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Assessing students' skills in the Romanian language graduation exams has become a topic of discussion for a large part of the population. Students, parents, and assessors hear about this topic during the simulations of these exams, during regular or special sessions. Most of the time the difficulty of the exam is not given by the complex assessment of the previously taught contents, but by the ambiguous tasks of the subjects in the exams. We therefore, intend on the one hand, to make a pragmatic analysis of the topics proposed for the national exams and on the other hand, to compare them with the exercises in the alternative textbooks, which should be effective tools in preparing students for the graduation exams. The aim of this study is to identify at least some of the system's errors and to suggest a series of solutions that will help teachers to better prepare their students for the graduation exams (both 8th and 12th graders).

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Wandel des japanischen Vaterschaftskonzepts ab Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs bis in die Gegenwart und zeichnet diesen auf der Mikroebene nach. Dafür wurden sieben qualitative Interviews mit Männern im Alter von 25-65 Jahren durchgeführt, welche in drei verschiedene Alterskohorten eingeteilt wurden. Anhand der interpretativen Analysemethode von Gabriele Rosenthal wurden Muster und Themenfelder eruiert. Die theoretische Prämisse bildet die Lebenslauftheorie, mithilfe welcher der Zusammenhang zwischen individuellen Erfahrungen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen, also der Mikro- und Makroebene, hergestellt wird. Ausgehend vom Individuum werden Normen von Familie, Vaterschaft und Männlichkeit sowie damit verbundene gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und Probleme diskutiert. Die Untersuchung konnte zeigen, dass Vaterschaftsideale und -vorstellungen sich stetig wandeln. Diese werden durch diverse Faktoren und Akteure, wie dem japanischen Staat selbst, beeinflusst und konstruiert. Außerdem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass normative Vaterschaftsvorstellungen nicht die Realität abbilden, aber einen großen Einfluss auf den Einzelnen haben. Der Ausverhandlungsprozess dieser Ideale und deren kontinuierliche Veränderung spiegelt sich in den Erzählungen der Gesprächspartner wider, ebenso wie individuelle Konflikte, die dadurch ausgelöst werden. Diese Arbeit soll die bisherige Forschung zu Vätern in Japan ergänzen und Erkenntnisse über die subjektive Konzeption von Vaterschaft bringen., This thesis looks at the change of the Japanese concept of fatherhood starting at the end of World War II till the present day and traces it on the micro-level. For this purpose, seven qualitative interviews were conducted with men aged 25-65, who were divided into three different age cohorts. Using Gabriele Rosenthal's interpretative analysis method, patterns and themes were elicited. The theoretical premise is the life course theory, with the help of which the connection between individual experiences and societal changes, i.e. the micro and macro level, is established. Based on the individual perspectives of these seven men, norms of family, fatherhood, and masculinity as well as related societal conditions and problems are discussed. The study was able to show that paternity ideals and conceptions are constantly changing. They are influenced and constructed by diverse factors and actors, such as the Japanese state itself. Furthermore, it could be proven that normative ideals of fatherhood do not represent reality, but have a vast influence on the individual’s perception of themself and society. The negotiation process of these ideals and their continuous transformation is reflected in the narratives of the interviewees, as well as individual conflicts that are caused by them. This paper aims to complement previous research on fathers in Japan and provide insights into the subjective conception of fatherhood.

Gegenstand dieser Masterarbeit ist ein Vergleich zwischen der Terminologie der rumänischen Verfassungen von 1991 und 2003 mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die Menschenrechtsterminologie. Dabei wird es versuchen, den Einfluss von Fremdwörtern und Änderungen in diesem Bereich aufzuzeigen und zu analysieren. Im Allgemein stellen die Menschenrechte die individuellen Rechte der Bürger dar, die wesentlich für ihre Freiheit, Würde und die freie Entfaltung ihrer Persönlichkeit sind. Die ersten vier Kapitel gelten als thematischer Teil der Arbeit, wo der Begriff Menschenrechte erklärt wird und eine breite Sicht über die Menschenrechte auf internationaler und europäischer Ebene angeboten wird. Der theoretische Teil der Arbeit stellt die Grundlage für die Terminologierecherche dar. Übersetzungsschwierigkeiten treten auf, wenn für den Zieltext eine andere Zuständigkeit gilt als für das Rechtssystem des Ausgangstextes. Das Thema der Äquivalenz in der Translationswissenschaft ist eher umstritten, und entlang der Zeit haben viele Wissenschaftler zu diesem Thema ihre Meinung zum Ausdruck gebracht. Der praktische Teil umfasst die Analyse zwischen der alten und neuen Version der rumänischen Verfassung. Darüber hinaus wird ein Übersetzungsvorschlag für Menschenrechtekonvention auf Rumänisch unter Berücksichtigung der in der Verfassung bestehenden Terminologie angeboten.

The present paper aims at analyzing the direct interior monologue of one of the main characters in Stratis Tsirkas’ novel Drifting Cities , Frau Anna, starting both from Dorrit Cohn’s and Gerard Genette’s main assumptions on how consciousness is (re)presented in fiction and Freud’s psychoanalysis and technique of free association used in psychotherapy.

A partir d’une série de concepts – comme la gestion des impres-sions, la performance, la façade, l’expressivité, etc., – introduits par Erving Goffman, nous nous proposons de mettre en évidence des points de convergence entre la sociologie de la communication, l’analyse du discours, la pragmatique et l’étude des mentalités. Il est bien connu que les ouvrages de E. Goffman con-stituent le point de départ de quelques études significatives dans le domaine des sciences de la communication, de la pragmatique et de l’analyse de la conver-sation. Dans le présent article, nous allons démontrer que l’analyse des moda-lités linguistiques d’expression des mentalités peut elle aussi bénéficier des contributions théoriques et pratiques du sociologue américain tant pour l’étude des interactions courantes que pour la communication dans un cadre institutionnel.

After briefly reviewing the theories related to the internal form of the words, but of phraseological expressions as well, the article starts from Wilhelm von Humboldt’s and Jacob Grimm’s theories, according to which the internal structure of the language really exists and it reflects both the specificity of a linguistic community, and its history, traditions and mentalities. In order to prove the credibility and the actuality of these theories, the article analyses the internal structures of some phraseological expressions in Albanian, Romanian, French, Italian and English, by emphasizing mainly the contrasts but also the resemblances between them. The contrasts are attributed to the differences that the speakers of these languages show in the way of looking at certain things, at certain situations, or by paying attention or not to certain details. The resemblances are accounted for especially through the linguistic borrowings resulted over time, but also through the linguistic and cultural contacts accumulated by the speakers of these languages.

Balkan languages entail many euphemisms regarding death and funeral rituals. This paper focuses on the comparative study of Romanian and Albanian euphemisms, emphasizing their often use in similar contexts and at the same time their semantic differences. The analyzed examples of Romanian and Albanian euphemisms are from everyday talk. The article will also include debates regarding the methods and context of using these euphemisms in the two languages, focusing on cultural and linguistic differences.

The article expands upon the need to increase cross-cultural awareness in the field of English for Specific Purposes with main reference to English for Business Purposes. It argues that for learners training to become professionals in this specific domain, intercultural competence, as a branch of the larger concept of communicative competence, is at least as important as developing linguistic competence. In addition, the article sketches certain methods and activities to be used in ESP classes, in order to develop intercultural competence.

Having as a starting point the most important works of John Galsworthy and Camil Petrescu, the present article expands upon the linguistic means of expressing ‘point of view’. The approach combines concepts and theories from narratology with the theory of enunciation and pragmatics.

In this paper, we proposed to demonstrate the possibility of correct determination of the goodwill size and the causing factors, through the use of econometric models based on the subtle sets theory. This thematic approach motivation starts from the fact

RESEARCH AND SCIENCE TODAY is a biannual science journal established in 2011. The journal is an informational platform that publishes assessment articles and the results of various scientific research carried out by academics. We provide the authors with the opportunity to create and/or perfect their science writing skills. Thus, each issue of the journal (two per year and at least two supplements) will contain professional articles from any academic field, authored by domestic and international academics. The goal of this journal is to pass on relevant information to undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students as well as to fellow academics and researchers; the topics covered are unlimited, considering its multi-disciplinary profile. Regarding the national and international visibility of Research and Science Today, it is indexed in over 30 international databases (IDB) and is present in over 200 online libraries and catalogues; therefore, anybody can easily consult the articles featured in each issue by accessing the databases or simply the website.

The treatment options for advanced hallux rigidus include arthrodesis, excision arthroplasty (Keller-Brandes) and joint arthroplasty and based on the literature, arthrodesis still appears to be the gold standard. In recent years, technical advances and higher patient demands have led to an increasing use of total joint replacement but comparative data on patient satisfaction and clinical outcome of different forms of treatment are rare.Between 1995 and 2005 a total of 27 patients were treated with 28 joint replacements of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) in a surgical practice (Bio-Action Great Toe Implant, OsteoMed, Addison, TX). The mean age of the patients was 63.7 years. In a retrospective analysis patients were examined clinically and radiologically after a mean follow-up period of 8.8 years and asked about their satisfaction with surgical results using a questionnaire.After joint replacement 15 patients (53.6%) were free of pain, 8 (28.6%) reported marked improvement, 12 (42.9%) had no limitations in any activity and another 5 (17.9%) had no restrictions in activities of daily life. The maximum walking distance was improved in 21 patients (75%) and walking on rough ground in 24 (85.7%). Of the patients 11 (39.3%) had a good range of motion in the MTPJ, 13 (46.4%) reported a slight restriction, 24 (85.7%) were satisfied or very satisfied with the postoperative result and 22 stated that they would undergo joint replacement again. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed a significant increase in postoperative modified American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores compared with preoperative scores. There was loosening of the phalangeal component in 3 patients (11%), and 2 had to undergo revision.Many recent studies reported good to excellent long-term results of arthrodesis of the MTPJ for stage III and IV hallux rigidus. The results of this study suggest that similar results can be achieved by an experienced foot surgeon with total joint replacement in strictly selected patients.

Fifteen aphasics and 10 patients with cortical lesions of the right (nondominant) hemisphere were examined using 10 nonverbal psychological tests with 23 variants. The number of correct solutions and the duration of fulfillment of each variant were recorded with statistical significance and standard deviations. Aphasics as well as patients with right-sided cortical damage have lower scores than normal individuals for both correctness and duration of performance. The two groups of patients differed in that the number of correct solutions was higher in aphasics than it was in right-sided cortical injury cases. Aphasics required a longer time to perform the tests used by the authors than normals did, and those with right-sided cortical lesions required an even longer time. The results were also dependent on the kind of test applied. For example, the differences shown by tests 4, 5, 6, and 10 were comparatively less among the three groups (normals, aphasics, and right-sided damage of the cortex) and nonsignificant. The results are discussed in relation to thought processes, language, and aphasia.