbinder working at Zagreb. One of these manuscripts is the 13th-century notated breviary of Esztergom (Strigonium), which was identified in 258 fragments on bindings in the Metropolitanska knjižnica in 2019. My recent research has discovered 14 further fragments taken from this invaluable codex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 research article written by Dutch researchers entitled Digitisation of Manuscripts: Checklist answers an important question that arose in connection with the digitisation of valuable medieval manuscripts, i. e. how to digitise cultural heritage collections in a safe way, while it also examines the advantages, disadvantages, possibilities and limitations of digitisation. The research was carried out with the support of the Metamorfoze Project, the National Programme for the Preservation of Paper-based Document Heritage of the Netherlands, which resulted in a work where we can read about digitisation from a paper conservator’s point of view. Medieval manuscripts are a unique part of our cultural heritage, and it is understandable that libraries would like to make these treasures, including masterpieces, digitally accessible. However, in this process, very frequently too little attention is paid to the special properties of these objects and the risks of damage that may occur during digitisation. In the case of manuscripts, it is not only the content that is valuable, but also the material and form that the work is made of, which can be preserved by a conservator with the appropriate expertise. The compendium of the research article, written in Hungarian, does not only contain all the important theoretical and practical information found in the original work, but also provides a checklist, the result of the research, as a tool for the safe digitisation of manuscripts in memory institutions, to guide conservators, curators, librarians, collections managers and digitisation professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lee--Carter model is one of the most popular models for mortality forecasting, but machine learning solutions are increasingly popular in actuarial science. In recent years, authors have tried to forecast mortality rates with different types of neural networks. This paper introduces these neural network approaches on Hungarian mortality rates between age 0 and 99 from 1950 to 2020. We use the classical Lee--Carter model and LSTM neural networks for mortality modeling. Our paper analyses the residuals by age group and calendar year on the test set (from 2005 to 2020) and compares the results of the Lee--Carter and LSTM models. Our results show that LSTM networks give more accurate forecasts on Hungarian mortality data. With these forecasts, one can reconsider the expectations about the pension system or improve the accuracy of actuarial calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to review the characteristics of SME websites regarding both their content and design aspects. 252 firms were examined, of which 146 (58%) had websites. After the observation and analysis, we concluded that their online presence needs to improve, since the average evaluation score was only 64 out of 100 points. However, one positive finding was that the biggest cluster achieved an above average score. The evaluating system can be a useful method for examining websites, which can provide information not only on the whole site, but also on its content, user experience, design, or technological aspects. Thus, the paper recommends that it should be available for all enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the main characteristics of the articles of the Statisztikai Szemle published between 1949 and 1989, their composition as categories, evaluating the characteristics of each period and the circumstances of their publication. The paper also analyses the articles in five and ten-year periods, grouped by main and subcategories, using statistical data. The paper describes the structure of the periodical's columns, the work of the editorial staff and the main editorial principles of the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the social innovation potential and competitiveness of municipalities in terms of competitive advantage- and disadvantage. While our previous research on social innovation studied independently the processes, levels, stakeholders and relationships with technical and technological innovation, the current study analyses the complex index created by social innovation potential. The link between social innovation potential and the factors of competitive advantage can be established on the conceptual plane of sustainable value creation, seeking to link the concept of competition to the enhancement of social well-being and prosperity in a new way. The paper pays particular attention to the measurement challenges of the social innovation process, as well as to the impact measurement and sustainability assessment of social innovation initiatives. This research defines a complex indicator of the social innovation potential of Hungarian districts and is using the indicator to examine the extent to which key territorial processes are related to the characteristics defined by the indicator. In the analysis, the authors discuss the relationship between territorial competitiveness and social innovation potential in Hungary's districts. The study also draws conclusions on how the results may be applied in the economic development decision-making processes of the districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on the five principal dimensions of the International Digital Economy and Society Index (I-DESI), however, instead of the original scoring model based on arbitrary pre-determined weights, the authors apply more objective ranking methods using the statistical properties of the data series to determine where Hungary stands in terms of digital development among the countries of the European Union and other developed countries in the data set. The ranking is performed using the DEA-CWA (Data Envelopment Analysis / Common Weights Analysis) method (with six models) and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method; the resulting weight vectors and rankings are then compared. Although the resulting weight vectors differ significantly from the arbitrary weights set by the European Commission, the country rankings remain similar, displaying relatively little sensitivity to the chosen weighting method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: From birth onwards, interoceptive information and its higher level of integration play an important role in survival and psychological functioning. Only a minority of this vast amount of information reach consciousness. Interoception can be divided into three categories: interoceptive accuracy, interoceptive sensitivity and interoceptive awareness. Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the developmental aspects of interoception and to present empirical findings on correlated of interoception in childhood and opportunities for its improvement. Method: We first review how interoception is included in different developmental theories, then we present the empirical results available in the literature, and finally we summarise the options for improvement. Results: Of the various theorists, György Ádám gives the most complex approach; the central element of his theory is that the individual's attention is increasingly directed towards external stimuli after birth. Nevertheless, it seems that the perception of interoceptive feelings can be relearned later. Some factors, such as symptoms of anxiety and panic, show a positive correlation with interoceptive accuracy already in childhood. In other cases, such as obesity or chronic tic disorder, a negative association was found while in autism spectrum disorder results were ambiguous. Regarding the improvement of different aspects of interoception, findings obtained mainly from adult participants show that interoceptive sensibility can be improved through various interventions; with respect to accuracy, some contemplative interventions and body panning may have a positive effect. Conclusions: The higher number of positive results on interoceptive sensibility may be explained by the fact that interoceptive accuracy becomes stable in adulthood, but it is assumed that it may still be possible to influence it in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper presents the macroeconomic indicators that most determine the success of women’s professional tennis players, expressed in terms of WTA ranking points and total money won in tournaments. Using data from 38 OECD countries, we perform a panel regression analysis to determine the extent to which macroeconomic factors contribute to players’ success. Our results show that the explanatory power of some macroeconomic factors has declined to insignificant levels over the last 20 years, but that players’ success is to some extent dependent on macroeconomic factors describing the welfare of their country of origin. It can be concluded that players from less prosperous countries are likely to perform better than their counterparts from more affluent regions. Although a certain level of economic well-being is essential for success, social well-being also plays a crucial role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing role of research data and the rise of open science has also led to a demand for data literacy, which also serves managing, critically sharing and reusing research, business and citizen data. Focusing on these areas, this paper presents the characteristics of information literacy and data literacy, including their critical versions approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current and future economic leaders are among the most critical actors in launching and guiding the transition towards a sustainable economy and society; preparing them for this responsibility falls to higher education institutions, especially business schools. In this paper, the authors analyse the external communication of 100 highly ranked business schools to understand how they incorporate the issue of sustainability. Moreover, they also aim to delineate the relationship between their understanding of sustainability and the futures they present. The findings show that in education-related texts, almost half of institutions fail to touch on the issue of sustainability at all, while the other half narrow down the concept to its economic aspects. They also show that a neoliberal worldview is more dominant in the corpus, and that the only aspects of sustainability emphasised by business schools are those which are compatible with this perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job design is a critical area of Human Resource Management. Job crafting is the process whereby individuals shape their jobs according to their own needs, which enhances their positive work experience. This study extends the job crafting research by examining whether different job crafting practices can be distinguished into profiles, and, if so, whether these profiles differ in terms of organisational commitment. Study participants were drawn from the Hungarian population using a representative survey of 500 respondents. Consequently, four significantly different individual job crafting profiles were identified; these show different relationships with the affective, continuance, and normative components of organisational commitment. The paper also presents the relevant theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) have become increasingly popular in the current economic environment as companies seek to streamline operations, reduce costs and increase market share in a globally competitive market. By 2017, global M&A activity had reached unprecedented levels - the highest since the 2008 financial crisis. The healthcare and technology industries are anticipated to experience sustained M&A activity, owing to the persistent demand for novel products and services within these domains. In this article, we analyse more than 2,100 completed transactions to answer the following questions. Has a new wave of M&A emerged or is the way out of the crisis to sell the company? What are the attributes of the deals between 2019 and 2022 in terms of geography, sector, investor target, payment method and deal value? At the end of our paper, we support our results obtained by descriptive statistical tests with a classification procedure, the so-called exhaustive CHAID decision tree method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]