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Contemporary Saxon immigration statistics noted a vast "floating population" in the multilocal and transregional border society of Upper Lusatia but did not consider them immigrants. Indeed, agricultural and factory workers - the majority of them women - showed a high level of mobility, some of them even on a daily basis. On the one hand, national authorities on both sides of the border struggled to categorize and control these short-distance and temporary, but widespread mobilities. Customs checks, on the other hand, gave rise to a personalised border control. These checks not only targeted the small-scale mobility that was highly common in the border region, but also promoted the establishment of sedentariness and border regulations as the normal scenario in local society. But it was not until the late 19th century that there was migration control with cultural and racist undertones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with historical migration and integration processes on the basis of small-scale immigration into Saxon Upper Lusatia from 1815 to 1871. The focus of the analysis is on the permanent settlement of foreigners in Upper Lusatia and their acquisition of citizenship in the Kingdom of Saxony. This includes the development of immigration and citizenship policy in Saxony, with particular attention on the immigration practice of the responsible authorities. Also addressed are conflicts resulting from immigration which at the governmental level meant the rejection of poverty migrants, while at the level of the receiving communities the prevention of potential commercial competitors was paramount.

The aim of the study is to examine a series of coats of arms of the Hungarian and Bohemian Lands on the late Gothic Royal Oratory of Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague in the Central European context. An analysis of coats of arms from the Lands of the Hungarian Crown has resulted in three new findings. On the one hand, contrary to previous concepts, the creation of the coats of arms did not took place in the first half of the 1490s, but probably in the 1510s-1520s, perhaps resulting from the Bohemian coronation of Mary of Hungary on 6 June 1522. On the other hand, the coat of arms of Upper Lusatia, placed on the balustrade, could have replaced the similar coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia only during an erroneous restoration attempt at the end of the 19th century. Finally, the coats of arms of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown on the Royal Oratory were taken over from the heraldic representation of Emperor Maximilian I in Innsbruck instead of those of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Prague or Buda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]