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Summarizes the expansion of education in the West Germany up to 1980. Examines the progress of the 1980s in view of unemployment and growing difficulties on entering a profession. Among the findings are a decline in enrollment of 20-24 year olds and a growth in opportunities for the children of immigrants. (Author/GEA)

Asserts that pedagogical research has not studied adequately the effects of long-term parental unemployment on children. Analyzes available studies and the possible reason for lack of research. Suggests research strategies and concepts that may provide information for educational theorizing and the development of educational programs. (Author/GEA)

Describes a teaching unit, "Unemployment" (4-5 hours), designed for occupation-oriented schools. Discusses the teaching situation, and justification for the topic. A detailed teaching plan is given, involving Xeroxing, texts for overhead projection, and language laboratory exercises (supplied on a recording which is a supplement to this issue of the journal). (IFS/WGA)

Background: Although people receiving means-tested benefits are regularly taken care of at the job center, little is known about their mental health situation and mental health care. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the diagnostic spectrum and the functional status as well as the mental health care utilization of individuals with mental illnesses who are receiving means-tested benefits. Methods: Mentally ill people with means-tested benefits were recruited at the job center as part of the "Leipzig Individual Placement and Support for Mentally Ill People" (LIPSY) project, where they were initially diagnosed according to ICD-10 and included in the project if they had a mental disorder. Mental healthcare utilization was recorded. In the present study, data from n = 583 consecutively included persons were analyzed descriptively and by multivariate statistics. Results: Of the study participants 60.7% (n = 583; 51.5% female; average age 36 years; unemployed for an average of 4.8 years) suffered from affective disorders, followed by neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders (42.5%). With a mean global assessment of functioning (GAF) value of 49.4 (SD 7.7), there was on average a serious impairment. Nearly half of the subjects (48.5%) had never received psychotherapeutic, psychiatric or neurological treatment in the 6 months prior to inclusion in the project. Discussion: It could be shown that there is a broad spectrum of mental disorders with substantial functional impairment. The data suggest that this group is significantly undertreated and difficult to reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Maternity Protection Act is intended to protect the mother and the child from hazards, excessive demands and damage to health in the workplace, and from financial disadvantages and loss of employment. However, the objectives defined by the Maternity Protection Act—the safety and health of the pregnant employee on the one hand and the prevention of disadvantages in working life on the other—are not yet adequately achieved in the intensive care unit (ICU). Implementation of the Maternity Protection Act to the benefit of all involved parties should also be promoted in the specialist areas represented by the DIVI, in particular the work of pregnant physicians and nursing staff and other working specialists (respiratory therapists, physiotherapists, speech therapists, psychotherapists, and social workers) in the ICU. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the need to consider each pregnant and breastfeeding staff member individually and to work together to find a personal solution for continuing to work in the ICU. Possible ways and solutions to achieve this goal are outlined and practical examples are given for implementation in everyday clinical routine. These are also based on comprehensive presentation of activities according to a traffic light color-code system for all occupational groups. Arguments against pregnant employees working in the ICU are discussed and possible solutions are presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living on Benefits: Between helplessness and the fight for self-efficacy. The role of individualpsychological short-term counselling On the one hand, the article examines hypotheses about the impairment of self-esteem by unemployment from the perspective of individual psychology. On the other hand, it deals with the relationship between counselor and client under the special challenge of only short-term counselling settings. This is complemented by several practical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was conducted to determine if it is Malthusian theory that viewed population growth as depressing employment opportunity, or Keynesian theory that supports the view of population growth enhancing employment opportunities that holds in the population and unemployment relationship in Nigeria within the period of 1981 to 2019. Data on age dependency and working–age population ratio were used to measure population growth, with unemployment rate as the explained variable. The datasets were sourced from the World Development Indicator database. The study employed the ARDL approach to cointegration to determine the long-run relationship of the variables. The results of the analysis show a long-run relationship between population and unemployment growth rate in Nigeria. Population growth was shown to be capable of significantly reducing unemployment in the long run thereby upholding the proposition of Keynesian theory of unemployment. However, the effect was shown to be the other way in the short run, thereby supporting the proposition of the Malthusian theory of population. The study therefore posits that the effect of population on unemployment is time variant. It is therefore recommended that the government of Nigeria should improve the quality of her population through education and health in order to be able to reap the gain in the future as population grows. Also, the potentialities in the growing population could be harnessed through increased aggregate demand when the government of Nigeria uses his fiscal stance to enhance the people’s income.

Due to the global increase in crime, many countries and regions have ceased to be safe places to live. The growth of global crime figures leads to the deterioration of humankind’s quality of life. This study aims to examine the causality of the total violent crime determinants in Indonesia and Thailand from 1990 to 2019. The data were collected from the Global Economy and the Nasdaq Database. The variables used in this study are the total violent crime, Gross National Income per capita (GNIpc), unemployment rate, social security expenditure, and value of alcoholic beverage consumption. All the variables were converted into a logarithmic form. Both Indonesia and Thailand’s total violent crimes contain these wrongdoings: murder, rape, robbery (with firearms and without firearms), which includes gang robbery, and causing bodily injuries. This research has two models as both analyze different countries: Indonesia and Thailand. The empirical tests have proven the variables affecting the model of Indonesia and Thailand in the long run and short run based on the data from 1990–2019. In the long run, total violent crime, the unemployment rate, and alcoholic beverage consumption will affect the model of Indonesia by bringing equilibrium whenever disequilibrium happens. In the short run, the GNIpc has a unidirectional relationship with the Unemployment rate. In Thailand, alcoholic beverage consumption is the only reliant variable which will be self-perpetuated and affect the model in the long run. In the short run, alcoholic beverage consumption will be affected by the Unemployment rate and GNIpc of Thailand. In addition, instead of total violent crime being the dependent variable, it could affect Thailand’s social security expenditures in the short run. This study provided a clearer view of the violent crime determinants in Indonesia and Thailand. Moreover, these empirical findings could help in policy-making to curb the worsening social violence in both countries.

The aim of the article is to identify the changes of selected economic variables in Japan, Poland, the USA and the euro area and to evaluate the impact of these variables on these economies in 2000–2022. The hypothesis posed in the article: The economies of Japan, Poland, the USA and the euro zone have overcome the economic shocks that occurred in the first two decades of the 21st century. Methodology: The study included a review of the literature on the subject, the presentation and analysis of statistical data, including its graphical presentation. Six economic indicators were selected for analysis, such as: the unemployment rate, inflation, General Government debt, long-term interest rates, GDP per capita, and GDP growth in Japan, Poland, the United States and the euro area in 2000–2022. Results of the research: Over the past 20 years, economies have been hit by unprecedented crises such as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and Covid-19, and yet we note that the surveyed countries and the euro zone showed positive economic growth for most of the period and successfully fought unemployment. Japan tried to get out of periods of deflation, but out of the examined 23 years, deflation was recorded in Japan for 15 years. In the years 2000–2022, the highest economic growth was most often recorded in Poland and the lowest in Japan, but the highest inflation was also most often recorded in Poland. In all the surveyed countries and the euro zone, a tendency to increase the GG of debt was clearly noticed.

Jakob Fabian, the protagonist of Erich Kästner’s 2013 novel Der Gang vor die Hunde [Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten, 1931], is examined in this article as a pessimistic idler, a flâneur experiencing a crisis. Fabian’s position in the society of the late Weimar Republic is understood as a reaction to the completely rationalized, economized character of the depicted world—especially Berlin—and to the experiences of an entire generation. It becomes clear that a fulfilling existence as a ‘good-for-nothing’ is no longer possible in the contemporary context. Moreover, the examination of the impressions Fabian gained on his forays through Berlin and his hometown not only allows us to grasp his perception of the crisis-ridden nature of the times, but also contributes to outlining the literary type of the unemployed white-collar worker.

The first part of the article presents a short theoretical approach of unemployment, and the more consistent part is based on the statistical analysis of unemployment at the level of Bihor County. The analyzed period is represented by the years 2019-2021. For the current analysis, we have chosen the problem of unemployment during the pandemic, from a theoretical but also concretely applied perspective, since unemployment represents a complex psychosocial and economic phenomenon, and its dimensions and dynamics highlight the state of a society, but also the concerns for the implementation of active policies, which aim at increasing the employment rate, but also the quality of life. This paper analyzes the dynamics of unemployment in the period 2019-2021, but also the job protection measures implemented by the public employment system. Thus, the objectives of the research consist in the analysis of the unemployment indicators in Bihor County in the pre-pandemic period and in the pandemic period and of the special measures adopted in order to solve the problems generated by the health crisis. The used research method was the analysis of documents; we have analyzed the Activity Reports of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) for the years 2020 and 2021 and the legal regulations adopted in order to protect employees and employers during this period. The analysis of statistical data revealed that the maximum number of unemployed people in the records of Bihor County Agency for Employment (AJOFM Bihor) was recorded in March 2021 (6,280 people), and the unemployment rate on this date was 2.36%. Two measures adopted by the government and implemented by the National Employment Agency through the County Employment Agencies had a major impact in maintaining jobs during the pandemic: technical unemployment and reduced working hours. Thus, in 2021 compared to 2020, the

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Most inter-state comparisons of education systems are limited to figures on participation in higher education. In contrast, this paper presents a new metric that takes into account the hierarchical structure of education systems and focuses on access to higher education. These continuation rates were collected for up to 180 countries and 120 years and show that, although expansion started in the 1990s, a relatively high number of education systems currently still have rather elite access to higher education, despite high enrolment rates in secondary schools. Interstate differences are attributed in this paper, among other things, to colonial pasts. Although a clear association of rising continuation rates and rising unemployment among the highly educated is not apparent, it is worth considering regional variation in labour markets. This is because in the regions of West Asia and North Africa, which are characterised by above-average youth unemployment, the unemployment rate among the highly educated is also rising sharply. Here, expanding access to higher education does not appear to fulfil the promise of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the mismatch between the skills and qualifications required by the labour market and those acquired through education and on-the-job learning. The skill mismatch in transition economies tends to be even more pronounced as the labour markets in these countries are characterized by structural unemployment, affecting both older workers with obsolete skills and the young ones. Employers face poor incentives for investing in workforce skill development, due to the inadequate investment climate and volatile business environment. Transition countries face increasing outward mobility of an educated workforce, loss of human capital, and shortage of workforce in the fields such as ICT, medicine, science and research. The research is based on empirical data generated in a survey on ICT and manufacturing enterprises in the City of Niš, Serbia. The research methodology combines workers' self-assessment method for the skill gap measurement and the competence approach combined with the statistical methods. The findings indicate the presence of a qualification mismatch, in the form of the over-qualification as a dominant irregularity in the analysed labour market. The results of the study are expected to contribute to creating a network of policy instrumentaria that tend to be effective on a sub-national level in addressing the mismatch.

Wenn Eltern arbeitslos werden, hat das in mehrerlei Hinsicht Konsequenzen – nicht nur für sie selbst, sondern auch für ihr Umfeld. Dieser Bericht geht auf Basis von Daten des Soziooekonomischen Panels (SOEP) der Frage nach, welchen Einfluss die Arbeitslosigkeit von Eltern in der Grundschulphase ihrer Kinder auf deren Bildungsergebnisse hat. Dafür werden Bildungsverläufe von Kindern, von denen ein Elternteil während der Grundschulphase arbeitslos wurde, mit Bildungsverläufen von Kindern, deren Eltern nicht arbeitslos waren, verglichen. Da diese Gruppen grundsätzlich sehr unterschiedlich sind, wird vorher eine Vergleichsgruppe aus statistisch betrachtet ähnlichen Familien gebildet. Ein zentrales Ergebnis ist, dass Kinder deutlich seltener (Fach-)Abitur machen und ein Studium abschließen, wenn während ihrer Grundschulzeit ein Elternteil arbeitslos war. Aufgrund ihrer Methode liefert die Studie starke Indizien dafür, dass die gemessenen Effekte kausal zu interpretieren sind, die Arbeitslosigkeit der Eltern also tatsächlich die Ursache ist. Damit zeigt sich einmal mehr, dass Bildungsverläufe in Deutschland sehr von der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Situation der Eltern abhängen.c [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article in the Journal for Medical and Health Law deals with the European Order of Social Security (EOSS), which has been signed by Austria but not yet ratified. The EOSS is a treaty aimed at gradually improving social security in the member states of the Council of Europe. The article provides an overview of the different parts and standards of the EOSS, including medical care and the protected group of individuals. Waiting periods for entitlement to certain benefits are also established. The revised EOSS has not yet been ratified by many states, but Austria could potentially support the revised order in the future. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the cultures of happiness in German labour society during periods of high unemployment from the 1970s to the 1990s. Increasing unemployment had a huge impact not only on labour market policies but also on the unemployed way of life, including the question to what extent it was socially and politically accepted to be happy without employment. To shed light on this contentious issue, which was discussed by social scientists and feared by politicians, the article encourages to take into account subjective experiences of unemployed and employed people to find out what it means to be happy with or without work, and, not least, what knowledge of happiness resides where. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflation and unemployment indicators are among the most significant success criteria of a country’s economy. Thus, since the increase in inflation and unemployment rates decreases the welfare levels of countries, policymakers aim to keep both inflation and unemployment at low levels and establish their monetary and fiscal policies accordingly. According to the Phillips curve, which reveals the correlation between inflation and unemployment in the macroeconomic literature, an increase in inflation leads to a decrease in unemployment, and while inflation decreases, unemployment increases, which indicates an inverse correlation between inflation and unemployment. In this respect, it is not possible to find a solution for both inflation and unemployment simultaneously with the policies to be implemented if the Phillips curve is valid in the economy. This study aims to reveal whether the Phillips curve is valid or not by investigating the correlation between inflation and unemployment, which were among the most important economic problems within the 2006:01 – 2020:11 period in Turkey. In line with this purpose, the Fourier ADF and Fourier KPSS analyses were carried out first, and it was concluded that the relevant variables were not stationary at the level, and they were stationary in their first differences. With the Fourier cointegration analysis conducted later, no long-run correlations between the variables were determined. Finally, the Single Fourier-Frequency Toda & Yamamoto causality analysis was carried out, and it was attempted to reveal whether there was a short-run correlation between the variables. According to the results of the causality analysis, no causality correlations were observed both from inf to unemp and from unemp to inf, and it was revealed that changes in inflation did not influence unemployment, and changes in unemployment did not influence inflation in the short run. In this context, it was concluded that the Phillips curve, suggesting an inverse correlation between inflation and unemployment, was not valid for Turkey within the framework of the period considered and the analyses performed.

Over the years, European countries, including Romania, have tried to reduce unemployment and increase the number of university graduates. The quality and attractiveness of higher education play an important role because a solid university education can be the path to a successful career and a secure financial life. In the last decade, was intensified efforts to convince Romanian people to pursue a specialization at least to the bachelor's level. Except 2005, the number of university graduate women is higher than men, which shows their confidence in university education programs. The counties of Bucharest, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timiș and Constanța between 1996-2018 have the highest number of university graduates, and these counties also host the best universities in Romania. The quality of higher education must be in line with the personal aspirations of students and national targets. The attractiveness of Romanian university programs is demonstrated by the growing number of foreign students, especially from Arab countries and Africa. But a university education is just one piece of the puzzle, it is also vital to integrate graduates into the work field. Unemployment is one of the vulnerabilities that significantly affects young people. In 24 years, the number of unemployed aged between 30-39 years with a university degree was 98.796, a proportion of 36% - 64% in favour of women (63.078). Women still face great difficulty in finding a job even though they have a university degree. The lowest percentage of unemployed with a university degree in the number of university graduates were registered in 1995 (1.15%) and the highest in 2010 (6.06%). The lowest number of unemployed with university degree among the regions was registered in the North-West (68.989).

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Introduction: The Medical Service of the Federal Employment Agency is responsible for socio-medical assessments of clients whose ability to work in the labor market is in question. Data about the Medical Service, its structure, and its performance were previously only available within the Federal Employment Agency., Methods: In October 2023, data from the Medical Service containing information on the employee structure, clients, and orders were extracted from three data systems, processed, and analyzed., Results: The number of full-time equivalents (FTEs) in the Medical Service decreased significantly from 2016 (n = 859.1 FTEs) to 2021 (n = 799.0 FTEs). This holds true for the professional groups of physicians, specialist assistants, medical assistants, and externally contracted physicians. The number of female employee FTEs rose significantly during this period from 85.6% (2016) to 87.0% (2021). The part-time ratio also increased significantly from 41.4% (2016) to 50.6% (2021). The number of assignments to the Medical Service was stable in 2017-2019 at around 630,000 but showed a reduction in 2020 (n = 518,538) and 2021 (n = 545,289); in particular, the number of assessments with client contact decreased significantly from 2019 (n = 166,980) to 2020 (n = 52,484). Most of the assignments came from the field of job placement (n = 349,346)., Discussion: The size of the Medical Service was in line with the total number of orders, which can certainly be seen as COVID-19-related in 2020 and 2021 and is likely due to the overall shortage of skilled personnel. The proportion of women and part-time employees increased significantly, with a nationwide part-time trend emerging not only among women. In order to enable all clients who may be unable to perform in the labor market to receive a quick assessment, it is necessary that the number of employees in the Medical Service does not decrease in the future., (© 2024. Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Although people receiving means-tested benefits are regularly taken care of at the job center, little is known about their mental health situation and mental health care., Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the diagnostic spectrum and the functional status as well as the mental health care utilization of individuals with mental illnesses who are receiving means-tested benefits., Methods: Mentally ill people with means-tested benefits were recruited at the job center as part of the "Leipzig Individual Placement and Support for Mentally Ill People" (LIPSY) project, where they were initially diagnosed according to ICD-10 and included in the project if they had a mental disorder. Mental healthcare utilization was recorded. In the present study, data from n = 583 consecutively included persons were analyzed descriptively and by multivariate statistics., Results: Of the study participants 60.7% (n = 583; 51.5% female; average age 36 years; unemployed for an average of 4.8 years) suffered from affective disorders, followed by neurotic, stress and somatoform disorders (42.5%). With a mean global assessment of functioning (GAF) value of 49.4 (SD 7.7), there was on average a serious impairment. Nearly half of the subjects (48.5%) had never received psychotherapeutic, psychiatric or neurological treatment in the 6 months prior to inclusion in the project., Discussion: It could be shown that there is a broad spectrum of mental disorders with substantial functional impairment. The data suggest that this group is significantly undertreated and difficult to reach., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

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