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Abstract Background Accurate breed identification is essential for the conservation and sustainable use of indigenous farm animal genetic resources. In this study, we evaluated the phylogenetic relationships and genomic breed compositions of 13 sheep breeds using SNP and InDel data from whole genome sequencing. The breeds included 11 Chinese indigenous and 2 foreign commercial breeds. We compared different strategies for breed identification with respect to different marker types, i.e. SNPs, InDels, and a combination of SNPs and InDels (named SIs), different breed-informative marker detection methods, and different machine learning classification methods. Results Using WGS-based SNPs and InDels, we revealed the phylogenetic relationships between 11 Chinese indigenous and two foreign sheep breeds and quantified their purities through estimated genomic breed compositions. We found that the optimal strategy for identifying these breeds was the combination of DFI_union for breed-informative marker detection, which integrated the methods of Delta, Pairwise Wright's FST, and Informativeness for Assignment (namely DFI) by merging the breed-informative markers derived from the three methods, and KSR for breed assignment, which integrated the methods of K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest (namely KSR) by intersecting their results. Using SI markers improved the identification accuracy compared to using SNPs or InDels alone. We achieved accuracies over 97.5% when using at least the 1000 most breed-informative (MBI) SI markers and even 100% when using 5000 SI markers. Conclusions Our results provide not only an important foundation for conservation of these Chinese local sheep breeds, but also general approaches for breed identification of indigenous farm animal breeds.

Abstract Background Gene flow is crucial for enhancing economic traits of livestock. In China, breeders have used hybridization strategies for decades to improve livestock performance. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of a native Chinese Lijiang pig (LJP) breed. By integrating previously published data, we explored the genetic structure and introgression of genetic components from commercial European pigs (EP) into the LJP, and examined the impact of this introgression on phenotypic traits. Results Our analysis revealed significant introgression of EP breeds into the LJP and other domestic pig breeds in China. Using a haplotype-based approach, we quantified introgression levels and compared EP to LJP and other Chinese domestic pigs. The results show that EP introgression is widely prevalent in Chinese domestic pigs, although there are significant differences between breeds. We propose that LJP could potentially act as a mediator for the transmission of EP haplotypes. We also examined the correlation between EP introgression and the number of thoracic vertebrae in LJP and identified VRTN and STUM as candidate genes for this trait. Conclusions Our study provides evidence of introgressed European haplotypes in the LJP breed and describes the potential role of EP introgression on phenotypic changes of this indigenous breed.

In this article, characteristic features of the Chinese legal language are approached from the perspective of legal translation from and into Chinese. The main focus is put upon the emergence of meaning in legal texts, which is reflected in the process of legal translation. Problems of meaning emergence in the Chinese law are regularly connected to legal transfers and legal implants borrowed from foreign languages such as English as well as other text forming devices. Translation is regularly inherent in such processes. As a result, legal translation influences processes in which legislation and the legislative language are shaped. Meanwhile, general problems of translation remain out of the scope of this study. Therefore, specific features of translation of legal texts from and into Chinese dominate the discussed issues. These specific issues include some little-explored ones such as translating traditional Chinese law and social attitudes to legal translation. Moreover, Chinese is the language of legislation and of court and administrative procedures in several jurisdictions as well as in numerous international organizations. Its legal status differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and displays its pluricentric character. Legal acts that are issued in these jurisdictions demonstrate therefore different levels of terminological formation and other legal-linguistically relevant varieties. It is the task of legal lexicography to register lexical varieties of legal Chinese in the relevant jurisdictions. Examples based on translations of legal texts in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau complement the main corpus of the article. The analysed texts show that legal translation and shaping legal language are closely interrelated creative activities.

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У статті здійснено фонолого-семантичну реконструкцію ностратичного етимона *'wet "вода" та його генетичних трансформ, відновлених на матеріалі мов п’яти сімей. Установлено, що процес транспозиції генералізованого знака *'wet відбувався в напрямі розвитку в його семантичній структурі сакральних смислів, пов’язаних із первісними уявленнями носіїв ностратичних мов про воду як про рідину (субстанцію) та про її рух: горизонтальний, вертикальний, швидкість руху. Побудовано мотиваційну макромодель ВОДА – РІДИНА / СУБСТАНЦІЯ, що поступово трансформувалася в універсальну метафоричну модель ВОДА – РУХ з трьома мікромоделями, характерними для досліджуваних етимонів п’ятьох мовних сімей: ВОДА – РУХ ПО ГОРИЗОНТАЛІ (для афразійського *wada?e "вода, річка" (як результат первісної фіксації образно-сакральних першозначень "коливатися" і "довгий", збережених у семантичних транспозиціях індоєвропейських коренів del-2 і del-5); ВОДА – РУХ ПО ВЕРТИКАЛІ (для алтайського *оdV "дощ", значення якого повністю збереглося в індоєвропейському корені del-4 "дощ"); ВОДА – РУХ ПОВІЛЬНИЙ (ВЕРТИКАЛЬНОГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНИЙ / ДЖЕРЕЛЬНИЙ) (для дравідійського *vat- (-d-) і зафіксованого в семантичних транспозиціях індоєвропейського кореня del-5). Зроблено припущення, що полісемія значень вплинула на фонологічні транспозиції в етимонах п’яти мовних сімей, одна з яких - це перехід від простої форми ностратичного *t-кореня до розширених (складних) праформ із *d-коренем. Полісемія значень, а також фонологічна транспозиція в етимонах п’ятьох мовних сімей відбувалася, ймовірно, за двома закономірними схемами: радіальною і ланцюжково-радіальною. Радіальна схема полісемії із фонологічною транспозицією характерна для афразійського *wada?e "вода, річка"; дравідійського *vat- (-d-) "текти, бігти невеликим потоком"; індоєвропейського *'wed- / *'wod- / *'ud- "вода" етимонів, тим часом ланцюжково-радіальна із фонологічними трансформами – для алтайського етимона *оdV "дощ" й уральського етимона *wete "вода".

Abstract Background Carcass length is very important for body size and meat production for swine, thus understanding the genetic mechanisms that underly this trait is of great significance in genetic improvement programs for pigs. Although many quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been detected in pigs, very few have been fine-mapped to the level of the causal mutations. The aim of this study was to identify potential causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for carcass length by integrating a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and functional assays. Results Here, we present a GWAS in a commercial Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) population that reveals a prominent association signal (P = 4.49E−07) on pig chromosome 17 for carcass length, which was further validated in two other DLY populations. Within the detected 1 Mb region, the BMP2 gene stood out as the most likely causal candidate because of its functions in bone growth and development. Whole-genome gene expression studies showed that the BMP2 gene was differentially expressed in the cartilage tissues of pigs with extreme carcass length. Then, we genotyped an additional 267 SNPs in 500 selected DLY pigs, followed by further whole-genome SNP imputation, combined with deep genome resequencing data on multiple pig breeds. Reassociation analyses using genotyped and imputed SNP data revealed that the rs320706814 SNP, located approximately 123 kb upstream of the BMP2 gene, was the strongest candidate causal mutation, with a large association with carcass length, with a ~ 4.2 cm difference in length across all three DLY populations (N = 1501; P = 3.66E−29). This SNP segregated in all parental lines of the DLY (Duroc, Large White and Landrace) and was also associated with a significant effect on body length in 299 pure Yorkshire pigs (P = 9.2E−4), which indicates that it has a major value for commercial breeding. Functional assays showed that this SNP is likely located within an enhancer and may affect the binding affinity of transcription factors, thereby regulating BMP2 gene expression. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that the rs320706814 SNP on pig chromosome 17 is a putative causal mutation for carcass length in the widely used DLY pigs and has great value in breeding for body size in pigs.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of adult Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum, and the 21.1% dry base (d.b.) MC of rough rice by ATR-FTIR spectra, and determine the theoretical optimum infrared (IR) heating temperature of the tested samples. In laboratory experiments, a ceramic IR drying device was used to heat infested rough rice to research the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum, the drying characteristics of rough rice, and milling quality. The theoretical calculation optimum temperature of IR heating was 300 ˚C according to the results of FTIR spectra. In addition, the effects of the different IR radiation intensities and heated rough rice temperatures on mortality of insects, moisture removal, and milling quality were determined in this text. A high insect mortality, heating rate and corresponding high moisture removal were achieved by using IR heating. After heating, tempering process significantly increased insect mortality when the heated tempered rice temperature was less than 55 ˚C, and improve moisture removal and milling quality of rough rice during nature air cooling. When the rice heated under the IR radiation intensity of 2780 W/m2 for 110 s, the rice temperature reached 60.2˚ ± 0.5˚C, 100% mortality of S. zeamais and T. castaneum, and 3.97 percentage points of moisture removal during the heating period after tempering and natural cooling. In addition, the high rice milling quality can be achieved after tempering treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum conditions of simultaneous disinfestation and drying were 60 ˚C rice temperature under the IR radiation intensity of 2780 W/m2, followed by tempering and natural cooling.

Abstract Background Genetic analysis of gene expression level is a promising approach for characterizing candidate genes that are involved in complex economic traits such as meat quality. In the present study, we conducted expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and allele-specific expression (ASE) analyses based on RNA-sequencing (RNAseq) data from the longissimus muscle of 189 Duroc × Luchuan crossed pigs in order to identify some candidate genes for meat quality traits. Results Using a genome-wide association study based on a mixed linear model, we identified 7192 cis-eQTL corresponding to 2098 cis-genes (p ≤ 1.33e-3, FDR ≤ 0.05) and 6400 trans-eQTL corresponding to 863 trans-genes (p ≤ 1.13e-6, FDR ≤ 0.05). ASE analysis using RNAseq SNPs identified 9815 significant ASE-SNPs in 2253 unique genes. Integrative analysis between the cis-eQTL and ASE target genes identified 540 common genes, including 33 genes with expression levels that were correlated with at least one meat quality trait. Among these 540 common genes, 63 have been reported previously as candidate genes for meat quality traits, such as PHKG1 (q-value = 1.67e-6 for the leading SNP in the cis-eQTL analysis), NUDT7 (q-value = 5.67e-13), FADS2 (q-value = 8.44e-5), and DGAT2 (q-value = 1.24e-3). Conclusions The present study confirmed several previously published candidate genes and identified some novel candidate genes for meat quality traits via eQTL and ASE analyses, which will be useful to prioritize candidate genes in further studies.

I try to interpret the notion of “scientific cognitivism” that can be found in Allen Carlson’s works. I argue first that, contrary to Carlson’s view, scientific knowledge does not play a necessary role in the aesthetic appreciation of nature but may even be detrimental to it. Mark Twain’s aesthetic experience from the perspective of a practical level is exemplary. I argue scientific cognitivism has no plausibility in the appreciation of nature. I then analyze an inappropriate sense of scientific cognitivism in the aesthetic appreciation of nature on a theoretical level, including Kant’s theory and other environmental philosophers such as Hepburn, Zangwill, and Berleant. In conclusion, I claim that scientific cognitivism enables inappropriate aesthetic appreciations of nature.

Hintergrund: Die rasanten Fortschritte in den Bereichen E-Health und mobile Gesundheitstechnologien (M-Health) haben Forscher dazu veranlasst, zahlreiche technologiebasierte Interventionen zur Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren. Da sich die Interventionen zur Raucherentwöhnung ständig weiterentwickeln, besteht ein großer Bedarf an Wissenssynthese. Ziel: Diese systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse hatte zum Ziel, die aktuelle Evidenz aus randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zur Wirksamkeit von E-Health-basierten Interventionen zur Raucherentwöhnung in Bezug auf die Abstinenzförderung zusammenzufassen und Ergebnisindikatoren für die Nichtabstinenz wie Zigarettenkonsum und Nutzerzufriedenheit mittels einer narrativen Zusammenfassung zu bewerten. Methoden: Wir suchten in 4 Datenbanken nach Studien, die zwischen 2017 und dem 30. Juni 2022 in englischer Sprache veröffentlicht wurden: PubMed (inkl. MEDLINE), PsycINFO, Embase und Cochrane Library. Zwei unabhängige Gutachter führten das Screening der Studien, die Datenextraktion und die Qualitätsbewertung auf der Grundlage des GRADE-Rahmens (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) durch. Vergleichbare Studien wurden auf der Grundlage der Studienpopulation, der Nachbeobachtungszeit sowie der Interventions- und Kontrollmerkmale zusammengefasst. Zwei Forscher führten eine unabhängige Metaanalyse zum Thema Raucherentwöhnung durch, bei der das Sidik-Jonkman-Modell mit zufälligen Effekten und dem logarithmischen relativen Risiko (log RR) als Effektmaß verwendet wurde. Für Studien, die nicht in die Metaanalyse eingeschlossen wurden, wurden die Ergebnisse narrativ zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse: In einer ersten Datenbankrecherche nach Entfernung von Duplikaten wurden insgesamt 464 Studien identifiziert. Nach einem Screening und einer Volltextbewertung wurden 39 Studien (n = 37 341 Teilnehmer) als geeignet für diese Übersichtsarbeit eingestuft. Davon wurden 28 Studien für die Metaanalyse ausgewählt. Die Metaanalyse zeigt, dass SMS- oder App-Textnachrichten sowohl die kurzfristige (3 Monate) als auch die langfristige (6 Monate) Abstinenz (log RR = 0,50, 95%-Konfidenzintervall (KI) 0,25–0,75; I2 = 0,72%) im Vergleich zu einer minimalen Entwöhnungsunterstützung (log RR = 0,77, 95%-KI 0,49–1,04; I2 = 8,65%) signifikant erhöhen können. Die Häufigkeit der SMS hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Behandlungsergebnisse. M-Health-Apps können die Abstinenz kurzfristig (log RR = 0,76, 95%-KI 0,09–1,42; I2 = 88,02%), aber nicht langfristig (log RR = 0,15, 95%-KI –0,18 bis 0,48; I2 = 80,06%) signifikant erhöhen, im Gegensatz zu weniger intensiver Unterstützung bei der Entwöhnung. Darüber hinaus zeigten personalisierte oder interaktive Interventionen sowohl kurzfristig (log RR = 0,62, 95%-KI 0,30–0,94; I2 = 66,50%) als auch langfristig (log RR = 0,28, 95%-KI 0,04–0,53; I2 = 73,42%) einen moderaten Anstieg der Entwöhnungsrate. Studien ohne personalisierte oder interaktive Elemente hatten dagegen keinen signifikanten Einfluss. Schließlich war der Behandlungseffekt in Studien mit biochemisch verifizierter oder selbstberichteter Abstinenz ähnlich. Von den Studien, die über andere Ergebnisse als die Abstinenz berichteten (n = 20), berichteten insgesamt 11 über eine signifikante Verbesserung der Nichtabstinenz-Ergebnisse in Bezug auf den Zigarettenkonsum (3/14, 21%) oder die Nutzerzufriedenheit (8/19, 42%). Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Überprüfung von 39 randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zeigt, dass neuere E-Health-Interventionen die Raucherentwöhnung fördern können, wobei M-Health der dominierende Ansatz ist. Trotz ihres Erfolges kann die Wirksamkeit solcher Interventionen mit der Zeit nachlassen. Zukünftige Studien könnten von der Entwicklung stärker personalisierter Interventionen profitieren. Registrierung der Studie: PROSPERO CRD42022347104; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=347104 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An automatic bulk monitoring and aeration controller was programmed with an adsorption equilibrium absolute humidity (CAE)equation and was used to aerate paddy with the aim to increase moisture content (MC) and preventing fissuring. The ventilation control window for rewetting paddy was developed according to two conditions: (i) the average grain bulk temperature (tg) is higher than the dewpoint temperature (DPTa) of the atmosphere; and (ii) the equilibrium absolute humidity (EAHg) of grain moisture content plus 1 percentage point is lower than the absolute humidity (AHa) of the atmosphere. The ventilators were turned on when the atmosphere state point was within the ventilation windowand turned off outside that window. In a humid subtropical monsoon climate, during Oct. 8th to Nov. 1st, 2013, the system was used for a paddy depot of 1035 t in Dianjiang, Chongqing province. The natural humid air was introduced into the paddy bulk by negative pressure suction aeration during the 10-12 h night time period and allowed to equilibrate with grain kernels during the 12-14 h day time period. Aeration increased grain MC by 0.6 percentage points with two 1.5 kW axial flow ventilators and power consumption of 209 kW·h. The unit energy consumption was 0.336 KW·h (1% moisture·t)-1. The broken milled rice percentage was decreased by 2-3 percentage points. In the warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate, during April 13th to June 16th, 2017, the system was used to rewet japonic paddy in a 2489 t depot in Qihe, Shandong province. The conditions for running two 0.85 kW axial flow fans were: (i) when the atmosphere relative humidity (RHa) is ≤80% and its temperature (ta) is DPTa, and EAHg80% and ta 28°C, the two fans were switched off. This rewetting aeration increased grain MC from 13.5% to 14.0%, and the unit energy consumption was 0.455 kW·h (1% moisture·t)-1. The percentages of average head rice yield and damaged grains after aeration were 71.7% and 7.7%, respectively.

This paper describes research results and progress of rapid detection of the degree of freshness of paddy. We studied the changes of degree of freshness, fat acidity value and taste evaluated value of paddy under different storage conditions in the laboratory. The correlations between the degree of freshness, fat acidity value and taste evaluated value were analyzed. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the degree of freshnessand fat acidity value. The correlation coefficient was -0.845. The degree of freshness was significantly positively correlated with the taste evaluated value, and most of the correlation coefficients were above 0.9. The nationwide investigation result of paddy’s degree of freshness showed that there was an obvious distinction in the degree of freshness between newly harvested rice and rice harvested in previous years. The degree of distinction of indica rice achieved 85%. Due to its special reasons, japonica rice had a lower degree of distinction, but it also reached 75%.

Browning of KX7349 maize during drying occurred mainly in the pericarp layer. Browning was caused by oxidation of water soluble matter in the pericarp layer. Moisture content had no significant influence on browning rate. Drying temperature, drying time and drying method (vacuum drying or hot-air drying) had significant influence on the browning rate. Through lab research, a prediction model for the relationship between browning rate and drying air temperature was developed. Total drying time is y=- 13.086+0.289X1+1.045X2, where y is the browning rate（%）, X1 is drying temperature（℃）, X2 is total drying time（h）, the value range of X1 was 30～80, the value range of X2 was 2～10. The concurrent and counter current dryer was applied in Nenjiang to optimize the drying process. The hot air temperature in each drying stage was reduced. When the hot air temperature of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd drying stage was reduced to 95℃,75℃,60℃ respectively, the browning rate was reduced to 15%～16%. Keeping the hot air temperature constant at each drying stage, by drying twice, the browning rate was reduced to 4%～6%.

To understand the diversity of stored grain insects in northwest China, we have fulfilled insect collection in 56 grain storage enterprises, 60 grain, oil and feed processing plants and 65 farmers situated in 26 cities of five provinces (Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang) in northwest China from 2016 to 2017. After systematical identification, totally 83 species of stored grain insects have been found in this investigation, belonging to five orders, namely Class Insecta Order Zygentoma, Order Coleoptera, Order Lepidoptera and Order Hymenoptera, as well as Class Arachnida Order Chelonethida, in which Order Coleoptera owns 74 species in 22 families, Order Lepidoptera owns six species in four families, Order Zygentoma and Order Hymenoptera own one species in one family respectively, and Class Arachnida Order Chelonethida has one species in one family. After the statistics of four insect investigations in northwest China during 1955-2017, this paper has analyzed the results of four insect investigations and the representative stored grain insects in northwest China.

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is one of the serious cosmopolitan stored grain pests worldwide. High phosphine resistant R. dominica has been reported in several countries. The evolution of strong phosphine resistance is a major challenge for continuous application of the fumigant. Rapid detection of phosphine resistance level is a prime key to implement an appropriate strategy for control the stored-product pests. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) is a key metabolic enzyme mediating the phosphine resistance in population of R. dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Caenorhabditis elegans. Analysis of the DLD sequences deposited in GenBank revealed that the P45/49S mutation was the most common one in many PH3-resistant stored-product pest insects. This information now enables direct detection of resistance using molecular diagnosis in field populations. We herein propose a method for rapid detection of phosphine resistance in R. dominica according to P49S point mutation of the DLD gene. Our data provides evidence that the ARMS-PCR method can be used for early warning of phosphine resistance in R. dominica in field conditions.

El presente trabajo constituye un análisis desde una perspectiva subléxica de la polisemia de expresiones que contienen el verbo 爱(ài) ‘amar’ en chino, como爱儿子(ài érzǐ) ‘amar al hijo’, 爱眼睛(ài yǎnjīng) ‘cuidar los ojos’, 爱土豆(ài tǔdòu) ‘gustar comer patatas’, 爱员 工(ài yuángōng) ‘apreciar a los empleados’, 爱豪车(ài háochē) ‘desear tener coche lujoso’ o 爱国 守法(ài guó shǒu fǎ) ‘respetar el país y las leyes’. La hipótesis que subyace a este trabajo se inscribe en el modelo de la Teoría del Lexicón Generativo (Pustejovsky, 1995) y defiende que el verbo psicológico del chino 爱(ài) ‘amar’ cuenta con un significado mínimo o definición infraespecificada (‘sentir una emoción agradable e intensa’) que se extiende o materializa en distintos significados en función de la concordancia léxica entre el contenido del verbo y las informaciones contenidas en forma de rasgos semánticos en sus complementos. Los procesos de concordancia léxica que legitiman las distintas acepciones del verbo son lo que se conoce como mecanismos generativos, en términos de la TLG, cuya operación vamos a analizar.

The article discusses the methodological algorithm for diachronic interpretation of the Nostratic etymon *mar-a “tree” represented in the A. R. Bomhard’s “A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics: With Special Reference to Indo-European. The paper elaborates the definition of the Nostratic etymon as a hypothetical language-ancestor, established based on the comparison of the degree of affinity with the available reconstructed etymons at the level of every Nostratic language family (Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Indo-European, Kartvelian, and Uralic). The author comes to the conclusion that Bomhard used the three research stages to identify the Nostratic etymon. At the first stage (the level of the language family) the comparative-historical method is used with the procedures of internal (etymon(s) / proto-form(s) at the level of the language group) and external (comparison of etymons / proto-forms reconstructed for certain language groups in order to reconstruct etymon / proto-form at the level of the language family) reconstruction; the step-by-step reconstruction method. At the second stage (the level of macrofamily) the mass comparison method is used. It helps to involve the already reconstructed etymons at the level of every Nostratic language family into comparison. At the third stage, a specially developed method of diachronic interpretation is used. An attempt tries to prove that the diachronic interpretation of the Nostratic *mar-a “tree” is confirmed by the analysis of language data. The paper considers two methodological procedures: 1) the comparison of a sufficient number of common morphs (or allomorphs) in comparable languages, i.e. the establishment of similar rules for combining regular phonetic correspondences; 2) the semantic similarity of common morphs (or allomorphs) in comparable languages.

This study aims to explore different causes for the mistranslation of legal terminology in international agreements that are enforced through domestic legislation, and attempt to provide some solutions. It is said that legal training will help legal translators to render terminology correctly. This should be held true because many legal terms from different legal systems are ‘false friends’, in that even a well-trained lawyer may need to undertake extensive legal and linguistic research to render them in another language or legal system. This study, by use of a comparison of several translated legal terms from People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan, shows that besides the cause of ‘legal knowledge’, the disparities between international law and national law and different legal traditions can also lead to an improper transfer of legal terminology. Examples of these terms are “Copyright piracy” (Daoban 盗版 vs. qinhai zhuzuoquan 侵害著作权), “Good Faith” (Chengshi shouxin 诚实守信 vs. shanyi 善意), and “Inventive Step” (Famingxing de buzhou 发明性的步骤 vs. jinbuxing 进步性). In order to enhance translators’ legal knowledge, it is proposed that they be presented with some substantive laws together with simple illustrations of their structures. Translators should crosscheck their translations against a wide range of sources at work.

The organisation formerly known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād' and currently known as Wilāyat Gharb Ifrīqīyyah, better known as Boko Haram, rose to international prominence in April 2014, when it kidnapped over 250 school girls from the Nigerian village of Chibok. Although the organisation is active since 2002 and began its violent insurgency in 2009, the mass kidnapping of the “Chibok Girls” attracted worldwide attention to the conflict, in large part due to the #BringBackOurGirls campaign, which was actively supported by U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama. The attention however also focused on the Nigerian government and raised questions about its fight against Boko Haram, why the kidnapping occurred, what could be done to save the girls and how the terrorists could be defeated. This focus put pressure on Goodluck Jonathan's presidency and the Nigerian army to react to the kidnappings and produce results, turning the Boko Haram insurgency into a full fledged propaganda war. While there have been many military and political changes in the eighteen months since, it could be argued that the propaganda war has turned into the main front, thereby raising numerous questions about its impact on the battlefield.

Purpose: There is an impact analysis presented, which explores the long-term effect of extra-curricular political youth education from the perspective of participants. Methods: The former participants retell their own education and life stories about five years later. Life stories were then interpreted in the course of research workshops and reconstructed as individual studies. Findings: The impact analysis generated a typology of biographical sustainability and shows the effects of political youth education by means of single case analysis and case comprehensive topics.

Abstract ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), one of the lipogenic enzymes, catalyses the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) involved in the synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. In pig, very little is known about the ACL gene. In this work, the mRNA differential display technique was used to analyse the differences in gene expression between Meishan and Large White pigs and the F1 hybrids of both direct and reciprocal crosses. Our results show that among the differentially expressed genes ACL is up-regulated in the backfat of the F1 hybrids. After cloning and analysing the fulllength cDNA and the 870 bp 5'-flanking sequence of the porcine ACL gene, a C/T mutation at position -97 bp upstream of the transcription site was detected. Luciferase activity detection showed that this mutation changed the transcriptional activity. In F1 hybrids, the heterozygous genotype CT was more frequent than the homozygous genotypes CC and TT. Real-time PCR analysis showed that in Meishan pigs, ACL mRNA expression was more abundant in individuals with genotype CT than in those with genotype CC or TT or in Large White pigs. These results indicate that the C/T mutation affects ACL mRNA expression, probably via the activator protein 2.