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Background: During articulation the velopharynx needs to be opened and closed rapidly and a tight closure is needed. Based on the hypothesis that patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) produce lower pressures in the velopharynx than healthy individuals, this study compared pressure profiles of the velopharyngeal closure during articulation of different sounds between healthy participants and patients with surgically closed unilateral CLP (UCLP) using high resolution manometry (HRM). Materials and methods: Ten healthy adult volunteers (group 1: 20–25.ears) and ten patients with a non-syndromic surgically reconstructed UCLP (group 2: 19.1–26.9 years) were included in this study. Pressure profiles during the articulation of four sounds (/i:/, /s/, /ʃ/ and /n/) were measured by HRM. Maximum, minimum and average pressures, time intervals as well as detection of a previously described 3phase-model were compared.Results: Both groups presented with similar pressure curves for each phoneme with regards to the phases described and pressure peaks, but differed in total pressures. An exception was noted for the sound /i:/, where a 3-phase-model could not be seen for most patients with UCLP. Differences in velopharynx pressures of 50% and more were found between the two groups. Maximum and average pressures in the production of the alveolar fricative reached statistical significance.Conclusions: It can be concluded that velopharyngeal pressures of patients with UCLP are not sufficient to eliminate nasal resonance or turbulence during articulation, especially for more complex sounds. These results support a general understanding of hypernasality during speech implying a (relative) velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Introduction: Rhinophonia aperta may result from velopharyngeal insufficiency. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been discussed in the context of muscle strengthening. The aim of this study was to evaluate in healthy subjects whether NMES can change the velopharyngeal closure pattern during phonation and increase muscle strength.Method: Eleven healthy adult volunteers (21–57 years) were included. Pressure profiles were measured by high resolution manometry (HRM): isolated sustained articulation of /a/ over 5 s (protocol 1), isolated NMES applied to soft palate above motor threshold (protocol 2) and combined articulation with NMES (protocol 3). Mean activation pressures (MeanAct), maximum pressures (Max), Area under curve (AUC) and type of velum reactions were compared. A statistical comparison of mean values of protocol 1 versus protocol 3 was carried out using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Ordinally scaled parameters were analyzed by cross table. Results: MeanAct values measured: 17.15±20.69 mmHg (protocol 1), 34.59±25.75 mmHg (protocol 3) on average, Max: 37.86±49.17 mmHg (protocol 1), 87.24±59.53 mmHg (protocol 3) and AUC: 17.06±20.7Hg.s (protocol 1), 33.76±23.81 mmHg.s (protocol 3). Protocol 2 produced velum reactions on 32 occasions. These presented with MeanAct values of 13.58±12.40 mmHg, Max values of 56.14±53.1mHg and AUC values of 13.84±12.78 mmHg.s on average. Statistical analysis comparing protocol 1 and 3 showed more positive ranks for MeanAct, Max and AUC. This difference reached statistical significance (p=0.026) for maximum pressure values. Conclusions: NMES in combination with articulation results in a change of the velopharyngeal closure pattern with a pressure increase of around 200% in healthy individuals. This might be of therapeutic benefit for patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Since language is the collective focus of this series, the present paper follows both historiographical and theoretical perspectives.

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Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten bei der Artikulation der deutschen /r/-Varianten bei italienisch- und polnischsprachigen Lernern darzustellen. Anhand der durchgeführten auditiven Untersuchung wurden die Realisierungen von Testpersonen präsentiert, die an diesem Experiment teilnahmen. Die Ergebnisse wurden in den Diagrammen dargestellt. The main purpose of this paper was to highlight the differences and similarities between the articulation of the German /r/-variants as enunciated by Italian and Polish native speakers learning German. On the basis of the conducted auditive research, this paper examines data gathered during the study of the realizations of the study subjects. The results of study have been presented in the form of diagrams.

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This paper is about the musical meaning and its relation to verbal meaning. My aim is to show that musical meaning should be sharply differentiated from the verbal one, that it should not be understood as a subspecies of verbal meaning, or as a meaning of a verbal sort whatsoever. I will address this issue starting with the sounds of music and language, and working my way up from those: by comparing these sounds and the way they relate to their meanings, I will show that musical sounds are strongly connected with musical meanings, that they have token-like qualities. Resulting from this is a suggestion to redefine the way we use the concepts of meaning and articulation, so that they would allow for the concept of non-verbal, musical meaning. Additionally, my suggestion is that musical meaning per se should be differentiated from the non-musical meanings music can communicate and convey - one does not exclude the other.

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The paper presents the results of a pilot study on audition of Dutch tense vowel [e] and diphthong [ɛ͜i] by Polish native speakers. It was hypothesized that Polish native speakers should generally fail to distinguish those sounds, as they lie acoustically close to each other (especially those produced by speakers of Dutch form the Netherlands) and moreover they are absent from Polish phonetic system. Instead the experiment has shown that Polish native speakers are almost as good in differentiating of isolated Dutch [e] and [ɛ͜i] as the native speakers of Dutch. Further experiments are needed to examine if equally good results can be achieved with [e] and [ɛ͜i] in the word context.

The aim of this article is to point out the issue of orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD) in the wider context of the foreign concept and to present the research dealing with the correlation between OMD and oral speech, which was implemented within the diploma thesis at Palacky University in Olomouc between May 2012 and June 2013. The subject of qualitative research was a detailed analysis of OMD manifestations and articulation pathology in eight pre-school children. The aim was to describe the possible relationships between the OMD and the observed articulation deviations, with an emphasis on the detailed analysis of individual anamneses and their mutual comparison. Various research methods were applied in the research: observation, interview, analysis of professional clinical speech therapy documentation, examination using special methods for OMD diagnosis and photographic documentation. With all the eight children significant manifestations of the OMD, which were observed in most evaluated areas, were confirmed. Significant pathological manifestations included the incorrect position of a tongue in stationary state and in oral phase of swallowing, occlusal anomalies, muscle dysbalance in the area of orofacial complex, oral way of breathing, deviations in body posture and total body dispositions. In terms of speech defective pronunciation of most alveolar sounds by means of tongue thrust or lateral way of realisation was recorded with all the observed children. The most frequent was the interdental pronunciation of the prealveolar sounds "c", "s", "z", and also "t", "d", "n", "l"). The research also revealed that the incorrect position of a tongue in stationary state corresponded with the defective way of realisation of the prealveolar sounds. In view of this finding and due to the nature of the articulation imbalances in observed children with OMD, which were very similar in all the children, the relationship between OMD and specific pathology in the articulation is very likely. On the basis of these findings it is possible to assume that if the tongue is permanently in the incorrect position in stationary state when its apical part is usually in tongue thrust and this movement of the tongue is fixed when swallowing in the long run, this pathology will be seen also in the area of realisation especially of the alveolar sounds. However, it is also important to mention that thanks to the qualitative nature of the research, the observed results cannot be generalized and it would certainly be beneficial to carry out a quantitative-focused research which would closely describe these consequences within the Czech environment.

The ability to communicate is a prerequisite of the process of building interpersonal relationships, of social integration. Communication is a complex process involving the exchange of messages between at least two people and implies a harmonious combination of verbal, paraverbal and non-verbal language. Communication skills are particularly important to the people working in the field of culture. The classes in the Speaking Art discipline provide students with the opportunity to understand this process and to apply it practically through exercises and theatre games.

The development of speech and language culture of pre-school children is one of important (if not the most important) tasks of preschool education. The paper contains the results of research on pronunciation of preschool children realized on a sample of 119 children of pre-school preparatory program. We have presented a standardized test of articulation. Research has highlighted the particular importance of early treatment of disorders in sound pronunciation of preschool children. Early identification of difficulties in pronunciation of children provides more adequate help and support from teachers, which help children with difficulties in articulating to get better achievements, not only in pre-school, but also later in school. This emphasizes the need for training teachers to determine the speech-language status of children, to use the articulation exercises of critical sounds in Serbian language sound system, and thus to correct the articulation disorders which do not belong to the etiology of speech pathology. For this purpose it is specially emphasized that children's literature is the basis for the realization of activities in the area of discrimination and articulation of sounds and speech in general, and in the later stages of the formation of children's vocabulary, logically connected and cultivated speech, expressive speech and a number of other targeted activities. Accordingly, in this paper we analyzed the role of the so-called "nonsense", "playful" children’s literature and practically presented papers that can be used in order to develop the speech of preschool children.

In writing this article, we were keen to bring a plus to the Abron language study, Kwa language of Ivory Coast ; A language that has not been studied enough. Most of the work that has been devoted to it takes into account the morphological aspect, phonology and sometimes the syntax. Here, we are enrolled in the Theory Enunciative Operations (TOE) which for us seems interesting in the mastery of certain aspects of the language. We approach the noun phrase which obviously can not be identified without the other elements of the proposal. The name is determined very often by the determinant according to the traditional currents. We show in this work that the TOE gives other options that give more depth to the nominal determination and this thanks to the phenomenon of arrowing.

The paper surveys the plasticity of the speech production mechanism. At the level of phonatory behaviour, a distinction is made between the frequency of vocal fold vibration, which is reflected in the pitch of the voice, and the manner in which the vocal folds vibrate, which lends our voice different qualities. The main types of phonatory modifications are described and some of their uses in everyday communication, as well as their perceptual effects, are documented from literature. Modifications of the primary makeup of speech sounds in the supraglottal vocal tract, such as rounding or spreading of the lips, hyper- or hyponasality, and palatalization, are discussed in the following section. The two levels of description — phonatory and articulatory — are formally anchored in Nolan’s model of the sources of variability in speech. The final part of the paper examines speech variability from the perspective of the listener, regarding one’s speech as their auditory face which signals biologically, psychologically, and socially conditioned information about the speaker.

В статье в историческом плане рассматриваются различные подходы к реализации требования совершенствования преемственных связей между звеньями системы музыкального образования и различными сторонами музыкально-исполнительской деятельности (интонированием, ритмикой, громкостной динамикой и проч.).

The present article approaches some aspects of teaching students whose major is light music and jazz instruments (percus­sion instruments) in the vibraphone class. The authors examine problems specific to studying the vibraphone by the percussion­ist that work in the field of light music and jazz such as setting the interpretative apparatus, forming the repertoire, overcoming some technical difficulties in the process of assimilating the instructive-didactic programme etc.

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ABSTRACT: In this article, the phenomenon of Shona language change, its effects on lexicography and the need for a revised alphabet are discussed. Because of the defective Shona alphabet, lexicographers at the African Languages Research Institute (ALRI) encountered problems in handling some words that were potential headwords in dictionaries they were compiling under the ALLEX project. The current Shona alphabet is unable to realize quite a number of sounds and morphemes in lexical items in everyday use by the native Shona speakers, because they are alien loanwords. The article was prompted by the challenges encountered during the compilation of Duramazwi reMimhanzi (Shona Musical Terms Dictionary). It shows how language change accounts for the problem of headword selection and how modifying the current alphabet can enhance monolingual Shona lexicographical work vis-à-vis the development of the Shona language. It therefore stresses the need for a revised alphabet so as to solve orthographical problems during dictionary compilation.PFUPISO YECHINYORWA: Matambudziko Anosanganwa Nawo Mukugadzira Maduramazwi eMutauro Mumwe chete neKuda Kwekushanduka Kwemutauro weChiShona: Panofanirwa Kuva neManyorerwo eChiShona Matsva. Muchinyorwa chino vanyori vanoongorora kushanduka kuri kuita mutauro weChiShona nekufamba kuri kuita nguva nematambudziko anosanganikwa nawo nekuda kweshanduko iyi zvikurusei mukugadzira maduramazwi ari mururimi rweChiShona chete. Vanyori vanoonesawo pfungwa yekuti panodiwa manyorerwo matsva. Nyanzvi dzinogadzira maduramazwi paAfrican Languages Research Institute (ALRI) dzinosangana namadambudziko esarudzo yamazwi padzinenge dzichisarudza mazwi adzinenge dzichida kuisa mumaduramazwi adzinogadzira pachirongwa chokugadzira maduramazwi chinonzi ALLEX. Dambudziko resarudzo yemazwi rinowanikwa nekuda kwechimiro chebumbiro remanyorerwo eChiShona risingatenderi mamwe mavara ari mune imwe mitauro asiri muChiShona. Bumbiro iri parizvino haritenderi mamwe mavara, mibatanidzwa yamavara namamwe mazwi anowanikwa mumutauro wemazuva ano waVaShona anobva mune mimwe mitauro. Chinyorwa chino chakatokonywa namadambudziko akasanganiwa nawo nevanyori vebepa rino pavakange vachigadzira Duramazwi reMimhanzi. Chinyorwa chino chakanangana nokuburitsa kushanduka kuri kuita ChiShona, uye matambudziko anosanganwa nawo pakusarudza mazwi anopinda muduramazwi uye kuonesa zvakare kuti kugadzirisa bumbiro ramanyorerwo kunogona kurerutsa basa ravagadziri vamaduramazwi. Izvi zvinoita zvakare kuti mutauro weChiShona uvandutswe. Pamusoro pezvose izvi, chinyorwa chino chinoda kutaridza kuti sei zvakakosha kuita chimbichimbi kugadzirisa chimiro chebumbiro remanyorerwe pakuzama kurerusa matambudziko anosanganwa nawo nevagadziri vemaduramazwi eChiShona.Mazwi Akakosha: KUSANDUKA KWEMUTAURO, ALLEX, MAZWI, SEGIMENDI, SUPURASEGIMENDI, ARIFABETI, ZVAMADURAMAZWI, ADHAPUTESHENI, KUKWERETA, ADHOPUSHENI, ATIKURESHENI, MITINHIRO

In this article we report on an ethnographic research experience on Riereta, a techno-activist workshop located in Barcelona, where free software and other technologies are developed and put at the disposal of other political projects and activist collectives. Through our research experience, we answer some methodological issues but also raise related epistemic and political questions: What kind of methodical tools must we implement in order to experience the semiotic and material dimension of the subject? How to introduce the technology in our research activity? What kind of methodology can we develop if we want to be consistent with participants' wishes and ways of life? or How to take account of multiple and different voices that compose every ethnographic comprehension and creative practice? All of these questions could be summarized as an quest for turning social research and ethnographic practice into techno-political action. The article is organized in three parts: 1) the relationship between research subjects and objects variously constituted, shifting from a co-research perspective to an epistemologically articulated one; 2) the methodology applied, close to a performative and virtual ethnographic perspective where some technological tools, such as Tiki-Wiki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikiWiki), are used; and 3) the products of the research process: collective and situated understandings of technoactivism. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs070317

Injections of joint and of periarticular structures (e.g. tendon sheath) are frequent procedures in daily practice. In this review we summarize recent guidelines of injection technique, as we presented at the practical workshops of the «Medidays» congress at the University Hospital Zurich. Furthermore we discuss drugs, indications, complications, adverse reactions and contraindications. Lastly we discuss the role of ultrasound guided injections. Ultrasound-guided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are characterized by their excellent accuracy and improvement of clinical effectiveness compared to unguided procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a well established, non-invasive method in the evaluation of joint pathologies. Basically four different MR imaging techniques are used in the clinical routine: (1) conventionalMR imaging of joints, (2) intravenously contrast-enhanced MR imaging of joints, (3) direct MR arthrography with intra-articular injection of contrastmedium and (4) indirect MR arthrography after intravenous application of contrast medium. Additionally, a variety of new MR imaging techniques are available and currently used for clinical research. These techniques have a great potential for clinical use in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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