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This paper introduces a procedural method based on fuzzy logic to analyze systematic the risk of an electronic system in an intentional electromagnetic environment (IEME). The method analyzes the susceptibility of a complex electronic installation with respect to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). It combines the advantages of well-known techniques as fault tree analysis (FTA), electromagnetic topology (EMT) and Bayesian networks (BN) and extends the techniques with an approach to handle uncertainty. This approach uses fuzzy sets, membership functions and fuzzy logic to handle the uncertainty with probability functions and linguistic terms. The linguistic terms add to the risk analysis the knowledge from experts of the investigated system or environment.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein analytisches Simulationsmodell für MOS Varaktoren zur Entwurfsunterstützung von integrierten CMOS LC-Tank VCO-Schaltungen präsentiert. Das analytische Simulationsmodell wurde auf Basis des EKV-Transistormodells implementiert und beinhaltet ausschließlich Design- und Prozessparameter für die Berechnung der Varaktorkapazität. Dieses Simulationsmodell ermöglicht es, die verwendeten Varaktoren im Vorfeld des VCO-Entwurfs zu dimensionieren, die effektive Großsignalkapazität in Abhängigkeit des Ausgangssignals zu berechnen und einzelne Eigenschaften der Varaktoren, wie z.B. das AM-FM Konversionsverhalten zu optimieren. Die Gültigkeit des vorgestellten analytischen Simulationsmodells zur Beschreibung der Varaktorkapazität in CMOS LC-Tank VCOs, wird anhand von Spectre (Cadence) Simulationen auf Basis eines 0.25 μm CMOS Prozesses der Firma IHP (SGB25) und eines 0.35 μm CMOS Prozesses der Firma AMS (C35) verifiziert. In this work an analytical simulation model for MOS varactors, that can be used in a systematically VCO design flow, is presented. The simulation model is based on the EKV transistor model and includes only design and process parameters of the used CMOS technology. The proposed simulation model allows calculating the required design parameters and the effective large signal capacitance of the varactors incorporated into the VCO as a function of the output signal of the VCO. Based on the expression for the effective large signal capacitance it is possible to optimize the AM-FM conversion behavior of the used varactors. The validity and accuracy of the simulation model is verified by Spectre simulations which are based on a 0.25 μm CMOS process (SGB25) from the company IHP and a 0.35 μm CMOS process (C35) from the company AMS. The simulation results show a good accordance in all transistor operating regions for NMOS varactors as well as PMOS varactors.

This epidemiological study analyses all n = 1,659 outpatient and inpatient non-confraternity sports accidents treated during a 2-year period in a former district hospital. The largest share with 40.6% is soccer, followed by cycling (15%), general fitness sports (7.6%), outdoor sports (6.5%), winter sports (5.5%), and riding (5.2%). Soccer injuries rise steadily until the age of 30. Of 86 horse riding accidents a total of 68 involved women, but only 18 men (ratio 8 : 2). 53% of the horse riding accidents among women concern the age group between 10 and 20 years. 70.6% (79%) of the athletes under (over) 20 years were male, 29.4% (21%) female (p < 0.05). Topographically the lower extremities represent the most affected body region in all sports (runners 84.4%, soccer players 60.2%). Most accidents occur on a Sunday. The most common diagnosis is contusion, most commonly in martial arts (60.8%), followed by horse riding (51%). There is an astonishing dominance of soccer accidents given the fact that this study records all athletes, not just club athletes, unlike insurance studies. Important preventive measures would be a comprehensive biological training prophylaxis and the provision of communication of age-specific accident prevention proposals for the mainly affected sports.

Background: The grade of maturation of the cochlear function must be taken into account when the cochlear function is investigated in premature infants and neonates. Quantitative analysis has not yet been performed., Methods: Using the otodynamic analyzer ILO 88/92, we therefore determined haircell functional diagrams and the echo 65 dB levels in 35 healthy neonates as well as 30 healthy premature infants with a median gestational age (GA) of 32 weeks (28-35 weeks) 2-3 days post natum. Follow up investigations were performed in 10 neonates and 16 premature infants., Results: The mean echo 65 dB levels were 4.88 +/- 4.22 dB for the right ears and 5.72 +/- 5.16 dB for the left ears in premature infants < or = 32 weeks of GA, 10.25 +/- 3.89 dB and 10.69 +/- 5.55 dB respectively in premature infants > 32 weeks of GA, and 16.01 +/- 4.99 and 14.90 +/- 4.41 dB respectively in neonates. There was no significant difference between neonates at day 2 and 4 post natum. In 16 premature infants the echo 65 dB levels increased from 4.92 dB for the right ears and 4.79 dB for the left ears at the second day of life to 11.72 dB and 11.73 dB respectively at the age of 4 weeks., Conclusion: We present therefore strong evidence for a maturation of the cochlear function in premature infants with increasing age. The individual grade of maturation of the cochlea is of relevance for the auditive stimulation of very premature infants.