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This paper addresses the final months of the Ferenc József University of Kolozsvár/Cluj during the closing stages of World War II. In this period, due to Soviet occupation, a distinct administration was established, separate from the Hungarian state adminis- tration, preceding the re-installation of Romanian state administration in March 1945. The university’s leadership chose not to follow the evacuation order and kept the institution in the city. This decision raised several issues, including the role of the university in Hungarian cultural life in Transylvania. The article explores the university’s relationship with the Red Army officials, its interactions with the Romanian political and cultural elite of the era, and its complex engagement with the Hungarian minority elite in Romania regarding the development of future strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compensate for the shortcomings of the formal institutional system, an informal order for minority representation was developed in Romania during the 1970s. This paper aims to characterize this model of informal representation, detailing its components and operations, such as informal norms of public engagement, networks and networking, communication between leaders and members, and decisionmaking processes. Since the research focuses on informal representation rather than the functioning of a formal institution, the analysis centers on individuals, their opinions, everyday activities, and attitudes expressed in critical situations. The primary source for this study is the Securitate files of Géza Domokos (1928-2007), a pivotal figure in Hungarian cultural life and minority interest representation during the latter part of the Ceauşescu era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports on Hungarian-speaking teachers' experiences with in-service teacher-training courses provided by training centres in Romania - the Hungarian Teachers' Association of Romania and the Apáczai Csere János Teachers' House - as part of a broader questionnaire survey (n = 500). It examines levels of satisfaction and expectations concerning professional development courses, as well as the motivations for enrolling in such courses. The results indicate that both primary and secondary teachers, also teachers at different stages of their careers in terms of their teaching experience, found the training useful. Primarily, they are motivated by enhancing their knowledge on the subject they teach, improving their teaching skills, learning about new research and gaining credits. They prefer practical courses that encourage self-reflection and active participation. Both face-to-face and online formats are considered appropriate, yet the hybrid version is less so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania since 2022 the nursery education has been moved from the social area into the educational system, according to 100/2021 Emergency Government Decree. The effects of the changes caused by this regulation in the institutional system are wide-ranging and may affect kindergarten teachers as well. In our paper we are going to the answer on one hand, to what extent the appearance of early childhood education within the framework of educational institutions is known by kindergarten teachers; on the other hand, what kind of reception reactions to the changes brought about by the modification can we outline; and what new alternative career opportunities it reveals for the research sample. Accordingly, the aim of our research is to map the institutional structure variants outlined by the legal regulations, the examination of attitudes towards these changes and exploring the effects on career aspirations of kindergarten teachers. We start from the assumption that the changes in the law reveal alternative career paths for kindergarten teachers, which is more attractive for those with a pragmatist approach. Our second hypothesis is that the movement of early childhood education into the educational segment is ambivalently judged, as opinions are nuanced on the scale of risk association and opportunity recognition. We have used the method of document analysis, and the empirical research is based on a self-made questionnaire. Using an access sampling procedure, we included 213 Hungarian kindergarten teachers from Romania in our study. Through the investigation, we clarify the institutional alternatives of early childhood education in Romania, outline the professional framework of the early childhood education profession, and the possible alternative career paths, as well as their assessment by kindergarten teachers. Our results show that the reception reactions of the mentioned institutional changes are positive among kindergarten teachers, who emphasize also that this structural modification provides the possibility of validation of the early education curriculums integrated approach and practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the management of public and private assets within regional administrative units both theoretically, listing the relevant legal regulations, and practically, by describing a specific administrative procedure. The article highlights that while the Constitution and Civil Code of Romania only mention the management of public assets within regional administrative units, the Administrative Code also provides regulations for the management of private assets within these units. As a result, before the publication of the Administrative Code, it was suggested in the literature that the right of management, which is an exclusive real right derived solely from public ownership, should be reinterpreted to also apply to private property, but only in cases where the right of private ownership is considered as part of public law, exclusively belonging to the state or a regional administrative unit. Furthermore, the paper also discusses the question of whether, although the administrative document ordering the management is a unilateral administrative act, the management itself requires the signing of a contract between the owner and the manager. This question is answered by an administrative lawsuit, which the author describes in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the presence of Hungarian book publishing as a theme in the Hungarian written press in Romania in the last two years (2022-23). The author investigates the extent to which information on the state of Hungarian publishing in Romania reaches the wider public who follows the print and online press. Looking at a year’s worth of publishing reports, major book events stand out and set the rhythm of book publishing in Romania. News articles tend to discuss the issues referring to book publishing connected to these events, highlighting current problems, but also positive attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the upward mobility path of some Romanian Roma, who were beneficiaries of the state-supported affirmative action programmes (Roma school mediator training, Romany language teacher programme, special high school and university places for Roma students). Social climbing in this research is investigated in case of first-in-family high school and university graduates. Simultaneously, these persons have higher school attainment than their parents (and beyond the compulsory minimum of ten grades). Based on previous research, the social climbing up is understood here as the possession of different capitals: cultural, network, and especially resilient and navigational capital, which plays a crucial importance in striking back in racially hostile social environments. The narrative interviews indicate that mobility lays on previously acquired symbolical capital (recognition of the family) and it is supported by many protective factors (neo-protestant churches, communist orphanages, and the state-supported projects themselves). Interviews also reveal how racial identity was transformed under the impact of mobility. Some respondents narrate themselves as cultural straddlers, who commute between the Roma and the non-Roma social worlds; the majority of them considers that education enables the erasure of racial stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zimra Harsányi’s personal life was connected to several countries: born in Romania as a Hungarian Jew, escaped from Communist Romania through Hungary and Germany to France where she died. During her writing career she used the names Ana Novac, Novák Anna, Harsányi Zimra, writing in three languages and three genres (drama, a holocaust diary and fiction). She became a successful author and then was immediately banned during the late 1950s. The paper discusses the author’s works connected to many languages, geographical spaces and genres, examining her fluid identity construction, playing with names and dates of birth, and also finally playing hide and seek with the Romanian secret police. Zimra Harsányi was a woman of amazing wit, playfulness and extraordinary capacity to survive very different systems, her smile being a trademark image on most of her visual representations. The paper places Harsányi’s works in a context of cross-cultural transgression, signalling also the consequences of this transgression within the reception of Harsányi/Novák/Novac’s works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Fogorvosi Szemle is the property of Hungarian Dental Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the situation of digital poverty in Romania and the opportunities for digital inclusion in the post-Coronavirus era. Romania is characterised by all three levels of digital poverty. Therefore, digital policies in Romania should focus on developing digital skills and providing digital public services, as well as promoting digital business services. Romania needs to formulate a coherent digital strategy that brings together different sectors and aligns them with policies addressing wider social inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tearing down borders or the historical decline of categorial exclusion has not brought about the disappearance of exclusion. The principle of equality between people does not easily “translate” into real world facts, therefore socioeconomic inequality between people or groups remains stubbornly persistent. The source of the tension is, on the one hand, the declarative recognition of equality in principle, morality, and law, and, on the other hand, the practical persistence of social inequalities: social exclusion. The paper discusses the mechanisms and factors related to the subject, using the example of the ethnic exclusion of the Roma in Romania. The easy answers to uncomfortable questions more often slip into the field of scapegoating, victim-blaming, or even xenophobia. Real answers require confrontation: there is an inevitable problem of the continuous management of inequalities that persist despite of dismantled borders and equality in principle. I am convinced that we cannot remain indifferent and ignorant on these issues, since in many cases suffering is caused by one form of exclusion or another. Until we are made aware of how these operate, there is little chance of doing anything about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled by the communist movement of the country, the Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania (MADOSZ) was founded in 1934 in the Romanian Kingdom. Shortly after its creation it managed to spark a revolt in the Gyimes valley of the Eastern Carpathians. A national-revolutionary organization at its inception, MADOSZ became one of the few Romanian popular front organizations after 1936, only to be banned with all the political parties in 1938. In this paper, I’m addressing the core questions of the history of the organisation, focusing mainly on the double determination of the movement. Can MADOSZ be solely as the Trojan horse of the interests of the Soviet Union? What other dimensions of its existence can be highlighted? How was the organisation embedded in the political system of the Romanian Kingdom and what were its views regarding the modernisation of Transylvanian society? How were the members of the movement perceived and addressed and how did their fate turn after 1945? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Second Vienna Award of 1940, which divided Transylvania into a Hungarian and a Romanian part, a contest started between the two countries for gaining control of the whole region. In order to reach this goal, both countries joined the alliance system of Nazi Germany and in June 1941 entered the war against the Soviet Union. After the battle of Stalingrad, the strategies of the competitors started to change. The two rivals realized that Germany would lose the war, and therefore the peace, including the settlement of territorial disputes and border changes, would be shaped by the Allies. Although they continued to fight on the side of Germany, they prepared for the victory of the Allies. In this new phase of the race, Romania proved to be more successful. In August 1944, she turned the tables on the Wehrmacht while Hungary continued to fight on Germany’s side. Despite the successful Romanian volteface, the future of Northern Transylvania which had belonged to Hungary since 1940, was still undecided. The armistice agreement with Romania signed on September 12, 1944 stipulated that “Transylvania or greater part thereof should be returned to Romania, subject to confirmation at the peace settlement”. The dispute was settled in 1945-1946 by the victorious Allied Powers. The United States and – less firmly – Great Britain and France favored “an adjustment of the Hungarian-Roumanian frontier in Transylvania along ethnic lines which would transfer a small strip from Arad to Szatmár/Satu Mare to Hungary”. The Soviet Union, however, stubbornly opposed any modification of the post1920 borders, including even symbolic changes. This meant that the final decision taken by the Paris Peace Conference in the Fall of 1946 accomplished the restoration of the pre-war frontiers. The race was won by Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about Lajos Jordáky’s activity in the Hungarian State Theatre of Cluj. In the years of political transition (between 1945 and 1948/1949) the theatres of Romania also changed. The Hungarian State Theatre of Cluj – the most important theatre in Transylvania – was on the frontlines between liberty and totalitarian dictatorship. The Romanian Communist Party and its structures implemented censorship in the cultural life and in theatres as well. Jordáky, as an orthodox communist, was put in charge of the censorship in the Hungarian Theatre of Cluj, as the literary secretary of the institution. Despite the fact that he was austere with the actors and tried to implement the ideas and aesthetics of socialist realism in the theatre, his heritage is ambivalent. Being arrested and tried in 1954, then released from prison in 1955, his first visitors were his former colleagues. He could not change the theatre into a communist one, rather the theatre changed him: from a Stalinist he became a Humanitarian Marxist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning is a social activity which aims at creating better places for communities. Participatory and communicative planning is gaining ground also in Romania, and there is plenty of research on the theory, practice, and ideology of planning regarding the involvement of the public, but there is a need to understand if there are language barriers here which might represent a bottleneck for linguistic minorities. The paper discusses this latter issue in the case of Romania’s design, town planning, and strategic planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although in the last decade more important monographs were published about the formation of the early Székely (or Szekler) settlement system, there are more important aspects that still need to be revisited. First of them is the question regarding the original locations where the Székelys lived previously. The traditional historiography based on dialect teleconnections, toponyms, anthropological data and written sources presumes that the initial main Székely territories were in the southern and western part of Transdanubia (the peripheries of Hungary). From here some groups of Székelys were moved in Bihar county (the border region between Hungary and Romania) by the end of the 11th century, others in Central Transylvania, and only in a third step did they find their final home in the Eastern Carpathians in the 13th century. Lately the colonization of the Székelys is pushed even earlier back to the 12th century. The paper confronts these commonly accepted standpoints with the archaeological and historical facts. West Danubia was not populated in the 10-11th century, the South Danubian anthropological material has no connection with the medieval anthropological material of Székely Land, written sources of the early 13th century mention the Székelys still far away from their actual territories. In concordance with this archaeological data proves 11-12th century elements (settlements, castles, churches) in the Eastern Carpathians that precede the arrival of the Székely population. Székelys cannot be attested archaeologically or in any other way in the region until the early 13th century, so until then the Eastern Carpathians belonged to the counties of the kingdom and the generally known Székely Land formed only during the 13-14th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates how a recently found document that contains a summary of literary developments of 1970s Hungarian literature from Romania can complete the literary history written by Gusztáv Láng and Lajos Kántor. While presenting the unpublished epilogue to their book, the aim of the article is to compare it with the second edition of Kántor–Láng Romániai magyar irodalom 1944–1970, with the supplemented version publi-shed in 1982, part of the socalled „Spenót /Sóska” (Béládi ed., A magyar irodalom története 1945– 1975. IV. A határon túli magyar irodalom), as well as to seek an answer to whether the authors discussed in the Romanian language document are present with similar emphasis in the Száz év kaland. Lastly, the overview reflects on Zoltán Bertha’s and András Görömbei’s book A hetvenes évek romániai magyar irodalma, in order to highlight comparatively the criteria, perspectives and intentions of the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different editorial strategies at work in the circulation of novels by six European crime fiction authors. The comparative study indicates changes in the contemporary power balance in the European publishing system. We point towards characteristics on the European book market for published and translated novels by non-English and non- American authors, as novels originally in English expectedly dominate the market. The permeability of translations does not seem to decrease with the growing size of a book market and its affiliation to a central language: according to the present research, France is an obvious exception to this supposed trend, since French is the only language considered in which we found translations of all the selected authors. Smaller markets (such as Hungary or Romania) are particularly interested in Western crime fiction, and thus neglect authors from proximate territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'schoolscape' can be analyzed as a display or materialization of the 'hidden curriculum' regarding the construction of linguistic and cultural identities. In addition, we can investigate the role the schoolscape has for language education, where I argue that it constitutes a major affordance. Based on a qualitative analysis of signs and discourses -- gathered during multi-sited fieldwork in 2011-2013 on Hungarian medium educational contexts in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine -- I ask, how different vernaculars, languages of learning, teaching and school administration are displayed in the schoolscape. Which language ideologies, languages, language varieties or cultural and national symbols have hegemony in the schoolscape and which get erased from it? I conclude that even though there are many Hungarian symbols and Hungarian texts on display in the investigated schools the hierarchy of languages and their status in education are still clearly displayed in the schoolscapes, which is especially evident in the placement and intended use of centrally distributed signs in the majority language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text focuses primarily on the issue of the stratification of the Armenians in Romania as an ethnopolitical category, drawing attention to the processuality of its internal heterogeneity and the need for its periodic review. Starting from the general premise that this is not a single ethnic group issue, but a general phenomenon due to the regional and historical complexity of Romania, the study of each group – whether we consider them as a national minority or as part of a global diaspora – requires the application of dynamic analytical models based on the situation of multiple social actors. Accordingly, the analysis will outline the historical, cultural, and institutional profile of Armenian communities living in present-day Romania, with a special focus on the changes in the internal composition of the category in the decades after the regime change, by sketching the specific dynamics that determine the group’s current image and identity processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the career plans of Hungarian university students in Transylvania. It gives a detailed picture about the type of career and position envisaged by them for their future professional life. Based on the desired career types, their career habitus and entrepreneurial spirit is also explored. The authors also examine the effect of several socioeconomic factors – such as age, gender, type of settlement, education level of parents, financial situation of families – on the career habitus and entrepreneurial willingness. The empirical background of the study is an online survey conducted in December 2020, which targeted the ethnic Hungarian students studying at universities in Romania. In the article the authors analyze the answers for the question: what type of position students would prefer to work in after completing their studies: as an employee, as an entrepreneur (with employees) or self-employed (freelancer)? Based on the answers, together with the background factors, we can examine the characteristics of those students who are willing to work as an entrepreneur or to be self-employed, and several socioeconomic determinant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To the present day, the prevalence and incidence of cervical cancer remains very significant. For disadvantaged groups such as the Roma, screening for the disease should be given increased attention, as members of this minority have lower access to health care and lower average health literacy., Objective: The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of cytological screening for cervical cancer among Hungarian-speaking Roma and non-Roma populations in Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, in relation to the possible influencing factors. We also investigated respondents' perceptions of the importance of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination. In this paper, we focus on presenting the data from Hungary in relation to the results from the other two countries. The study sample size was 1366., Method: Data were presented as mean ± SD and proportion. To compare Roma and non-Roma samples, the independent samples t-test was used. Cross tabulation with Pearson's chi-square test with calculating phi/Cramér's V effect size (p<0.05) was used to reveal association between ethnicity and studied variables., Results: In Hungary, a higher proportion of Roma women (p = 0.004) did not attend cytological screening for cervical cancer compared to non-Roma women, a difference confirmed in the other two countries. Non-Roma women attached greater importance to attendance at cervical cancer screening (p = 0.022). The Roma population aged 18-65 years had lower rates of annual cytological screening for cervical cancer compared to non-Roma in all age groups, while the annual screening rate decreased with age, regardless of ethnicity., Conclusion: Further health promotion to prevent cervical cancer in the Roma and non-Roma population would be necessary, regardless of national borders, specifically to address risk factors in all age groups, with a focus on young people, who are less aware of the risk, and older age groups, who mostly believe that the disease does not affect them due to their age. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(36): 1416-1425.