Search

La pregunta sobre qué significa pensar el pasado o qué hacer con el pasado de sufrimiento e injusticia, nos interpela en tiempos de víctimas, memoria y transiciones. En El tiempo, tribunal de la historia, Reyes Mate propone que el tiempo tiene la clave para construir un nuevo pensamiento que se haga cargo del sufrimiento y lo ponga en el orden del día.

The main purpose of this study is to focus on the consequences of torture and other atrocities occurred during the Brazilian military coup. Through hypothetical-deductive and inductive methods, it aims to expose the decision of the Supreme Court concerning the Amnesty Law, international condemnation of Brazil in Araguaia case and the responsibility of the State for the death and disappearance of the bodies, including lack of transparency, which are significant worries about transitional law rules. It concerns not only the past, but also has prospective effects, as taking the state oppression out of invisibility contributes to the consolidation of democracy. O principal objetivo do presente es- tudo é analisar as consequências da tortura e de outras atrocidades ocorridas no Brasil na dita- dura militar. Por meio do emprego dos métodos hipotético-dedutivo e indutivo, procura-se expor a decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal no tocan- te à extensão interpretativa da Lei de Anistia, a condenação internacional do Brasil no caso Ara- guaia, diante das mortes e do desaparecimento forçado de corpos, incluindo a falta de transpa- rência, sendo essas as preocupações da Justiça de Transição. Trata-se de assunto que diz respeito não apenas ao passado, mas que tem efeitos prospectivos, pois trazer da invisibilidade o tema da opressão estatal é uma medida que contribui para a consolidação da democracia.

The main aim of this paper is to present the specificity of functioning of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, the characteristics of one type of its judgments, i.e. verdicts with a “deferral clause” and preparation of the de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates. Problems analyzed in this work remain valid in both jurisprudence and legal doctrine.

Este artículo pretende contribuir a la reconstrucción de la historia del Santo Oficio napolitano examinando un brevísimo período de tiempo, el que transcurrió entre 1656 y 1659, que, sin embargo, resulta muy revelador respecto a los propósitos de la Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio en Nápoles durante la restauración del tribunal después de la peste de 1656. La delegación en el nuncio pontificio, así como las instrucciones que se le mandaron continuamente desde Roma, ponen de manifiesto la firme voluntad de afianzar la Inquisición romana frente a los obstáculos que pudieran oponer el virrey, el arzobispo y la oligarquía. Pero el reforzamiento del tribunal bajo la suprema autoridad de la Congregazione no se explicaría completamente sin vincularlo a quienes fueron su objetivo prioritario en aquellos años: las familias de judaizantes descubiertos en la capital y fuera de ella. PALABRAS CLAVE: Nápoles, Inquisición romana, inquisidor delegado, Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio, judaizante. -- This article aims to contribute to the reconstruction of the history of the Holy Office napolitano examining a very short period of time, that elapsed between 1656 and 1659, that, however, is very revealing about the purposes of the Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio in Naples during the restoration of the Inquisition Court after the plague of 1656. The delegation to the papal nuncio, as well as the instructions that were sent to him continuously from Rome, underscore the commitment to strengthen the Roman Inquisition against the obstacles that could oppose the viceroy, the archbishop and the oligarchy. But the strengthening of the Inquisition Court under the supreme authority of the Congregazione not explain fully without linking it to those who were its priority objective in those years: families of crypto-jews discovered in the capital and beyond. KEYWORDS: Naples, Roman Inquisition, delegate inquisitor, Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio, crypto-jew.

Wie ich zeigen wollte, führt Oppenheimers Film "The Act of Killing" die obengenannten Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit Täterzeugenschaft ins Extrem. Der Film verzichtet darauf, die Äußerungen der Täter aus dem Off zu kommentieren, zu überprüfen oder ihnen Kontra zu geben. Die Opfer sind – in den Zeugnissen der Täter wie auch in den Bildern des Films – auf gespenstische Weise abwesend. "The Look of Silence" nimmt zum ersten Film eine geradezu komplementäre Strategie ein: Er macht die Opfer als Subjekte sicht- und hörbar – aber nicht, indem er die Opfer in den Zeugenstand ruft, sondern indem er sie zu 'Zuhörern des Zeugnisses' macht. "The Act of Killing" und "The Look of Silence" können als zwei Teile eines Ganzen betrachtet werden, in dem die Schwierigkeit, ja Unmöglichkeit eines Dialogs von Tätern und Opfern in Indonesien heute aufgezeigt wird. Zugleich zeigt das Doppelfilmprojekt, dass es dazu keine Alternative gibt, wenn die Wahrheit zur Sprache kommen soll.

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] The concept of chilling effect, formulated in the beginning of the second half of the 20th century by the Supreme Court of the United States of America, has been applicated both in common law and in continental law system. Lately, also the Polish Constitutional Tribunal more often has used it. Despite the U.S. Supreme Court bound the chilling effect with infringement of the freedom of speech, nowadays it seems to be useful to describe also interferences to other human rights. The European Court of Human Rights has developed that kind of interpretation. It has occurred that the notion of chilling effect perfectly describes any interference into right or freedom consisting of deterring of a person from undertaking by he or she an action. The Polish Constitutional Tribunal has drawn the concept of the chilling effect directly from adjudication of the ECHR. But without broad justification it also applicates this notion to constitutional issues connected with provisions concerning the system of government. This process of adaptation of the chilling effect concept provokes questions whether this notion was properly rooted in the Polish constitutional system. The Polish Constitutional Tribunal has not deeply explained how to understand the concept of chilling effect and in what occurrences it may be applied. Without clear statement of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal we can say that the chilling effect concept may not be applied only in the cases concerning rights and freedoms which imply act of deterrence, like prohibition of compelling to participate or not participate in religious practices. Moreover, we can only assume that identifying the chilling effect does not overjudge the result of constitutional review, it is just an argument for unconstitutionality.

Gian Domenico Romagnosi 1814 m. išleido pirmą knygą apie administracinę teisę. Pirmąją administracinę bylą Prancūzijoje Ginčų teismas išnagrinėjo 1873 m. Teisininkas Antoni Okolski lenkų kalba administracinės teisės apibrėžimą pateikė 1880 m. Tarpukario Lietuvoje nei valstybė, nei aukštoji mokykla savo lėšomis neišleido nė vieno administracinės teisės vadovėlio, studijos ar mokomosios priemonės. Tačiau kai kurie šios teisės šakos institutai buvo analizuoti pavieniuose straipsniuose ir studijose. Taigi šio tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti straipsnius ir studijas, nes tai leidžia nustatyti administracinės teisės mokslo vystymąsi ir tuometes administracinės teisės problemas. The article examines the roots of administrative law in the interwar period in Lithuania. Due to various reasons, administrative law, as a separate branch of law, began to develop late in Lithuania. The study on national administrative law, as well as scientific articles, appeared only at the beginning of the 21st century. Meanwhile, in the neighbouring countries scientists began to analyse administrative law at the end of 19th century. Nevertheless, Lithuanian researchers during the interwar period analysed separate administrative law institutes – state liability, civil service, judicial review, etc. However, none of these areas were either theoretically formulated or practically implemented in Lithuania.

The performed analysis shows that there was a lack of more detailed substatutory legal regulation in the interwar Lithuania determined in the area of tax paying and tax collecting. Therefore, taxpayers could be misled by state institutions that applied different procedures for collecting taxes. Provided that the regulation of tax paying and tax collecting procedures could not prevent tax inspectors from abuse of authority, it was subject to improve. The legal regulation of the interwar Lithuania restricted the possibility of taxpayers to appeal against actions of tax inspectors in the area of forced tax collecting more than it should. The main reason that caused this problem was the fact that disputes over illegal acts of officers of state authorities, who carried out the forced tax collecting procedure, could not be taken to the courts. Considering this, legal regulation in this area was subject to improve as well. In the practice of the Lithuanian Supreme Tribunal, the cases where officers of state authorities failed to fulfill their procedural obligations in the court were treated indulgently, consequently, unnecessarily complicating the possibilities of taxpayers to defend their rights in the courts of the interwar Lithuania in the area of forced tax collecting.

Kulturkino Baden, Dezember 2017

Jean-Paul Sartre kam bei der Zusammenkunft des Internationalen Tribunals gegen die Kriegsverbrechen in Vietnam (Russell-Tribunal oder Vietnam-Tribunal) in Stockholm vom 2. bis zum 10. Mai 1967 die Aufgabe zu, als Exekutivpräsident die erste Sitzungsperiode zu eröffnen. Das von Bertrand Russell initiierte Tribunal bestand aus linken, zumeist pro-kommunistischen Intellektuellen und Aktivisten, die sich zur Untersuchung und völkerrechtlichen Verurteilung des Vorgehens der Vereinigten Staaten in Vietnam zusammengefunden hatten. Es besaß weder ein völkerrechtliches Mandat noch bestand es aus juristisch oder politisch einflussreichen Personen. Sartre begründet dessen Legitimität aus der »doppelbödigen Wirklichkeit von Nürnberg«. Mit dem Internationalen Militärgerichtshof in Nürnberg 1945/1946 habe erstmals eine Strafgerichtsbarkeit mit universalem Anspruch seine Tätigkeit aufgenommen, diese jedoch gleich nach dem Ende der Prozesse wieder eingestellt. Das Russell-Tribunal knüpfte in Zeiten der Dekolonisierung und des Kalten Krieges an die »Präzedenz« von Nürnberg und das dort entwickelte menschenrechtlich inspirierte Völkerstrafrecht an. Auch wenn der Menschenrechtsbegriff selbst für die politische Zielsetzung und Rhetorik des Tribunals nicht zentral war, wurde dieser über den Bezug auf (antikoloniale) Selbstbestimmung und die Forderung nach universalen Prinzipien evoziert. Anhand des Vietnam-Tribunals lässt sich zudem eine »transformative Phase gesellschaftlichen Aktivismusʼ« der nun transnational vernetzten Neuen Linken nachvollziehen, die sich in ihrem Protest gegen Kolonialismus und den Nord-Süd-Konflikt verstärkt auf vernachlässigte Kategorien des humanitären Völkerrechts bezog. In der Wahrnehmung und Verurteilung der amerikanischen Kriegsverbrechen in Vietnam zeigte sich zeitlich verschoben eine Verquickung von Deutungsmustern des Zweiten Weltkrieges mit denen des Kolonialismus, vor allem in der Kategorisierung von Massengewalt als Genozid. published

A field study is accomplished in 20 towns in Serbia by the method of deep interview. The objective of the investigation: to find out how the citizens themselves have experienced the last years of the former regime as well as the change after the 5th of October, 2000. The study is focused on the attitudes of the informants regarding the reasons of the fall of the former regime and the motives which have (or have not) moved them to involve in the struggle for social change; of the experience of the very date of the turnover: of the changes after that period, as well as of the attitudes toward the International community and their opinions about war-crimes, with a particular emphasis on attitudes concerning the Hague Tribunal. The accumulated data will be elaborated by the qualitative method which makes it possible to consider the responses in the context of everyday life situation and preserve their original expressions, different from the schemes from the media and official reports.

AMICUS CURIAE E AUDIENCIAS PUBLICAS NO CONTROLE DE CONSTITUCIONALIDADE BRASILEIRO AMICUS CURIAE AND PUBLIC HEARINGS ON BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW RESUMO: O artigo trata de dois institutos inseridos formalmente no controle abstrato de constitucionalidade brasileiro por meio da Lei no 9.868/99: o amicus curiae e a analise de fatos. A abordagem e ao mesmo tempo teorica, com fundamento em doutrina nacional e estrangeira, e pratica, com base na interpretacao do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Enfatiza as diferencas existentes entre ambos e a ausencia da distincao necessaria em determinadas situacoes. Busca-se contribuir para a exata delimitacao e aplicacao de cada um, alem de demonstrar que os dois institutos ampliam os meios processuais a disposicao do Supremo Tribunal Federal no exercicio de sua funcao de Tribunal Constitucional, porem, ainda nao estao devidamente consolidados na pratica da Corte. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Controle de constitucionalidade; Amicus curiae; Audiencias publicas. ABSTRACT: This article analyzes two institutes formally added to Brazilian abstract constitutional review through Act no 9.868/99: Amicus Curiae and Fact Review. The approach is at the same time theoretical, based on national and foreign doctrine, and practical, based on the interpretation of the Supreme Federal Court. It emphasizes the differences between themselves and the lack of the necessary distinction in certain situations. It seeks to contribute for defining and implementing both institutes, in addition to demonstrating that the two institutes extend the procedural means available to the Supreme Federal Court in the exercise of its function as Constitutional Court, although they are not yet duly consolidated in the practice of the Court. KEYWORDS : Judicial review; Amicus curiae; Public hearings.

Nikos Oikonomides The Judicial Privilege of Nea Moni on ChiosEmperor Constantine IX Monomachos granted (1045) to the monastery of Nea Moni on Chios a judicial privilege: any action against the monastery should be brought to court in front of the imperial tribunal only (JGR I, 629-631).In the present article it is argued that this privilege has nothing to do with the western immunitas, because the privilege does not give the monastery any right to judge other people. The privilege is compared to the similar ones granted to the monasteries of Lavra (963-964) and Iviron (1079). And it is interpreted as an effort to protect the founders of Nea Moni, who were seemingly spiritual mysticists, from the monastic establishment of Constantinople, especially the cenobitic Stoudiou movement.In fact, as we learn from Psellos, the founders of Nea Moni were eventually accused and condemned of heresy by the imperial tribunal under empress Theodora (1055-56), but were later re-instated thanks to the support of Patriarch Michael Keroularios.

Resumo: As relacoes de trabalho, da mesma forma como relacoes privadas em geral, tem assumido carater internacional. O crescente fenomeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do trabalhador. Em nivel internacional, esse desafio aumenta, especialmente porque as normas conflituais classicas foram construidas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutencao da igualdade formal entre os individuos, sem preocupacoes de cunho material. Embora as solucoes tradicionais ainda estejam presentes no Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro, um precedente recente do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho alterou essa realidade. Assim, este trabalho tenciona analisar os efeitos dessa decisao do TST na evolucao do Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro. Na primeira parte do trabalho sera analisada a insuficiencia do metodo classico na protecao do empregado. A principal manifestacao desse metodo esta no elemento de conexao da lei do local da execucao do contrato de trabalho, ou lex loci laboris . A segunda parte avalia a solucao adotada pela jurisprudencia do TST, ao cancelar a Sumula no 207 e consagrar o elemento de conexao da lei mais favoravel ao empregado ou favor empregado como o principal para as relacoes de trabalho internacionais. Em conclusao, aborda-se o significado desse entendimento do TST para evolucao do Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro. Palavras-chaves: Direito Internacional Privado; Direito Internacional do Trabalho; Conflitos de Lei no Espaco; Elementos de Conexao; Lei Mais Favoravel ao Empregado. Abstract: Labor relations , in the same way as private relations in general, have assumed an international character . The growing phenomenon entails, however, the increased vulnerability of the worker. On an international level, this challenge increases, especially because the Classic Conflict of Law Rules were built based on modern liberal society, whose basic aim was to maintain the formal equality between individuals, without any material concerns . Although traditional solutions are still present in Brazilian private international law, recent Supreme Labor Court precedent has changed this reality. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze the effects of this Supreme Labor Court decision in the Brazilian Private International Law. In the first part of this paper will be analyzed the insufficiency of the classical method in the employee protection. The main expression of this method lies in the connecting element of the law of the place of the labor contract, or lex loci laboris. The second part evaluates the solution adopted by the case law of the TST to cancel precedent no. 207 and consecrate the connecting element of the law most favorable to the employee, or employee favor, as the main connecting element for international labor relations. Concluding, the meaning of this understanding of the Supreme Labor Court decision for the evolution of Brazilian Private International Law is discussed. Keywords : Private International Law ; International Labor Law; Conflict of Law Rules ; Connecting Elements; Law Most Favorable to the Employee.

Resumo : A integracao regional e elemento inegavel da realidade atual. Com isso, relevante e a compreensao do direito da integracao. Desse modo, objetiva-se efetuar estudo comparativo entre os direitos da Uniao Europeia (UE) e do Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL), para, pelo exame das diferencas e semelhancas entre os blocos regionais, analisar a possibilidade ou nao de se adotar a caracteristica de primazia europeia no âmbito do bloco mercosulino. Nesse sentido, pretende-se apontar que este elemento possibilitou o desenvolvimento juridico da UE. Com isso, a partir das premissas ali postas, sao examinadas as Opinioes Consultivas n. 01/2007, n. 01/2008 e n. 01/2009, do Tribunal Permanente de Revisao (TPR) do MERCOSUL, para tratar da viabilidade de circulacao daquele elemento europeu neste bloco, verificando as dificuldades para tanto. Palavras-chave: Primazia; Direito da Integracao; Uniao Europeia; MERCOSUL; Opinioes Consultivas. Abstract : Regional integration is an undeniable element of current reality. In sight of that, understanding integration law is relevant. Thereby, the paper aims to establish a comparative study between the law of European Union (EU) and of Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), in order to, by examining their differences and similarities, analyze whether or not to adopt EU law feature of supremacy within MERCOSUR. In this sense, it is intended to point out that the supremacy of EU law had allowed its legal development. Hence, from the assumptions made here, the Advisory Opinions n. 01/2007, n. 01/2008 and n. 01/2009, of the Permanent Revision Court (PRC) of MERCOSUR, are examined to discuss the feasibility of circulation of that European element in this block, verifying difficulties to do so. Keywords: Supremacy; Integration Law; European Union; MERCOSUR; Advisory Opinions.