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Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Normally, horse urine is light-dark yellow and can be thread-like due to its high mucin content. The physiological pH value is 7–9, the urine specific gravity is 1.020–1.050 g/ml. The macroscopic examination of the urine provides important information. Dependent on the amount of fluid intake the colour of urine can range from almost colourless to dark brown discoloration. Furthermore, the colour depends on the substances that are excreted with the urine. The presence of blood in the urine is pathological and called haematuria. In this case, the urine is so heavily contaminated with blood that even blood clots can be excreted. However, if the urine is only reddish in colour, haematuria must be distinguished from haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria. To differentiate it macroscopically alone can be difficult so that horse owners may wrongly report that their horse has passed bloody urine. The occurrence of haematuria involves a wide range of differential diagnoses that must be systematically clarified. It is essential to differentiate between systemic diseases and those of the urinary system. In the first place a general examination should be carried out. Then it should be followed by a hematological examination and an analysis of the urine. If the urine is collected spontaneously, the midstream urine is most suitable for further investigations, as contaminations have been flushed out before collection. If these investigations result that there is a disease of the urinary tract, transrectal palpation and transrectal and transabdominal sonographic examination should also be performed. Further diagnostic procedures such as urethroscopy and cystoscopy are also indicated. In the following case report, a twenty-three-year-old Oldenburg gelding with macrohematuria was presented. Cystoscopy revealed a mass whose surface was uneven, rough and partly covered with fibrin and blood clots. A transendoscopic biopsy was requested. Depending on the consistency and location of the growth, sampling may be difficult. A temporary perineal urethrotomy facilitates biopsy collection while providing the opportunity for direct visualization of the urinary bladder contents. Perineal urethrotomy is a well-known method in male patients with obstructive urinary tract disease for temporary diversion of urine. In the following case report, this method was performed to obtain a sufficiently large biopsy specimen using uterine biopsy forceps. The results of the mentioned examinations resulted in the diagnosis of a transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in the urinary bladder. Primary bladder tumors are very rare in horses and often produce a reactive inflammatory change. The urinary tract is lined with transitional cell epithelium, so transitional cell carcinoma can occur in any section, but most commonly in the bladder wall in horses. It must be clarified whether there are already metastases. Depending on the stage, spread and size of this malignant tumour, therapy can be considered. Surgical removal of a bladder tumour in horses is difficult due to the anatomical location of the urinary bladder in the abdominal cavity and the tendency of these tumors to invade the bladder wall. However, various therapeutic approaches have been described in the literature. Authors report chemotherapy, irradiation with a diode laser or surgical ablation of the cancerous tissue and oral application of piroxicam. Pronounced clinical symptoms are only seen at an advanced stage of the tumour, so that the disease is diagnosed mostly too late for a curative approach. However, early diagnosis is crucial for the prognosis and therefore a detailed diagnostic investigation is required in the case of microhaematuria. Because of the late stage of the disease and the poor prognosis the patient of the current report was euthanized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Nephrologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acute and persistent dehydration can cause reduced renal perfusion that can potentially lead to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Current biomarkers for renal function such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) might not be ideal for early detection of renal damage due to their late increase at a loss of approximately 3/4 of the nephron function. Renal function analysis (RFA) helps to localize the damage of the particular nephron segment. However, it is usually used in animals with clinical signs of renal disease instead of for early prediction of renal damage. In the present study, parameters of the RFA were measured in dehydrated patients four times within 48 hours after admission. We tested for an association between dehydration levels, parameters of the RFA and outcome in order to identify risk factors for AKI and choose early adequate medical intervention. Included in the study were 29 horses, divided into three groups according to their dehydration levels (mild dehydration = 6–8 % dehydration; moderate dehydration = 8–10 %; severe dehydration and shock = >10 % dehydration). Urine and serum were collected at admission and at three additional time-points until 48 hours after admission. Results of individual parameters of the RFA were compared to results of a commercial urine stick. The following parameters of the RFA were selected for further analysis: The association of serum creatinine, BUN, urine specific gravity (uSG), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa+), urine total protein (uTP) and urinary GGT (uGGT)/ urinary Creatinine (uCreatinine) ratio were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis-Test. The correlations between all parameters were measured by Kendall Tau-b Test. At T0 13.8 % (4/29) horses had increased serum creatinine concentration, while elevated BUN concentrations were observed in 24.1 % (7/29) horses. 42.9 % (12/28) horses had increased uSG. FENa+ and uGGT/uCreatinine ratio were elevated both in 18.5 % (5/27). 17.9 % (5/28) of horses had uTP above the reference range. Two of these patients could be verified by urine sticks. Increased leukocytes were found by sediment examination in 7.1 % (2/28) horses, one of them was also verified by urine stick. 3.6 % (1/28) horses had increased erythrocytes in the urine which didn’t show by the urine stick. Only the serum creatinine concentration had a significant association with dehydration levels (P = 0.001). Serum creatinine and BUN as well as serum creatinine and uGGT/uCreatinine ratio had moderate correlations at admission (r = 0.417; r = 0.361 respectively). In the meantime, uSG had moderate correlation with FENa+ and uGGT/uCreatinine ratio (r = -0.590; r = -0.328 respectively). Although two horses with the highest FENa+ survived to discharge, FENa+ had a significant association with the outcome of the patients (P = 0.047). None of the patients developed clinical signs of AKI during their hospitalization. Serum creatinine was the only biomarker in the present study that had an association with dehydration levels. In the present study, the selected parameters of the RFA were not suitable to detect early changes in renal function induced by dehydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on automation in microbiology. It mentions Total Laboratory Automation which requires good communication between automation and LIS, and flow cytometry provides information about the composition of a urine sample in terms of cells, bacteria and casts within a few minutes. It also mentions number of bacteria and leukocytes can be determined quantitatively within two minutes from urine.

The article reports that the urine analysis has a long to far tradition reaching into antiquity. It notes that the urine analysis workflow contains the test strip analysis. Topics discussed include waste disposal as well as the discharge of the rehearse, devices of all companies, protect against moisture and simplification of reagent management. It adds that all three manufacturers provide their reagents packs with an RFID chip.

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports that four manufacturers present six semi-automatic and fully automatic devices for the chemical-physical analysis of urine. Topics include considered that four of these devices work semi-automatically, which means that the workflow includes both manual and automated work steps and there are also two fully automatic machines for particle analysis in urine.

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

About 15% of the women and 10% of the men past the age of 65 years suffer from urinary incontinence. In most cases, accurate history taking can help differentiate between urge incontinence, stress incontinence and overflow incontinence, and is essential in choosing the appropriate treatment. Initial diagnostic testing can be conducted by the general practitioner, especially tests to exclude urinary tract infections or to rule out an overactive bladder. Patient education on changes to fluid intake and voiding habits as well as advice on suitable incontinence products are important first steps in the management of urinary continence. Also, drug treatment can be initiated in general practice. Patients with refractory urinary incontinence, particularly those who did not respond to anticholinergic medication, should be referred to a urologist for further evaluation since there may be an underlying tumour or other disorder of the bladder that is causing the incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Laboratory Medicine / Laboratoriums Medizin is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Laboratory Medicine / Laboratoriums Medizin is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The cystogram after retropubic radical prostatovesiculectomy (RRP) examines the condition of the anastomosis region. There is no clear temporal recommendation for the determination of urine extravasation in cases of early removal of the catheter. This study investigates the macroscopic and microscopic examination of the bladder catheter urine after RRP.Patients and Methods: The catheter urine of 110 patients after RRP was macroscopically and microscopically examined and compared with the results of transrectal ultrasound and cystogram with regard to urine extravasation.Results: The examination of cloudy or bloody catheter urine indicated an extravasation in 32 of 33 cases (positive predictive value 97%; sensitivity 74%), for clear urine, there was sufficient anastomosis in 66 of 77 cases without any extravasation (negative predictive value 86%; specificity 99%). By performing a microscopic urine analysis unremarkable anastomosis was predicted only in 23 of 67 cases, which leads to a specificity of 34%. This shows that microscopic urine sediment is an inappropriate instrument to evaluate the anastomotic region.Conclusion: In cases of macroscopic pathological urine findings, further diagnostics are not recommended; in 97% of the cases, extravasation is expected. The macroscopic urine examination sets a trend for other examinations like cystogram or dynamic transrectal ultrasound (dTRUS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The number of noninvasive diagnostic tests for bladder cancer has increased tremendously over the last years with a large number of experimental and commercial tests. Comparative analyses of tests for diagnosis, follow-up, and recurrence detection of bladder cancer were performed retrospectively as well as prospectively, unicentrically, and multicentrically.Methods: An analysis of multicentric studies with large patient numbers compared with our own Kiel Tumor Bank data is presented. The Kiel Tumor Bank data looked prospectively at 106 consecutive bladder tumor patients from the year 2006. Special focus was put on urine cytology as a reference test, as well as the commercial NMP 22 Bladder Chek.Results: The analysis of the NMP 22 Bladder Chek showed an overall sensitivity of 69% for all tumor grades and stages, with a specificity of 76%. Comparison to multicentric data with an overall sensitivity of 75% for all tumor grades and stages, with a specificity of 73%, showed results similar to those in the literature. Urine cytology showed a comparable overall sensitivity of 73% for all tumor grades and stages, with a specificity of 80%.Conclusions: A large number of noninvasive tests for bladder cancer follow-up with reasonable sensitivity and specificity can currently be used. Because of limited numbers of prospective randomized multicentric studies, no single particular marker for bladder cancer screening can be recommended at this point in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the clarification of hematuria and subsequent treatment, a high specificity is expected from urinary cytology when no tumor is present, because false positive results lead to unnecessary diagnostic measures. The aim of this study was to investigate different disturbing factors to determine the specificity of urinary cytology and whether the specificity can be increased by cytometry. Out of 150 patients with no malignant disease, 125 were affected by the following disturbing factors: urinary infection, urolithiasis, transurethral electroresection, utilisation of hypo-osmolar flushing solution or administration of contrast agents. In 5 patients who were diagnosed with urinary infection or urolithiasis, the urine was falsely cytologically determined to be tumor positive, an error which was corrected by cytometric analysis. Therefore, cytometric analysis should be carried out in patients in whom a tumor has been cytologically diagnosed in order to increase the specificity of urinary cytology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urine diagnostics has been well examined historiographically. However, its importance for science studies has not yet been stressed enough. As a diagnostic tool, that survived many centuries, it underwent several changes. Therefore, its use for science studies is exemplarily displayed in this paper. An attempt is made by the authors to combine questions of the history of science with methods from the cognitive sciences. The reader is introduced into an interdisciplinary approach aiming at the visualisation of scientific shifts to make a deeper analyse of such shifts possible. Lawrence Barsalou proposed a dynamic frame model to represent cognitive structures. This model is used to reconstruct scientific revolutions (in the sense of Thomas Kuhn) as well as barely noticeable shifts (in the sense of Ludwik Fleck's shifting thought styles). The value of this approach for the history of medicine in general and the history of uroscopy in special is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes a feeding study with 7 pigs, which were fed with deoxynivalenol contaminated oats at a level of 0.23 mg/kg body mass/day over 16 experiment days. The contamination level of consumed feed was 14.4 mg DON/kg in the ration. The parallel control group of 7 pigs were fed with DON free oats. Urine samples were taken each two days. The content of DON and DOM-1 (de-epoxy deoxynivalenol) in urine was determined. The mean concentration of DON in urine of animals in trial group was 580 μg/l, whereas DOM-1 32 μg/l. In einer Fütterungsstudie wurden Schweine in zwei Gruppen zu je 7 Tieren mit kontaminiertem (Versuchsgruppe) und unbelastetem Getreide (Kontrollgruppe) gefüttert. Die Gesamtkonzentration von DON in der Ration der Versuchsgruppe war 14.4 mg/kg. Die Tagesdosis betrug in der Versuchsgruppe 0.23 mg/kg Körpermasse und Tag. Der Versuch dauerte 16 Tage, jeden zweiten Tag wurde der Spontanharn gesammelt. Die Urinproben wurden auf DON und DOM-1 analysiert. Für die Analyse der Urinproben bzw. des Futtermittels wurde eine HPLC-MS Methode verwendet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)