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Relevance of the work. Quantifying these oil reserves allows Venezuela to lead the ranking as the country with the largest oil reserves worldwide Purpose of the work. Is related to the need of quantification in the recoverable oil reserves in the field of Husepin (Monagas state, Venezuela) for the oil industry. The methodology of the research. The La Pica 01 Field is made up of 509 wells, of which 49 wells were used to elaborate the correlations, since they have spontaneous potential and resistivity curves. For each well, the tops and bases of the units were determined by analyzing the behavior of the electrical responses of each of the sands, applying the basic concepts of stratigraphy, as well as a detailed compilation of all the information that corresponds to the wells that form part of the study to obtain a standard record that contains all the favorable data and be able to carry out the correlations. Research results. In the S6 sand, 4 oil deposits were found and an Original Oil In Place of 15,875.32 thousands of normal barrels and recoverable reserves of 2,857. 5576 thousands of normal barrels were estimated. For S8 sand, 5 oil fields were defined and an Original Oil In Place of 25,940.86 thousands of normal barrels and recoverable reserves of 4,669. 3548 thousands of normal barrels were estimated. Original Oil In Place was not calculated in the S7 sand because it has no deposits. Recommendations. Review the production history and verify which wells can be re-incorporated into an oil extraction plan and Submit the reserves of the study fields to the Ministry of Popular Power for Energy and Petroleum (MENPET) taking into account the results obtained in this investigation. Conclusions. 4 oil deposits were found in the S6 sand and 5 oil deposits were found in the S8 sand and each of them were with stratigraphic limits, structural limits and fluid contact. No oil deposits were found in the S7 sand, although records have been taken in the northwest of the field show thicknesses of ANP at this stratigraphic level. Keywords: oil reserves, Orinoco basin, Sigmoilina zone, well, deposit.

No environmental factor has been as critically important for Egypt's ancient society through time as sufficiently high annual flood levels of the Nile River, the country's major source of fresh water. However, interpretation of core analysis shows reduced depositional accumulation rates and altered compositional attributes of the sediment facies deposited seaward of the Nile Delta during a relatively brief period in the late third millennium BCE. These changes record the effects of displaced climatic belts, decreased rainfall, lower Nile flows, and modified oceanographic conditions offshore in the Levantine Basin, primarily from 2300 to 2000 BCE, taking place at the same time as important geological changes identified by study of cores collected in the Nile Delta. It turns out that integrated multi-disciplinary Earth science and archaeological approaches at dated sites serve to further determine when and how such significant changing environmental events had negative effects in both offshore and landward areas. This study indicates these major climatically induced effects prevailed concurrently offshore and in Nile Delta sites and at about the time Egypt abandoned the Old Kingdom's former political system and also experienced fragmentation of its centralized state. In response, the country's population would have experienced diminished agricultural production leading to altered societal, political, and economic pressures during the late Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period at ca. 2200 to 2050 BCE.

W trakcie archeologicznych badań ratowniczych na rynku w Wiązowie, pow. strzeliński, dwukrotnie (w 1992 i 2018 r.) natrafiono na pozostałości niewielkiego cmentarzyska, składające się z co najmniej 3 pochówków szkieletowych. Cechy obrządku pogrzebowego wskazują, iż były to groby przedstawicieli lokalnej społeczności celtyckiej, które należy datować na wczesny okres lateński. Niektóre ozdoby stanowiące wyposażenie prezentowanych pochówków były zapewne wytwarzane w warsztatach działających ówcześnie w centralnej części Kotliny Czeskiej. Interesujące jest również położenie grobów, które znajdowały się na obrzeżu współczesnej im osady.

Relevance of the work. According to current ideas and forecasts, the southern margins of the Pre-Caspian basin combines carbon-bearing massifs stretching from Astrakhan-Imashevsky elevation in the west to the South Embinsky one in the east. Within the margins, some large Paleozoic elevations associated with the carbonate development zones (the Kultuk Morskoy zone) have been identified with the help of geological and seismic methods. The determination of the structure of the carbonates zone of the southern margins in comparison with counterparts in the structures of adjacent areas of the earth (Karaton-Tengizsky bar and the South Embinsky elevation) poses the task of more detailed study for setting up prospecting drilling. Purpose of the paper is to substantiate the high prospects of local elevations of the Kultuk Morskaya zone in the Paleozoic complex, taking into account the use of the results of methods integration (seismic, airborne magnetic survey and gravity prospecting) obtained in recent years (2009-2013). Research methodology: comparative analysis of seismic data, anomalous magnetic field and gravity anomalies, including deep hole drilling data for recent years. Results. Taking into account the current understanding of the distribution of carbonate massifs, including the water area of the Northern Caspian, the structure of the southern border in the latitude band closer to the border with the Ustyurt-Bozashinsky basin was specified. The author gives a comparative analysis of the structure and development of carbonate deposits in the uplift areas of the South, Southwestern periclinal of the South Embinsky elevation and the Kultuk Morskoy zone, uniting the local structures of Sarytau, Burynshik, Burynshik Vostochny and Ostrovnaya. The justifying factors concerning the structural and tectonic unity of these areas are given. Based on the previously obtained results of prospecting works, lithofacial margins of the sludging basin in the southern border of the Caspian basin were justified; they are represented by carbonate massifs (Astrakhan-Imashevsky, Zhambai, Zhambai-More, Kultuk Morskoy, Yuzhnoye and South-Western periklinal of the South Embinsky elevation). Conclusions. Within the Kultuk Morskoy zone, taking into account the combination of data and features of the anomalous magnetic field and gravimetric anomalies, the high prospects of local structures of Sarytau, Burynshik, Burynshik Vostochny and Ostrovnaya are justified. On this basis, a forecast for the development of carbonates was made in the context of these structures, which in turn is based on favorable geological-geophysical, structural-tectonic and probable geoecological prerequisites.

Die Analyse zweier Bohrkerne von Grund der Nordsee und dem in Analogie mit Doggerland bezeichneten ehemaligen Nordseefestland boten die Möglichkeit eines besseren Verständnisses pleistozäner und frühholozäner Vegetationsgeschichte. Basierend auf hochauflösenden Pollendiagrammen an Basalen Torfen wurden Vegetationsentwicklungen und Umweltbedingungen untersucht. Die Diagramme zeigen, dass sich die Mitteleuropäische Grundsukzession in weiten Teilen nachverfolgen lässt. Eine Bestimmung der Holzkohlekonzentrationen wurde vorgenommen, jedoch konnten keine sicheren Nachweise für menschliche Aktivität erbracht werden.

Traditional maps of Hellas Planitia, the most prominent impact basin on Mars, have focused on the delineation of continuous surface units. We applied the newly developed grid-mapping method in order to quantitatively analyze the distribution and geostatistics of selected (peri)-glacial, fluvial, and lacustrine landforms. The study area was subdivided in grid cells with a mesh size of 20 × 20 km, and more than 10,000 grids have been inspected manually in a GIS environment at a mapping scale of 1:30,000. Each grid has been checked for the presence or absence of a landform. Thus, we were able to statistically evaluate the geographical behavior of landforms with respect to elevation, slope inclination, aspect, and other parameters. We searched for 24 pre-selected landforms. However, only 15 of them had a sufficient abundance for scientific research. Whereas the latitude-dependent mantle is widespread in most of Hellas, it was found to be mostly missing in the northeastern part, likely a result of desiccating winds circulating clockwise within the basin. The location and morphologic expression of scalloped terrain also seems to be influenced by winds, as the local orientation of scalloped depressions appears to be aligned along the dominant wind direction, indicating that insolation is not the only factor controlling their formation. Hellas Planitia has been suggested as the site of a former sea. We also searched each grid for the presence of possible shorelines. Despite the small scale of our mapping, no clear evidence for coastal landforms has been detected. Our results reveal a distinctive asymmetry with respect to fluvial channels and Noachian light-toned sediments along the rim of the impact basin. While the northern rim shows a high density of both channels and sediments, the southern counterpart basically lacks channels and light-toned deposits. We suggest different climatic conditions for this imbalance, as the northern part of Hellas likely experienced higher temperatures throughout most of Mars' evolution, while the colder conditions at the southern rim may have prohibited aqueous processes, preventing the development of channels and related sediments. As Hellas contains the deepest areas of the planet's surface, and thus the highest air pressure, its climatic environment can exceed the triple point of water until today, making it a potential habitat. However, our results have shown that the basin floor displays only a very low density of landforms that may indicate liquid water and ice, and especially gullies and viscous-flow features are scarce. The high air pressure and relatively mild temperatures in Hellas decrease the relative atmospheric water content, resulting in a desiccated air and soil, and hence, may explain the lack of viscous-flow features and gullies. All these findings extended our knowledge not only of Hellas Planitia, but of the screened landforms themselves too. In conclusion, small-scale grid-mapping made it possible to recognize large-scale patterns and distributions in Hellas Planitia.

Due to a general insecurity and the need to protect the population and communications, towards the end of the 4th century a large number of Late Roman fortifications were built in the region of the Leskovac basin, mainly towards the edges. Their distribution was determined by the level of the region’s population density, its resources and by the need to control the roads. These were predominantly smaller fortifications whose primary role was the protection of the local population, who lived off the land and bred cattle. However, the largest number of these is in the western part of the basin, in the mountainous regions of Goljak, Majdan, Radan and Pasjaca, whilst the highest density of fortifications is in the Banjska Reka valley, around the village of Sijarina. The whole region was known for its mining activity in previous centuries. A particular group comprises the fortifications around Caricin Grad - Justiniana Prima, whose main role was the defence of the access to the city. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177021: Urbanisation Processes and Development of Mediaeval Society]

2drainage area which is larger than Europe. Because of its huge area, Amazonia plays a significant role in the establishment of global climate, water and carbon budget (e.g. Saint-Paul et al. 1999). Amazonia is mostly covered by rainforest and some savanna ecosystems. The Amazon Basin is low lying with >1,000,000 km 2 at

This article deals with the social and anthropological aspects of burial rituals during the Middle Bronze Age in Timocka Krajina. Decades of systematic research of necropolises and reconnaissance in the basin of the Crni Timok proved an increase in number of sites around ore - rich areas of the east Kucaj mountains as well as around Romuliana site and the fertile valleys of Džanovo polje (Map. 1). The quantitative increase in settlements was reflected by the emergence of large necropolises, only three of which have been systematically explored; those in Trnjani, Magura and Bor Lake (Fig. 1; Plan 1). Analysis of geographical features of many settlements and their position in relation to natural resources helped define two communities, one of which carried out mining and metallurgical activities, while the other group engaged in the production of food. Both groups lived in the immediate vicinity and mutual dependence, functioning within a developed market for copper production. During the exploration of the necropolis near Bor Lake in 1997, the remains of burnt skeletons were collected from burial structures 2/97 and 13/97 (Fig. 2; Plans 2 and 3). Anthropological analysis of the cremated remains of the deceased showed that high temperatures were used during the cremation process, which we assume could have only been achieved in metallurgical furnaces. This is confirmed by the fact that the skeletal fragments contain traces of melted metal, as well as finds of bronze slag inside urns and grave structures in the necropolis in Trnjani (Figs. 3 and 4; Tables 1-4). Burial ritual of this kind was not proved by systematic archaeological research of necropolises in the basin of Crni Timok, although anthropological data collected from necropolises linked to metallurgical settlements may indicate some guidelines in the ritual cremation of prominent members of these communities. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177020: Arheologija Srbije: kulturni identitet, integracioni faktori, tehnoloski procesi i uloga centralnog Balkana u razvoju evropske praistorije i br. 177007: Romanizacija, urbanizacija i transformacija urbanih centara civilnog, vojnog i rezidencijalnog karaktera u rimskim provincijama na tlu Srbije]

Seit dem späten Pliozän / frühen Pleistozän stellt der Rhein als einer der größten europäischen Flüsse das einzige Entwässerungssystem dar, welches die Alpen mit der Nordsee verbindet. Auf seinem Verlauf von den Alpen bis hin zum Ärmelkanal passiert er unterschiedliche geomorphologische und geologische Einheiten, von denen der Oberrheingraben die Hauptsedimentfalle bildet. Während die alpinen Vorlandbecken aufgrund der hohen Dynamik des Gesamtsystems nur ein geringes Erhaltungspotenzial hinsichtlich der Sedimentablagerung aufweisen, und das Ablagerungsgebiet unmittelbar an der Nordseeküste mehrfach signifikant durch pleistozäne Meeresspiegelschwankungen beeinflusst wurde, bietet die andauernde Subsidenz des Oberrheingrabens einmalige Bedingungen für die kontinuierliche Akkumulation von Sedimenten., research

Der Oberrheingraben und insbesondere das Heidelberger Becken spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Untersuchung der Änderungen im Klima und der tektonischen Aktivitäten im Tertiär und Quartär. In den letzten Jahren wurden einige Forschungsbohrungen abgeteuft, um Daten für eine neue Interpretation der Geologie des nördlichen Oberrheingrabens zu erhalten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Bohrungen Heidelberg, Viernheim und Ludwigshafen-Parkinsel sowie die flacheren Bohrungen Pfungstadt, Stadtwerke Viernheim and Hüttenfeld anhand der dort durchgeführten geophysikalischen Bohrlochmessungen näher untersucht. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen an den Kernen beschriebenen Lithologien werden mit Hilfe der Daten der Bohrlochmessungen charakterisiert. Anschließend erfolgt eine Korrelation zwischen benachbarten Bohrlöchern, um aus den charakteristischen Änderungen im Parameter‚ natürliche Radioaktivität Aussagen zur Änderung der sedimentären Liefergebiete (Rhein, Neckar, Pfälzerwald und Odenwald) zu treffen. Eine Auswertung mit der statistischen Methode der Clusteranalyse ermöglicht es, aus den Bohrlochmessungen Bereiche mit einheitlichen physikalischen Eigenschaften zu finden und damit die möglichen sedimentären Liefergebiete einzugrenzen., research

During 2005 and 2008, a team from Republic Cultural Heritage Preservation Institute carried out preservative, sondage, archaeological and revision exploration of the Church of Holy Virgin in Gradac monastery. The 2005 exploration aim was to uncover geomorphology and characteristics of soil and its moisture penetration, to make insight in condition of ground zones, uncovering of attached structures and archaeological material, obtaining stratigraphic data, all in purpose of obtaining data for making the Main Project for preserving the Church of Holy Virgin from moisture. The first phase of work started in 2008, and it included work on western, north-western and south-western part of the church. During these explorations, 9 sondages were opened and a drainage pit, in total area of 130 m² and total depth of 3 m. Beside medieval cultural layer and medieval necropolis, a prehistoric layer of 0.5-0.6 m depth was found which was documented with four residential horizons as well with other belonging archaeological material originated in period of the end of Early Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age. Pottery from older prehistoric layer in Gradac, which was documented with two residential horizons, mainly consists of fragments of pottery made of weaker, refined clay, with smooth surfaces and with range of colour from brownish to dark grey. These are fragments of dishes and larger spherical pots with two vertical handles on wider part of body. Some fragments are decorated with wartlike bulges or recesses made with fingers. From fine pottery, there are pear-shaped amphorae with thin sides, bowls and cups. Beside pottery, in this layer there were also few fragments of different shapes made of Rozhnac stone, flints and quartzite, part of stone axe with perforation whose upper part is shaped into secant and two fragmented millstones made of quartzlathyte, a mineral found in mountain Golija (Pl. I-III). Analogies to this pottery are found in sites in Milica Brdo in Ljuljaci, several sites in region of Krusevac and in Kosovo and Metohia. Pottery of the earlier layer is made of better refined earth with additives of fine grained sand. It has smoother surface with light brown colours. Distinctive items are fragments of biconical and S profile bowls with lingulate handles and wartlike bulges and fragments of cups with emphasized curved handles that exceed the height of mouth edges. Beside this, there is also, in less numbers, pottery of rougher shapes, which mainly includes smaller pots of conical or biconical shapes with flat or slightly curved edges. Some fragments are decorated with fingerprints or notches and some of them have plastic ribs and engraved lines (Pl. IV-V). This pottery from earlier layers from Gradac is similar to pottery from sites in Morava Basin, regions of Krusevac, Kraljevo and Kosovo. Explorations of these settlements, though small by exploration area, gave precious data about residential architecture. Residential structures have been situated in middle and topmost part of the plateau and we assume that this settlement area has not been expanded, but that new buildings have been built in place of old ones. Remaining of these structures shows that they were solid and relatively commodious. Entrance, together with economy part, was on the south side. At the end of Early Bronze Age, settlement was abandoned, but it was reestablished in lesser scale during Middle Bronze Age. Reason for this could be a stable period during Middle Bronze Age, change of economy and beginning of migrating cattle breeding. Gradac settlement was completely abandoned during Middle Bronze Age and was not reestablished again in Prehistoric period.

Most of the necropolis investigated in the Lower Danube basin have been generally dated between the 12th and 14th centuries. However, the grave finds indicate that there are significant differences between certain necropolis and against that background it is apparent that they could not date from the same time period. The main characteristic of the necropolis in Korbovo Vajuga and Prahovo are numerous bracelets and various variants of the earrings with biconical pendants. There were also found the earrings with granulated nodules, hoops with coils of wire on their lower segment and earring with spherical pendant decorated with the pseudo granulation. The necropolis at the sites Svetinja in Stari Kostolac and the cemeteries at Mala Vrbica, Klicevac and Coka Arte are also chronologically close to the above mentioned necropolis. Another group includes the necropolis at which the mentioned finds are entirely lacking. These are the necropolis Kod Groblja in Stari Kostolaca as well as the cemeteries at Cezava, Manastir, Boljetin Ravna, Hajducka Vodenica, Usce Porecke reke, Ljubicevac and Mihajlovac. Between these two groups of clearly distinguished necropolis are the cemeteries at Ribnica and Brza Palanka characterized by the mixed finds known from both groups of the necropolis. The beginning of interment in the cemeteries at Korbovo, Prahovo and Svetinja could be dated not before the second half of the 12th century, while at Vajuga it is more precisely dated in the end of that century. The question is how long these cemeteries could have been in use. The coin finds confirm without doubt that they had been in use during the first decades of the 13th century and the cessation of burying could be related to the Mongolian invasion, which affected these regions in the beginning of the fifth decade of the 13th century at the latest. The gradual disappearance of the earlier jewelry could be observed through the rare finds in the 13th century cemeteries, while they are entirely lacking in the later burials. The changes in the inventory of the necropolis relate also to the appearance of new decorative objects including the jewelry made of small ornamental plates or the earrings shaped as question mark. Generally speaking, these cemeteries are characterized by smaller quantity of grave goods and among them are much more frequent the elements of clothing (buckles, buttons, clasps), which are almost entirely lacking in the earlier cemeteries. It could not be precisely established how long these cemeteries had been in use only on the basis of the grave finds but the cessation of burying could be indirectly related to the Turkish conquest of this part of the Danube valley.

International audience; Abstract The reflection and refraction seismic data collected during the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 survey in the Sea of Marmara provide detailed imaging of sedimentary record and fault activity with deep penetration into its basement. First, a detailed analysis of pre-stack depth-migrated seismic lines crossing the Central Basin enable us to discuss the space and time relations of the large and smaller nested basins of the inner depression, as well as the diversity of style and rate of activity of motion at the diverse basin border faults. Second, forward modeling of OBS refraction arrival times reveals the effect of compaction on the sedimentary pile whereas its layering imaged by MCS as seismic reflectors rather recorded the tectonic evolution. Another major result of the refraction modeling is the identification of the crystalline basement. The latter is imaged about 1 or 2 km deeper than the base of the layered sedimentary sequence imaged on the coincident MCS profiles. This basement exhibits sharp topography across the Central High, the Kumburgaz Basin and the eastern tip of the Cinarcik–North Imrali Basin in an unexpected way with respect to the sea-bottom depressions. We furthermore imaged several large tilted basement blocks, which separate the deep basins as between the Cinarcik and Imrali basins. Despite the varying width of the NMT and the sizes of the tilted blocks, we propose that the imaged finite deformation results from a similar process of partitioning deformation over more than one or even two faults across the NMT that may have changed activity with time and space.

Reste von Großsäugern (Equus, Elephas, Cervus und Canis) aus der plio-pleistozänen Karewa-Formation des Kashmir-Beckens in NW-Indien werden beschrieben. Da die Fossilien aus paläomagnetisch datierten Schichten stammen, kann hier erstmals eine zeitliche Korrelation für das Auftreten der Großsäuger für das Kashmir-Becken gegeben werden. Equus und Cervus erscheinen erstmals vor etwa 2.0 Mio. Jahren, während Elephas und Canis erst in der Brunhes-Epoche belegt sind. Das Auftreten dieser Gattungen wird mit anderen bekannten biochronologischen Sequenzen des Subkontinentes verglichen und kurz auf die Grenzziehung zwischen Plio- und Pleistozän in Nordindien eingegangen., research

The relations between Russia and China have become much warmer since the beginning of the 1990s; they put an end to severe tensions between the two countries. Now trade is expanding, and investment from China in the border area is stimulating growth along the Amur River. But with growth also come water withdrawals: sortages have already appeared in the basin. Prospects are all the more problematic as northern China is facing severe water shortages that could partly be solved, in the medium term, by a derivation from the Amur/Heilongjiang Basin. Would such a project be considered given the still volatile state of relations between Moscow and Beijing? Les relations entre la Chine et la Russie se sont considérablement détendues depuis une dizaine d’années. Ce réchauffement diplomatique met un terme à la forte tension qui régnait entre les deux pays. Le commerce croît, et les investissements chinois dans la zone frontière stimulent la croissance le long du fleuve Amour. Mais avec la croissance viennent les prélèvements en eau : des cas de manque d’eau sont déjà apparus dans le bassin. Les perspectives sont d’autant plus problématiques que la plaine de Chine du Nord est confrontée à de graves pénuries d’eau, lesquelles pourraient être en partie résolues, à moyen terme, par un canal en provenance du bassin de l’Amour/Heilongjiang. Une telle perspective pourrait-elle être envisageable, compte tenu de la volatilité des relations entre Moscou et Beijing ?

Eine Boden-Sediment-Abfolge pliozäner Schwemmfächersedimente mit 24 fossilen Böden im nordöstlichen Flügel des Beckens von Granada wurde laboranalytisch untersucht. Die rötlich braunen bis roten Böden und die (Boden-)Sedimente belegen ein mehrfaches Alternieren von Aufschüttung und (unterschiedlich intensiver) Bodenbildung. Akkumulation fand während trockener und morphodynamisch aktiver Phasen ohne schützende Vegetationsdecke, Bodenbildung während feuchter und morphodynamisch stabiler Phasen mit Vegetationsbedeckung statt. Für diesen, zeitlich noch nicht eingrenzbaren Abschnitt des Pliozäns muß daher eine entsprechend hohe Anzahl von Klimawechseln postuliert werden., research

Es wird die Ansicht von Ganss (1953), die Höhenlage eines von ihm aufgefundenen Seeton-Vorkommens in 870 m NN setze eine gewaltige (350 m mächtige) interglaziale Zuschüttung des Berchtesgadener Talkessels voraus, diskutiert. Die Vorstellung von Ganss schließt — ableitbar aus der interglazialen Morphologie — zwangsläufig ähnliche gewaltige Verschüttungen des benachbarten Salzach-Tales und des Reichenhaller Beckens ein. Das Fehlen von Resten solcher mächtiger Schotterdecken muß gegen die GANSS'sche Deutung sprechen. Das lokale Seeton-Vorkommen ist als Ablagerung eines kleinen Karsees innerhalb des früheren Karraumes der „Resten" zu deuten., research

Erstmals wird eine Karte der Höhenlage der Tertiär-Quartär-Grenze für ein größeres Gebiet des württembergischen Alpenvorlandes vorgelegt. Das untersuchte Gebiet umfaßt eine Fläche von 310 km². Es wird von ca. 20 km³ quartären Sedimenten bedeckt. Davon entfallen allein 5 km³ auf das Wurzacher Becken und fast 6 km³ auf den recht kleinen Anteil des Untersuchungsgebietes am Schussenbecken. Die Karte der Quartär-Untergrenze (Taf.) erlaubt interessante Rückschlüsse besonders für die Glazialmorphologie., research