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Shopping malls become one of the essential parts of urban life. There are two main factors behind this development. These are reconstruction of leisure time and gaining wide currency of consumption culture among society. In addition to social and cultural motives, economic functions of shopping malls are one of the reasons for their being. Shopping malls have started to compete with city centers especially in terms of their retailing functions. However to know the potential consumer group well and to advance proper selling strategies according to their preferences are the first condition of performing this retailing function ideally. Research conducted until now show us how shopping mall customers differentiate in itself in terms of consumption behavior. The aim of this study is to deepen the level of knowledge in this field of study by providing new information about topic by means of adding new dependent variables. The study shows that variables of gender, age level, marital status and education level have determining effects on perception and usage of shopping malls by consumers. In other words, life style, as a combination of social, cultural and economic variables, shapes the consumer shopping behavior. The behavioral differences among people resulting from social, cultural and economic characteristics will not only affect their relations with shopping malls but also their reaction to or perception of near future developments such as artificial reality, augmented reality, industry 4.0.

Hat das inhaltslose Lernen der (Schlüssel-)Kompetenzen das Erkennen und Analysieren gesellschaftspolitischer Umstände verdrängt? Machen sich Bildungsinstitutionen noch öffentlich Gedanken über das eigene und gesellschaftliche Selbstverständnis oder wird Bildung be- und vertriebslogisch be- und gehandelt und werden damit Reflexion, Verstehen, Erkenntnis, eigenes Denken zum Luxus? Der vorliegende Beitrag plädiert für die Bejahung einer Pluralität, die mehr ist als eine bunte harmonische Blase und argumentiert für eine Bildung als dialogischen Prozess, der Zugeneigtheit und Verstörung ermöglicht. Was es braucht, ist ein Öffentlichkeit-Lernen als politische Öffentlichkeit. Denn Menschen, so ein Fazit, werden genau genommen erst zu BürgerInnen durch ihr Eintreten in den öffentlichen Raum, in dem sich für sie die Möglichkeit eröffnet, unterschiedliche Positionen einzunehmen und sich von diesen aus zu artikulieren. Merkmal von politischer Öffentlichkeit ist die Vielfalt der verschiedenen Perspektiven, das, was besprech- und hörbar wird. (DIPF/Orig.), Has the contentless learning of (key) competences suppressed the recognition and analysis of socio-political circumstances? Do educational institutions still publicly speculate on how they see themselves and how society sees them or is education treated and dealt with according to the logic of operations and sales, thereby turning reflection, understanding, knowledge and thinking for oneself into a luxury? This article advocates the affirmation of a plurality that is more than a colourful, harmonious bubble and argues for education as a dialogical process that enables sympathy and irritation. What is needed is public sphere learning as a political public sphere. One conclusion is that people do not become citizens until they enter into a public space in which the opportunity arises for them to assume different positions from which they can express themselves. A characteristic of the public sphere is the diversity of different perspectives, that which is able to be discussed and heard. (DIPF/Orig.)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to increase our understanding of the causes for stockouts in retailing.Design/methodology/approachMixed methods study, using instore observations, interviews with key informants in consumer goods and retailing, and a field study of stockouts and their causes in multiple wholesale stores over two years.FindingsThe results indicate that the causes for stockouts are specific to retailer, store, category and item. Improvements to store operations and the coordination of store delivery and shelf replenishment are most effective in reducing stockouts. Manual audits of stockouts and their causes benefit instore execution and provide the level of detail necessary for management to prioritize areas of improvement.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research may investigate the operational and cost impact of incorporating demand seasonality in shelf replenishment that may lead to an improved coordination of replenishment and demand cycles.Practical implicationsA procedure is proposed to help store managers reduce stockouts well below the global average of 8.3 percent.Originality/valueThe paper extends the literature by providing a comprehensive set of itemized causes of retail stockouts and reflects implications for sales‐data driven research. It adds to the emergent research that applies service‐dominant logic to retail stockout research.

Tekstil ve konfeksiyon sektörleri üretimdeki ve ihracattaki payı, ve ekonomiye sağladığı katı açısından Türkiye'nin birinci sektörü konumundadır. Değişen ve gelişen dünya ekonomileriyle beraber Türk ekonomisi de globalleşme trendini takip etmektedir. Bu globalleşme trendi ülke ekonomilerini ve sektör yapılarını etkilerken sektörler arası ve tedarik zincirindeki ilişkilere de yeni boyutlar kazandırmaktadır.Tekstil sektöründe tedarik zinciri pamuk üreticisiyle başlayıp tekstil ürünlerini nihai kullanıcıya sunan tekstil perakendecileriyle sonlanmaktadır. Globalleşen dünya pazarlarındaki paylarını koruyabilmek için teksil perakendecileri, tedarik zincirlerinde yer alan tekstil üreticilerinin de değişime ayak uydurmalarını beklemektedir. Pazarda varlıklarını sürdürebilmek isteyen tekstil üreticileri ise globalleşen pazarda büyük paya sahip olan uluslararası tekstil perakendecilerinin beklentilerine cevap verebilmek için sürekli bir değişim ve gelişim içerisindeler.Bu çalışmada, globalleşen dünya pazarı ve tedarik zincirleri teorik olarak ele alınmıştır. Uluslararası tekstil perakendecilerinin tedarik zincirlerini değişen koşullara uydurabilmek için belirledikleri kriterler ve sonuçlarından bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca, uluslararası tekstil perakendecilerinin dünya pazarlarındaki yerlerini koruyabilmek için belirledikleri stratejiler ve aksiyonlar incelenmiştir.Bu çalışmanın amacı, değişen ticari koşullara uluslararası tekstil perakendecilerinin ve tedarik zincirlerinin nasıl ayak uydurduğunun incelenmesi ve bu değişim sürecinde Türk tekstil üreticilerinin durumunun değerlendirilmesidir. Textile and confection sectors are most important sectorsof Turkey regarding to their shares in total production and export, and contribution to turkish economy. With the changing and developing world economies turkish economy is also following the trend ?globalization?. As this globalization trend effects the country economies and sector structures, it also adds new values and dimensions to the relationships between the sectors and supply chains.In textile industry supply chain begins with cotton producer and ends with textile retailer, which presents the textile products to consumer. In order to keep their market share in global world markets textile retailers expect relevant changes and developments from the textil producers, which are members of their supply chain. These textil producers, who want to survive in the market, are in change and development process permanently in order to fulfill the expectations of international textil retailers.This study covers the global world market and supply chains. This study asserts also the criteria of international textile retailers, which they use to adjust their supply chains to changing conditions, and their results. Furthermore, the strategies and actions of international textile retailers in order to keep their positioning in the world markets are analysed.The aim of this study is to investigate how the international textile retailers and their supply chains adjust themselves to changing trade conditions and to analyse the character of turkish textile producers in this change process. 114

Analyses of price rigidity mainly neglected food retailing industry. There are only few studies explicitly concerning this part of the food process chain. In Blinder’s et al. (1998) analysis of the U.S. economy the food retailing industry is underrepresented, whereas for Germany this industry is not even considered by Stahl (2005) at all, who concentrates his survey on manufacturing industries. An aggravating factor is that most of the remaining studies cover only few determinants for price rigidity’s explanation. On the basis of an extensive scanner dataset the present analysis simultaneously elucidates price rigidity with different determinants in the category of hard and sliced cheese for the year 2000 and 2001. Here, psychological pricing points, the average absolute amount of a price change as a proxy for menu costs, and the short-run price elasticity of demand as well as management decisions at the level of store types and firms are considered to be the main driving factors of price rigidity. It is novel in this study that price changes are divided into price actions (sales) and market driven price changes (price jumps). For estimation Zellner’s (1962) method of the Seemingly-Unrelated-Regression (SUR) is applied. This procedure is particularly suitable due to the direct and indirect impacts of the relevant determinants on the rigidity of prices, because determinant’s cross-relations are detected and modeled. The model results document that price rigidity differs clearly between sales and price jumps. Whereas in an overall view of all price changes price rigidity varies at the level of store types (firms) between 24.1 and 35.5 (11.0 and 10.7) weeks, considering only sales the duration of constant prices increases to periods ranging from 72.3 to 87.3 (38.8 to 89.2) weeks. Price jumps can be observed more frequently, so that the mean period of constant prices ranges between 32.0 and 44.0 (27.7 to 95.3) weeks at the level of store types (firms). The direct effect of an additional price action (price jump) on price rigidity is -1.5 (- 9.0) weeks for store types and -1.7 (- 10.0) weeks for firms. The influence of psychological prices on the price rigidity can be documented likewise. An increase of the share of psychological prices of sales by one percentage point implies, e.g. at the level of firms, that the duration of constant prices is raised by 1.3 weeks., Although the dissertation is in German, on demand a bilateral discussion can be done in English language.

Wirtschaftliche Prozesse sind in Zeiten der Globalisierung zunehmend komplexer. Immer mehr Akteure sind an der Erstellung eines Produktes von der Konzeption bis zur Konsumption durch die Verbraucher beteiligt. Innovationen im Bereich von I&K-Technologien oder im Verkehr, sinkende Transport- und Transaktionskosten sowie organisatorische Neuerungen ermöglichen eine räumliche Trennung einzelner Produktionsschritte der Wertschöpfungskette. Es entstehen Unternehmensnetzwerke, die nicht auf räumlicher, sondern organisatorischer Nähe basieren. Die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren können in Wertschöpfungsketten abgebildet werden. Allgemeine Betrachtungen zu Wertschöpfungsketten, Modelle zu Warenketten und zum politisch-ökonomischen Zusammenhang in der Nahrungsmittelproduktion bilden die theoretische Grundlage dieser Arbeit. In Kuba haben sich die Produktions- und Warenketten vor dem Hintergrund der binnen- und außenwirtschaftlichen Krise in den Jahren 1989/90 stark verändert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden ausgehend von den Entwicklungen in der Lebensmittelwirtschaft Kubas, die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren des Agrarsektors, der Lebensmittelindustrie und des Einzelhandels untersucht. Die empirische Analyse umfasste darüber hinaus Betrachtungen zu den Transport- und Distributionsvorgänge innerhalb der Warenketten, den Macht- und Kontrolleinflüssen einzelner Akteure und zu den räumlichen Strukturen. Durch die qualitative Untersuchung konnten im Ergebnis fünf verschiedene Typen von Produktions- und Warenketten festgestellt werden. Die erste Gruppe repräsentiert industrielle Warenketten, die für den rationierten Einzelhandel produzieren. Die zweite Gruppe umfasst die industriellen Warenketten, die auf das Devisensegment orientiert sind. Die dritte Gruppe bildet jene Warenketten ab, bei denen das Segment der industriellen Produktion fehlt. Sie sind auf die direkte Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit frischen Agrarprodukten ausgerichtet. Gerade die Produktions- und Warenketten der dritten Gruppe stellen eine besondere Form dar. Wefen der ökonomischen Krise und den Transportschwierigkeiten in Kuba haben sich seit 1994 lokale Wirtschaftskreisläufe herausgebildet. Sie stellen die kürzesten Produktions- und Warenketten der Insel dar. In times of globalisation economic processes become increasingly complex. More and more actors are involved in the production - starting at the design and ending at the consumption - of a product. Innovation in Information and Communication Technology or transport, decreasing transportation and transaction costs as well as process innovations facilitate a spatial separation of individual production steps of the value-added chains in different locations. Therefore new business networks develop which are not based spatial, but organisational proximity. Connections between the different actors can be shown in value-added chains. The theoretical frame for this dissertation are general approaches on value-added chains, models for commodity chains and political-economic relations in food industry. In Cuba commodity chains have changed radically due to the interior and exterior economic crisis in 1989/90. This work, based on the development of the Cuban food industry, studies the material and immaterial connections between the actors of the agricultural sector, food industry and retail trade. The empirical analysis also includes observations on transport and distribution processes within commodity chains, power and control impact by specific economic and institutional actors and spatial structures of commodity chains. Through the qualitative analysis, using the example of the tomato, five different types of commodity chains were identified. The first group represents industrial commodity chains, which produce for the state rationed retail trade. The second group includes industrial commodity chains, which focus on the currency segment. The third group sums up those commodity chains which lack the industrial segment. They focus on the population’s direct supply with fresh agricultural products. Especially the third group’s commodity chains represent a special type. Due to the economic crisis and the connected transportation problems, local economic cycles evolved in Cuba since 1994. Opposite to the industrial commodity chains they represent the shortest commodity chains on the island and therefore differ from the first and second group of commodity chains.

Der angekündigte mehrheitliche Verkauf des Discounters "Plus" würde der Konzentration im deutschen Einzelhandel einen neuen Schub verleihen. Die oft vorgebrachte These, dass ein Ausscheiden kleinerer Wettbewerber langfristig auch den Konsumenten schadet, ist allerdings rein spekulativ. Dieser Annahme bei einer kartellrechtlichen Prüfung zu folgen, kann letztlich sogar dazu beitragen, die Interessen nicht wettbewerbsfähiger Händler anstelle der Interessen der Verbraucher zu schützen. Eine kartellrechtliche Prüfung des Vorhabens sollte dem "more economic approach" der EU-Kommission folgen, wobei neben dem Aspekt des Wettbewerbs zwischen den Einhandelsunternehmen auch die Auswirkungen auf die Verhandlungen mit den betroffenen Lieferanten zu berücksichtigen sind. Wie die neuere Forschung zeigt, darf hierbei nicht davon ausgegangen werden, dass eine Stärkung der Nachfragemacht die Leistungsanreize der Lieferanten zwingend untergraben würde. Stattdessen können Verbraucher von einer Stärkung des "vertikalen Wettbewerbs" durch niedrigere Preise aber auch durch verbesserte Qualität profitieren. Verhandlungstheoretische Überlegungen belegen allerdings auch die Gefahr eines "Wasserbetteffektes", der eine Verschlechterung der Einkaufskonditionen kleinerer Handelsketten bewirken kann.

Urban India is witnessing a rapid revolution in its commercial retail spaces. These transforming commercial landscapes constitute a rich arena for qualitative research using, among others, observational methods. In this paper, we present observations about the changing urban retail scene of India. We provide emergent themes that we have already found in observations so far, and also reflect on the challenges of carrying out such observations in the Indian context. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0501131, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol 6, No 1 (2005): Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data