45 results on '"Speech Acts"'
Search Results
2. Whether-exclamatives: a verum strategy
- Author
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Amido Sara and Buchczyk Sebastian
- Subjects
exclamatives ,speech acts ,verum ,european portuguese ,german ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 - Abstract
Verum has been attested in declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. In this paper, we show that whether-exclamatives, a subtype of exclamatives, also qualify as a verum strategy, thus showing that the phenomenon ranges across all sentence moods. Motivation stems from the discourse properties of our data and the pragmatic contrast between whether-exclamatives and plain assertions. Furthermore, we argue that whether-exclamatives are illocutionarily defined as a coordination of assertion and excl, the illocutionary force of exclamatives. Assembling the formal tools for exclamatives, verum, and speech act coordination, we provide an analysis of verum in this complex hybrid speech act.
- Published
- 2023
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3. Sprechakte in der Kommunikation in Kinderwunschforen
- Author
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Hanna Stypa
- Subjects
internet communication ,fertility forum ,speech acts ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 ,German literature ,PT1-4897 - Abstract
This article discusses an example of internet communication with the main focus being the communication in fertility forums. Such forums are frequented and used by female users who need medical assistance to become pregnant. The users seek contact with people who experience similar problems and exchange information related to infertility treatments. Although internet forums have been widely examined with the use of linguistic tools, the fertility forums still need further analysis as they undoubtedly offer research potential. This study looks at what speech acts have been employed at a particular forum, and what are the lexical and morphosyntactic components of these speech acts. The forum corpus consists of 130 posts available at www.wunschkinder.net. The analysis of the corpus has shown the repeating patterns in the use of speech acts. It has consequently led to establishing a list of the most characteristic speech acts for the given forum, which are: MENTIONING FERTILITY PROBLEMS, ASKING QUESTIONS, SHOWING SYMPATHY, EXPRESSING UNDERSTANDING, SHARING INFORMATION, OFFERING ADVICE AND CONSOLATION. In addition to neutral expressions, colloquial expressions, and professional medical vocabulary are used in the posts. The tendency to use initialisms or abbreviations is noticeable. On the syntactic level, the forum participants use simple as well as compound and complex sentences. They mostly use complete sentences and, occasionally, sentences without a subject.
- Published
- 2022
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4. Wie zeigt sich Zeigen? Sprachhandlungsbasierte Annäherungen an das Pädagogische in Bildungsmedien – Ratgeber, Lehrbuch und Schulbuch kontrastiv.
- Author
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Ott, Christine
- Subjects
- *
TEACHING aids , *POINTING (Gesture) - Abstract
This paper discusses how the basic pedagogical-didactical operation of pedagogical pointing becomes manifest in educational media. In an explorative, contrastive study, language-based acts of pointing are being analyzed. This provides a starting point for language-oriented typologisations of educational media based on acts of pointing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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5. Semantic and Pragmatic Mechanisms of Humour in Animal Jokes
- Author
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Nemesi Attila L.
- Subjects
animal jokes ,frames ,scripts ,speech acts ,conversational maxims ,implicature ,explicature ,relevance theory ,viewpoints ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to take a close look at the interplay of semantic and pragmatic components of animal jokes. Rather than insisting on the priority of one particular theoretical tradition and selecting a few illustrative examples, 30 animal jokes – most of them translated into English from Hungarian – are presented to help identify the different mechanisms that make them amusing. Adopting a theory-by-theory approach, it becomes clear that some jokes fit well the explanation of frame or script semantics, while others are best captured by one or another pragmatic framework and classification. This leads to the related question of whether it is possible, at this stage of research, to integrate the diverse lines of thought or whether the semantic and pragmatic study of verbal humour will have to remain relatively fragmented. It is argued that certain basic elements of major pragmatic theories are important complements to frame/script semantics, the humour of animal jokes is reliant on the same meaning-generating processes as observed in other jokes, and that the attraction of animal jokes lies in their psychological and cultural-anthropological characteristics. Finally, their cross-cultural investigation is encouraged.
- Published
- 2020
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6. On the Usefulness of the Pragmatic Perspective in Translation: the case of the Speech Acts in the EU Legal Texts
- Author
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Mihaela COZMA
- Subjects
eu legislation ,illocutionary foce ,pragmatics ,speech acts ,translation ,Language and Literature ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 - Abstract
Based on the belief that the choice of any lexical or grammatical item depends not only on the meaning or on the use perceived as conventional in a particular language, but also on a wide range of contextual variables, the present paper argues for the necessity and the usefulness of adopting a pragmatic perspective at various stages of the translation process. For illustration, the author focuses on the specific features presented by the speech acts predominantly used in the English versus the Romanian variants of the EU legal texts, and especially on the illocutionary force with which they are associated.
- Published
- 2020
7. Performatives and prescriptives as markers of conventional-final component in ludic discourse
- Author
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Bredikhin Sergey N. and Lana Dzh. Burgakova
- Subjects
performative ,prescriptive ,ludic discourse ,reflexive basis ,mental space ,conventionalization ,incoation ,finalization ,speech acts ,variability ,formularity ,communicative and pragmatic features ,Education (General) ,L7-991 ,Language and Literature - Abstract
This item focuses on the main ways of explication for performative and descriptive content in conventionalized acts of distributing actual roles within academic discourse. The work offers an analysis of the linguocultural and cognitive basis for fixing the finalizing and structuring component of child count-out rhymes as an incoative component of the game space. The analysis is based on the content to be found in the following three languages: English, Russian and Kalmyk. Hermeneutical-noematic analysis of variable and formal components helped identify the principles of conceptualization for top certainty level and obligations fulfillment beyond the framework of direct performativity. The legitimization of the actual roles distribution is done not on the basis of an explicit expression of will, yet based on an implicit random variative choice, and is fixed with a prescriptive utterance expressed as a rhythmically rhymed formula-like utterance. This, therefore, increases the degree of performativization, i.e. the equivalence of words and actions – manipulative influence occurs through the strategy of intimization within the framework of objectifying the universal maxims of the psycho-emotional space. A ludic performative act becomes a kind of social and ritual action featuring a combination of factors: 1) contamination of personal and collective mental spaces; 2) variability in using rhythmically-rhymed incoation formulas; 3) a conventionally-formalized component of the finalizing utterance. The conceptual structure of performatization is explicated through real and communicative activity in game interaction based on a priori accepted common mental space of binding-effective semantics and ritual actions in objective reality. Kinesics and mimicry in a formula-performative act, which is built like a call, warning, or pseudo-argumentative utterance, plays the role of ultimate strengthening of the communicative and pragmatic effect, which ensures the maximum conventionality of further game interaction.
- Published
- 2020
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8. La fuerza de un signo. Perspectivas teóricas para el análisis de los hashtags # / The strength of a sign. theoretical perspectives for the analysis of hashtags #
- Author
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Gevisa La Rocca
- Subjects
speech acts ,hashtag ,knowledge creation ,affordances ,simulacrum ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Hashtags represent an extremely simple way, used within the social network, to connect news, topics, people, emotions, events. If in the first period - it was possible - to consider them exclusively as thematic aggregators now it is necessary to ask ourselves what they have become. By analyzing different theoretical perspectives, this article aims to arrive at a definition of the term and concept of hashtag.
- Published
- 2020
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9. Sprechakte in der Kommunikation in Kinderwunschforen.
- Author
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STYPA, HANNA
- Subjects
INTERNET forums ,MEDICAL assistance ,COMPLEX compounds ,FERTILITY ,INFORMATION sharing ,SYMPATHY ,CONSOLATION - Abstract
Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
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10. DEONTIC MODALITY IN SPEECH ACTS IN SPORTS DISCOURSE
- Author
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Мina Z. Dragaš
- Subjects
pragmatics ,corpus ,modality ,deontic modality ,speech acts ,illocutionary acts ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
Palmer (1979) starts from the linguistic reality that deontic modals do not have past forms, because it is impossible to impose an obligation or give permission to someone in the past, although it is possible to report an obligation or permission that existed in the past, and this can be seen through the above examples. In summary, both in the examples of the sports corpus in Serbian and in the examples in English, the most dominant is the use of deontic markers that have the meaning of obligation, ie. bonds. Deontic modals are mostly directives, as shown here, when we oblige others to do something. In short, in the examples of corpora in Serbian and English, the most common is the use of deontic statements that have the meaning of obligation, ie. bonds. Even more, in this paper it turned out that in English it is more common, when we look at the frequency of use of deontic markers with the meaning of obligation. The bond can be strong and weak. We came to the conclusion that a strong bond in most cases comes from coaches (T), as people who have experience, security and long work behind them, unlike players who feel a weaker bond. Approaching this paper from a multidisciplinary perspective in the analysis of modality and speech acts, a conclusion arises that such research recognises the complex relationship between language and society. The study places at the forefront the linguistic category of modality as a linguistic mechanism of social action through which individuals can maintain their identities and viewpoints while keeping the ability to affect the thinking, opinions, and identities of other members involved in the interaction. From the syntax-semantics interface, we identified deontic markers and provided explanations for deontic modality, which many linguists view as a subtype of epistemic modality, yet it is still a topic that opens the doors to additional research. From the perspective of pragmatics, the examples lead to the conclusion that the insight into immediate context is necessary for a proper understanding of speech acts and unspoken messages, and that participants in communication share common world knowledge and experience. Nonetheless, people naturally almost unmistakably recognise the pragmatic meanings of speech acts within a speech event, where a speech event entails a set of all statements understood by the interlocutors in a given situation aimed at achieving a specific goal. In addition, we also concluded that the illocutionary force depends on the speaker who performs the speech act with a clear intention of having its meaning unequivocally recognised. What is more, certain circumstances and conditions need to exist for the speech act to take place. Nevertheless, the topic poses itself as deeply complex and raises numerous other questions concerning further research. The importance of analysing modality goes beyond the traditional framework of linguistic study and primarily manifests itself on the level of linguistic use of modal operators in an appropriate linguistic and socio-cultural context, thus within the domain of pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis.
- Published
- 2021
11. DEUTSCH FÜR DEN BERUF. ENTWICKLUNG VON SPRACHKOMPETENZEN.
- Author
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DEJICA-CARȚIȘ, Anca
- Subjects
PROFESSIONAL competence ,LABOR market ,SOCIAL skills ,GERMAN language ,WRITTEN communication - Abstract
Copyright of PCTS Proceedings (Professional Communication & Translation Studies) is the property of Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Department of Communication & Foreign Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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12. Das Deutsche als europäische Sprache
- Author
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Zifonun, Gisela
- Subjects
Grammar ,comparative linguistics ,speech acts ,specifics of German ,thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ,thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics - Abstract
As one of the world’s 7,000 languages, German shares "family similarities" with many other European languages, but also has some very unique traits. In a total of eight chapters, this book examines the German language within the context of its European neighbour languages and shows where its distinctive features lie, making it clear that facts from its grammar and vocabulary are an interesting and underrated field of knowledge.
- Published
- 2021
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13. Existují místa nedourčenosti? Ingardenova koncepce literárního díla, řeč a reálné entity skutečnosti | Do Places of Indeterminacy Exist? Ingarden’s Concept of Literary Work, Speech and Real Entities
- Author
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Vladimír Papoušek
- Subjects
places of indetermiantion ,speech acts ,literature ,fiction ,reality ,Language and Literature - Abstract
This article poses the crucial question whether ‘places of indeterminacy’ discussed in the work of Roman Ingarden really exist. The author resolves the problem using the theory of speech acts. His main thesis is based on the belief that language does not represent places in the real world. On various examples of literary texts he tries to show how literature depends only on language and speech acts. The aim of the article is not to call Ingarden’s concept into question but to consider new ways we may think about this problem — the relation between signs and real objects.
- Published
- 2019
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14. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Studying Linguistic Variation in Audiovisual Texts: Extrapolating a Synergy of Neuropsychology, Semiotics, Performativity, and Memetics to Translation Studies
- Author
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Lydia Hayes
- Subjects
accents ,audiovisuals ,cultural identity ,dialects ,dubbed translations ,memes ,performativity ,spanish ,speech acts ,standardisation ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 ,Literature (General) ,PN1-6790 - Abstract
This paper explores the perceptual power of accent and dialect through an interdisciplinary prism, which renders the utterance of accent performative and the ideological load of accent memetic. The theoretical framework established synergises Neuropsychology, Semiotics, Memetics, Performativity, and Sociolinguistics and is extrapolated to the field of Translation Studies. In light of the performativity of accent and the existence of dialectal memes (often shared ideas around linguistic identities) in lingua-cultural communities, it is posited that speaking in any given accent triggers a chain reaction culminating in perception, whereby preconceived ideas or ‘memory’ associated with the speech variety is activated in the listener, from which point an image of identity is formed in his or her psyche. The use of accentual variation, therefore, to create audiovisual identities in original versions is illustrated and, in turn, the flattening out of cultural dimensions in dubbed versions is attributed to the levelling of accentual variation into a standard. Spatiotemporal and other practical constraints, as well as ideological questions, imposed on dubbing practices are considered with a view to translating linguistic variation. Audiovisual translation practices are considered in the context of English-language productions dubbed into Castilian Spanish.
- Published
- 2019
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15. Independent Infinitive in Directive Speech Acts for Direct Communication in the Polish Language and Its Equivalents in the French Language
- Author
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Joanna Górnikiewicz
- Subjects
independent infinitive ,command mode forms ,syntax ,injunction ,speech acts ,contrastive grammar ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
This article discusses the Polish independent infinitive, which constitutes a predicate in imperative utterances, and its French functional equivalents. The analysis was conducted at two levels. In the first part, the author describes the independent infinitive in the Polish language referring to the Polish formal structural syntax (Saloni, Świdziński 2012). This is to determine which place is occupied by this unit in a sentence, both in relation to other uses of the infinitive and in comparison to other units with the function of a predicate in statements of the same modality. The French structural equivalent has been determined on the basis of the same criterion of syntax dependency. However, even though both languages have corresponding structures, they do not use them in the same way. Only in Polish it is possible to form sentences with infinitive predicates in the spoken language, in face-to-face conversation. What are the factors that favour choosing this form? The author answers this question in her semantic and pragmatic analysis, conducted in the methodological framework of speech act theory (Searle 1979, Vanderveken 1988). She presents imperatives as a class of speech acts, which are extensively developed and specifies those, which can be executed by means of utterances with infinitive predicates. Additionally, factors of social and psychological character have been taken into consideration, as those which favour selecting the discussed form. What structure constitutes its functional equivalent in the French language? An analysis of a body composed of examples originating primarily from dialogues in contemporary literary works and their approved translations has allowed, on the one hand, to confirm the intuitive belief that grammar forms perform this function, in face-to-face oral communication the French language has only the command mode forms (l’impératif in French). On the other hand, we can launch a discussion about possibilities to translate them into a language which does not allow for an analogous use of the available infinitive structure.
- Published
- 2021
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16. Words that Burn: On the Manners and Implications of Oath-Taking Practices in Ethiopian Amhara Customary Law, Nineteenth–Twentieth Centuries
- Author
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Eloi Ficquet
- Subjects
anthropology of law ,oath ,speech acts ,Amharic ,customary law ,orality ,Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology ,GN301-674 ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
Between the spoken word, ritual action, and legal processes, the studies of oath-taking practices have developed a broad literature. This article provides an additional layer of materials and analysis on speech acts and ritual procedures involved in the manners of taking an oath in the Christian societies of Ethiopia, as recorded from the midnineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Some samples of Amharic discourse specific to the manners of oath-taking in the customary legal system of Christian Ethiopia are presented here through extracts from unpublished field notes recorded in the 1840s by the French traveller Arnauld d’Abbadie. This source is then compared to other ethnographic observations of oath-taking statements and rituals in the context of Ethiopian Christian societies. The implications of swearing an oath in Ethiopian customary law lead to the critical re-examination of the history of Ethiopian law in a comparative outlook, particularly with the canonical laws of Eastern and Western Europe.
- Published
- 2021
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17. Silence and Self-expression in Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley: An Application of John Searle’s Speech Acts Theory
- Author
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Sara KHAZAI, Maryam S. BEYAD, and Mahmoud R.G. SABBAGH
- Subjects
Shirley ,Charlotte Brontë ,discourse analysis ,John Searle ,speech acts ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Despite the “comedic” happy ending of Brontë’s Shirley (1849), its heroine’s taciturn incommunicativeness towards the end of the novel in contrast to her lively former derring-do, has naturally given rise to various speculations about the nature of her transformation. The fact that many of the final exchanges between her and Louis Moore are reported with a temporary shift of point of view in Louis’s personal journal, with an obvious artistic distance between the narrator’s voice and his, merely serves to cast darker shadows over the veracity of his conclusions. The present application of Searle’s speech acts theory to some dialogue samples from Shirley, focuses on the differences of communicational styles in its heroine at three stages of the narrative and concludes that feeling the weight of the “new world” she has entered after her betrothal, Shirley finds that there is a consequent need for her to employ more expressive speech acts to elucidate, fewer assertives for greater self-effacement, and more frequent hedges to give a softer edge to her directives. Shirley’s linguistic technique now relies for its success on her silence and tolerant manner rather than persuasive arguments, and her speech mannerisms might in fact be presumed a “performance.” She thus shifts her style of expression intentionally, and in such a fashion as to empower Louis further and hand the conversational reins over to him.
- Published
- 2018
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18. Sprechakte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Höflichkeit.
- Author
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Balcı, Tahir
- Abstract
Copyright of Diyalog Interkulturelle Zeitschrift für Germanistik is the property of Diyalog Interkulturelle Zeitschrift fur Germanistik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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19. Eine kuriose Debatte wiederholt sich: Plädoyer für eine kontextsensible Mikrosoziologie der Gewalt.
- Author
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Koepp, Tabea and Schattka, Chris
- Abstract
Copyright of Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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20. A Logical Approach to Modal Verbs 1 Can and Could
- Author
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Imre Attila
- Subjects
modality ,speech acts ,remoteness ,frequency ,teaching modal verbs ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
The article aims at a logical approach to discussing can, could, and be able to, organized around core meanings such as possibility, ability, and permission. We argue that the concept of “remoteness” proposed by Lewis in 1986 may simplify enough the explanation regarding the relationship between can and could, and their presentation relies on authoritative sources published for international (English), Hungarian, and Romanian students. The conclusion discusses both the importance and relativity of a number of occurrences (depending on different text types), trying to offer a possible teaching option for modals stemming from practice. The article is connected to the international conference in Miercurea Ciuc, entitled Idegen - Străinul - Stranger, focusing on English as a foreign language through the eyes of non-native speakers.
- Published
- 2017
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21. Лингвоаксиологический взгляд на типы речевых актов (на материале устной разговорной речи)
- Author
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Юлия Пикулева
- Subjects
linguoaxiology ,speech acts ,colloquial speaking culture ,values ,History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics ,DK1-4735 ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 ,Literature (General) ,PN1-6790 - Abstract
The report is devoted to the linguoaxiological description of types of speech acts. The author comes to the conclusion that direct and indirect linguistic signals of verbali- zation of perceptions of values and attitudes can be allocated among the types of speech acts. Such speech acts as representatives, commissives, directives, declaratives can transfer value meanings with varying degrees of certainty. The materials are a corpus of conversations of citizens of the Urals – vernacular speakers. It is possible to identify some of the core national and regional values based on the analysis of the material.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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22. Politeness Speech Acts in the Speech of Children: Pragmatic Mistakes and Acquisition
- Author
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Viktorija Kavaliauskaitė-Vilkinienė
- Subjects
psycholinguistics ,children’s speech ,speech acts ,language acquisition ,socialization into politeness ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
The paper aims to discuss the expression and development of politeness speech acts, i.e. greeting, saying goodbye, thanking, usage of the word please, apology, congratulation and wishes, in the speech of a Lithuanian boy, aged 1;6–2;7, and a girl, aged 1;8–2;8. The source of data contains two corpora of transcribed conversations of the children mostly interacting with their mothers (about 20 and 27 hours of recordings are transcribed). The corpora are developed by scholars of Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania. One of the foci of analysis is to discuss the expression and development of the above-mentioned politeness speech acts and common pragmatic errors regarding the usage of politeness formulas in the children’s speech. Another focus is the investigation of the socialization strategies applied by the parents. Based on the current research by different scholars, the article raises the hypothesis that Lithuanian children in the second or third year of life acquire the majority of politeness speech acts as discussed in this paper. The analysis revealed that at the beginning of the observation children lacked communicative competence to use politeness speech acts in a pragmatically appropriate way. They confused situations when to use politeness formulas of thanking, apology and the word please and lacked the knowledge of how to use politeness adjacency pairs. The study also shows that the repetition of parents’ politeness formulas was common. Furthermore, the appropriate use of spontaneous and pragmatic greeting and saying goodbye was observed first, and only later the usage of thanking and the word please appeared. However, only few examples of other politeness speech acts (i.e. apology, congratulation and wishes) were observed in the corpus. Therefore, further research is necessary. The results demonstrate that at the beginning of the third year the children used most of the politeness speech acts appropriately. An early acquisition was affected by children’s familiarisation with politeness routines taught by their parents. The parents directed and prompted their children to repeat politeness formulas, elicited them by questions or performatives and sometimes taught children to be polite by producing metalinguistic comments. Current research seems to indicate that other Lithuanian children could demonstrate similar developmental patterns of politeness speech acts and make similar pragmatic errors as well as being similarly socialized to use politeness formulas.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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23. Probabilistic pragmatics, or why Bayes’ rule is probably important for pragmatics
- Author
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Franke Michael and Jäger Gerhard
- Subjects
pragmatic reasoning ,context ,experimental data ,referential descriptions ,scalar implicatures ,speech acts ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 - Abstract
Probabilistic pragmatics aspires to explain certain regularities of language use and interpretation as behavior of speakers and listeners who want to satisfy their conversational interests in a context that may contain a substantial amount of uncertainty. This approach differs substantially from more familiar approaches in theoretical pragmatics. To set it apart, we here work out some of its key distinguishing features and show, by way of some simple examples, how probabilistic pragmatics instantiates these.
- Published
- 2016
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24. »Dieser Fehler ist einzig und allein mein Fehler« – Politische Kommunikation im Zeichen der Corona-Pandemie
- Author
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Spieß, Constanze
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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25. PROFILIERUNG DER PRAGMATISCHEN KOMPETENZ FREMDSPRACHENSTUDIERENDER
- Author
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Biljana Ivanovska, Marija Kusevska, Nina Daskalovska, and Liljana Mitkovska
- Subjects
pragmatic competence ,speech acts ,DCT ,explicit instruction ,role playing ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the components that the foreign language students of German and English have to develop in order to improve the ability of pragmatic competence. This article presents a description of the first phase of our ongoing research project entitled “The role of explicit instruction in developing pragmatic competence in learning English and German as a foreign language” (”Die Rolle der expliziten Anweisung in der Entwicklung pragmatischer Kompetenz im Englischen und im Deutschen als Fremdsprache”) at the University “GoceDelcev” in Štip in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as it gives a short review about the development of pragmatic abilities of German and English language students. We first define the pragmatic ability, then we discuss the tools that we have used for the collection of data, as well as the analysis method. Finally, we give an overview about further research of the project.
- Published
- 2016
26. Co wspólnego ma metafora z kłamstwem, żartem i udawaniem?
- Author
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Andrzej Kominek
- Subjects
speech acts ,autism ,theory of mind ,communicative-social competence ,metaphor ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 - Abstract
What Does a Metaphor Have in Common with a Lie, Joke and Pretence? Linguistic communication consists of speech acts. In this article, I try to show the features which connect different speech acts, such as a lie, a joke, or pretending, with statements of metaphorical nature. I call them acts of communication and social competence. I understand them as ‘acts which have a meaning, are cognitive representations of what others want to communicate, and support social communication’. In the centre of this category is the metaphor which, in light of the cognitive approach, unites our intellect and imagination, and thus is not just a phenomenon of language, but primarily a phenomenon of our thinking and cognition.
- Published
- 2018
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27. Sprechen und Erzählen beim Stricker
- Author
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Nowakowski, Nina
- Subjects
Narratology ,speech acts ,short stories ,counselling ,consultation ,controversy ,dispute ,religious communication ,bic Book Industry Communication::D Literature & literary studies::DS Literature: history & criticism::DSB Literary studies: general::DSBB Literary studies: classical, early & medieval - Abstract
This study traces the poetics and narrative style of the Stricker’s epics back to the communicative pragmatics of their time. It analyzes depictions of counselling, dispute, and religious speech using approaches from communication theory, narratology, and the history of mediality. In this way, the study links a new interpretation of the Middle High German short story with ideas about the methods of literary theory.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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28. Sprechakttheorie - ein Bestandsaufnahme.
- Author
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Hess-Lüttich, Ernest W. B. and Ouachem, Rawa
- Subjects
SPEECH acts (Linguistics) ,SPEECH act theory (Communication) ,COMMUNICATION methodology - Abstract
In 1969, Cambridge University Press published a book entitled Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language by John Searle. To mark the 50th anniversary, a Narr study book is devoted to the significance of this approach to language theory and its influence on linguistics. The book is edited by Simon Meier, Lars Bülow, Frank Liedtke, Konstanze Marx, and Robert Mroczynski and is entitled 50 Years of Speech Acts. Balance and Perspectives. It is published in 2019 by Gunter Narr in Tübingen as the third volume in the series Studien zur Pragmatik; it presents recent research questions and fields of application dealing with different aspects of speech act theory and offers students of linguistics not only a solid overview but also some suggestions for further research. 1969 erscheint bei Cambridge University Press das für Philosophie wie Linguistik gleichermaßen einflussreiche Buch Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language von John Searle. Zum 50. Jubiläum widmet sich ein Narr Studienbuch der Bedeutung dieses sprachtheoretischen Ansatzes und seinem Einfluss auf die Linguistik. Das Buch wird herausgegeben von Simon Meier, Lars Bülow, Frank Liedtke, Konstanze Marx und Robert Mroczynski und trägt den Titel 50 Jahre Speech Acts. Bilanz und Perspektiven. Es ist 2019 bei Gunter Narr in Tübingen erschienen als dritter Band in die Reihe Studien zur Pragmatik; es präsentiert neuere Forschungsfragen und Anwendungsfelder, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Sprechakttheorie befassen und bietet Studierenden der Linguistik nicht nur einen soliden Überblick, sondern auch manche Anregungen für die weitere Forschung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
29. Performatives and prescriptives as markers of conventional-final component in ludic discourse
- Author
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Sergey N. Bredikhin and Lana Dzh. Burgakova
- Subjects
mental space ,lcsh:Language and Literature ,Computer science ,variability ,Performative utterance ,General Medicine ,speech acts ,communicative and pragmatic features ,Linguistics ,formularity ,lcsh:Education (General) ,prescriptive ,reflexive basis ,Component (UML) ,conventionalization ,lcsh:P ,performative ,finalization ,ludic discourse ,lcsh:L7-991 ,incoation - Abstract
This item focuses on the main ways of explication for performative and descriptive content in conventionalized acts of distributing actual roles within academic discourse. The work offers an analysis of the linguocultural and cognitive basis for fixing the finalizing and structuring component of child count-out rhymes as an incoative component of the game space. The analysis is based on the content to be found in the following three languages: English, Russian and Kalmyk. Hermeneutical-noematic analysis of variable and formal components helped identify the principles of conceptualization for top certainty level and obligations fulfillment beyond the framework of direct performativity. The legitimization of the actual roles distribution is done not on the basis of an explicit expression of will, yet based on an implicit random variative choice, and is fixed with a prescriptive utterance expressed as a rhythmically rhymed formula-like utterance. This, therefore, increases the degree of performativization, i.e. the equivalence of words and actions – manipulative influence occurs through the strategy of intimization within the framework of objectifying the universal maxims of the psycho-emotional space. A ludic performative act becomes a kind of social and ritual action featuring a combination of factors: 1) contamination of personal and collective mental spaces; 2) variability in using rhythmically-rhymed incoation formulas; 3) a conventionally-formalized component of the finalizing utterance. The conceptual structure of performatization is explicated through real and communicative activity in game interaction based on a priori accepted common mental space of binding-effective semantics and ritual actions in objective reality. Kinesics and mimicry in a formula-performative act, which is built like a call, warning, or pseudo-argumentative utterance, plays the role of ultimate strengthening of the communicative and pragmatic effect, which ensures the maximum conventionality of further game interaction.
- Published
- 2020
30. Reading as Inaugural Event
- Author
-
Ludmila Barsan
- Subjects
good reading ,deconstruction ,misreading ,religion as doing ,speech acts ,irony ,impossible possibility ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Review of: Éamonn Dunne, J. Hillis Miller and the Possibilities of Reading. Literature After Deconstruction, New York: Continuum, 2010, 160 p.
- Published
- 2011
31. SPEECH ACTS OF OBJECTION IN THE PLAY LOOK BACK IN ANGER BY JOHN OSBORNE
- Author
-
Daniela Matić
- Subjects
speech acts ,pragmatic acts ,objection ,silence as a nonverbal act ,Social Sciences ,History (General) ,D1-2009 - Abstract
This paper studies speech acts of objection within local pragmatic acts extracted from the play Look Back in Anger by John Osborne. In this analysis the theoretical postulates in J.L. Austin, J. Searle and speech act theory, Politeness Principle by P. Brown and S. Levinson and Cooperative Principle by H.P. Grice were drawn upon. In Ivanetić (1995) the listener can accept the speech act of objection, reject it or avoid speaking their mind by changing the subject or evading explicit comment. This paper, however, shows that in most cases the speech acts of objection are not provoked by immediate verbal or nonverbal action of the interlocutor, that very often the listener’s verbal reaction as the second part of the adjacency pair is missing and that silence is a very powerful and aggressive nonverbal answer to the speaker’s verbal action. It is also shown that rich and noisy verbal expression on the one hand and silence on the other are, though opposed, two discourse strategies that hide real reasons for interlocutors’ dissatisfaction and contribute to the indirectness of their discourse.
- Published
- 2011
32. Words of foreign origin in political discourse
- Author
-
Sabina Zorčič
- Subjects
words of foreign origin ,political discourse ,Bourdieu ,Speech Acts ,symbolic cultural capital ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
The paper discusses the use of words of foreign origin in Slovenian political discourse. At the outset, this usage is broken down into four groups: the first contains specific phrases and terminology inherent to the political domain; the second contains words of foreign origin generally present in the Slovene language (because of their high frequency of nonexclusivistic use, these words are not of interest to the scope of this investigation); the third contains various words of foreign origin used as affectional packaging for messages with the aim of stimulating the desired interpretation (framing reality); the fourth group, which is the most interesting for our research, is made up of words of foreign origin which could have a marker: + marked, + not necessary, + unwanted, but only if we accept the logic of purism. All the words in this group could be replaced - without any loss of meaning - with their Slovene equivalents. The speakerʼs motivation for using the foreign word is crucial to our discussion. In the framework of Pierre Bourdieuʼs poststructural theory as well as Austinʼs and Searleʼs speech act theory, statistical data is analysed to observe how usage frequency varies in correlation with selected factors which manifest the speakerʼs habitus. We argue that words of foreign origin represent symbolic cultural capital, a kind of added value which functions as credit and as such is an important form of the accumulation of capital.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Ökologische Validität durch Mixed-Methods-Designs: Die Nutzung qualitativer Interviews zur komplementären Ergänzung standardisierter Vorurteilsmessung
- Author
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Knappertsbusch, Felix
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Probabilistic pragmatics, or why Bayes’ rule is probably important for pragmatics
- Author
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Michael Franke and Gerhard Jäger
- Subjects
050101 languages & linguistics ,Linguistics and Language ,Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar ,P101-410 ,scalar implicatures ,referential descriptions ,06 humanities and the arts ,speech acts ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Language and Linguistics ,context ,experimental data ,060302 philosophy ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,pragmatic reasoning - Abstract
Probabilistic pragmatics aspires to explain certain regularities of language use and interpretation as behavior of speakers and listeners who want to satisfy their conversational interests in a context that may contain a substantial amount of uncertainty. This approach differs substantially from more familiar approaches in theoretical pragmatics. To set it apart, we here work out some of its key distinguishing features and show, by way of some simple examples, how probabilistic pragmatics instantiates these.
- Published
- 2016
35. Bewertung in chinesischen wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriftenartikeln: Wandel und Kontinuität
- Author
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Zhao, Jin
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Zur Semantik der ethnischen Schimpfnamen
- Author
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Tenchini, Maria Paola
- Subjects
lcsh:Language and Literature ,epiteti etnici ,Settore L-LIN/14 - LINGUA E TRADUZIONE - LINGUA TEDESCA ,Settore L-LIN/01 - GLOTTOLOGIA E LINGUISTICA ,meaning ,speech acts ,significato, connotazione ,expressives ,atti linguistici ,lcsh:P ,ethnic epithets ,connotazione ,meaning, connotazione ,atti espressivi - Abstract
Abstract – This article aims to advance a theory of the semantic status of racial epithets able to account for the relationship between the denotation and connotation of these terms. The more common approaches to the topic are considered and some of their drawbacks are illustrated. Then, a solution based on the speech-act theory is offered. It is claimed that a speaker, when using a racial epithet, performs two different speech-acts, one of which is always an expressive, according to Searle’s terminology. The defended theory is in line with those which consider the connotative meaning of racial epithets as semantically expressed and can be extended to every connoted term of a linguistic system. Keywords: racial epithets; meaning; connotation; speech-acts; expressives Abstract – L’obiettivo di questo intervento è quello di proporre una teoria dello statuto semantico degli epiteti razziali che renda conto del rapporto tra il significato denotativo e quello connotativo all’interno di tali termini. Vengono presi in esame gli approcci principali che cercano di illustrare questo rapporto mettendone in risalto alcune debolezze. In seguito, a partire dalla teoria degli atti linguistici l’interpretazione qui proposta consiste in una teoria multi-atto: l’idea di fondo è che il mittente, quando utilizza un epiteto razziale, compia due atti linguistici, di cui uno è, seguendo la terminologia di Searle, sempre un atto espressivo. La teoria qui sostenuta rientra tra quelle che vedono il significato connotato degli epiteti razziali come semanticamente espresso e può essere estesa a tutti i termini connotati di un sistema linguistico. Keywords: epiteti razziali; significato; connotazione; atti linguistici; atti espressivi
- Published
- 2014
37. Türk ceza kanunu: yasal sözeylemlerin çözümlenmesi
- Author
-
İşıl Özyıldırım
- Subjects
yasa dili ,eylem ,kurallar ,zorunluluk ,yasaklama ,izin verme ,legislative language ,speech acts ,rules ,obligation ,prohibition ,permission ,History of scholarship and learning. The humanities ,AZ20-999 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Published
- 1999
38. Die Konstruktion der Gesellschaft aus dem Geist?: Searle versus Bourdieu
- Author
-
Gebauer, Gunter
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. 'Schule spielen' - zum Anspruch der Vermittlung praxisrelevanter Inhalte und zu seinen Folgen für die Interaktionskultur im Studienseminar
- Author
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Dzengel, Jessica
- Subjects
Praxisbezug ,Engineering ,Lehrerausbildung ,Student seminar ,Speech Acts ,Professionalization ,Teacher education ,Interaction ,Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen ,Sprechakt ,Art history ,Probationary teacher training ,Student teacher ,Schulpädagogik ,Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik ,Studienseminar ,Exemplary model ,Education ,Handlungsorientierung ,Habits ,ddc:370 ,Referendariat ,Fallbeispiel ,Theory ,Professionalisierung ,Seminarleiter ,Struktur ,business.industry ,Communication ,Habitus ,Interpretation ,Kommunikation ,Interaktion ,Course tutor ,Teacher training ,Teaching skills ,Practice relevance ,business ,Humanities ,Theorie - Abstract
Das Studienseminar ist im Gegensatz zur Ausbildung an Universität und Ausbildungsschule mit einem besonderen Anspruch konfrontiert: Hier müssen die schulpraktischen Erfahrungen der Referendare vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer Wissensbestände über Schule und Unterricht reflektierend bearbeitet werden. Im Zentrum des Beitrages steht die Frage, wie die Bearbeitung dieser Aufgabe im Studienseminar gestaltet wird. Über die Rekonstruktion von Interaktionen im Studienseminar wird herausgearbeitet, welche Möglichkeitsräume sich für die an der Ausbildung beteiligten Akteure angesichts dieser Vermittlungsaufgabe ergeben und welche Konsequenzen aus der spezifischen Art der Bearbeitung resultieren. (DIPF/Orig.), German teacher-training involves a two year phase of training on the job, which starts after the first examination at university. Within this period the student teachers have to train their teaching skills in regular schools, mentored by certified teachers, and have to reflect their training within a special institution: the so called "Studienseminar". However, empirical studies about this part of the teacher-training in Germany point out contradictory results concerning the teacher students' satisfaction with this part of their education. One cause for this conflict of statements may lay in the specific practice of interaction within the "Studienseminar". Based on two empirical case studies, this article elaborates on the specific difficulties within the interaction in this institution. It points out that the focus of the "Studienseminar", the mediation between theory and practice, requires a special form of inter-colleague communication. The presented evidence shows that this form of communication is hard to install due to the institutional settings of the "Studienseminar". (DIPF/Orig.)
- Published
- 2013
40. Politinių kalbų patriotizmo elementai tinklaraščiuose
- Author
-
Kathrin Habereder
- Subjects
Linguistics and Language ,Archeology ,Patriotism ,Kalbos aktai ,Tinklaraštis ,Web ,Education ,Political language ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Speech acts ,Political speech ,Political discourse ,Patriotizmas ,Weblogs ,Tinklaraščiai - Abstract
Tinklaraščiai vis labiau traukia dėmesį ne tik kaip asmeniniai dienoraščiai, bet ir kaip visuomenės gyvenimą atspindintys rašiniai, pavyzdžiui, tekstai, paskelbti rinkimų kampanijos metu. Tačiau lingvistinių tinklaraščių studijų kol kas mažoka. Šio darbo tikslas yra pateikti pastangas paanalizuoti, kaip politinės idėjos ir koncepcijos reiškiamos šiuose tinklaraščiuose. Šios pastangos yra daugiausiai sutelktos į patriotiškumo koncepcijos raišką kalbos priemonėmis. Jos remiasi prielaida, kad patriotiškumas vaidina ypatingą vaidmenį Europos šalių rinkimų kampanijose, nes politikai, ypač priklausantys tam tikroms politinėms partijoms, apibrėžia save ir savo tikslus kitaip negu dauguma ES šalių. Todėl iliustruojamas pavyzdys analizuoja dviejų Lietuvos kandidatų iš Konservatorių partijos rinkimuose į Europarlamentą 2009 metais tinklaraščių kalbas priešrinkiminės kampanijos metu. Analizuojant paaiškėjo, kad partijos ar politiko patriotizmo ideologija jo rašymo stiliuje nebūtinai matosi, nes abiejų kandidatų politinės pažiūros tokios pačios, kaip ir jų partijos, tačiau patriotizmo elementų kiekis tekstuose gerokai skiriasi. Apjungiant šios analizės rezultatus su kalbos aktų analize (pagal Searle, 1979) tuose pačiuose tinklaraščių tekstuose, galima kelti klausimą, ar nėra tam tikros koreliacijos tarp politikų kalbos aktų rūšių ir patriotiškumo elementų kiekio. Tačiau tai yra tik hipotezė, keliama iš vieno pavyzdžio. Ją dar reikia įrodyti, ir, norint gauti tikslesnius rezultatus, reikia išanalizuoti didesnį tekstų kiekį Blogs are increasingly attracting attention not only as personal diaries, but also as writings reflecting the social life, e.g. texts published during an election campaign. However, there has been little linguistic research of blogs. The objective of this paper is to present efforts to analyse how political ideas and concepts are expressed in these blogs. These efforts mainly focus on expression of the concept of patriotism by language means. They are based on the assumption that patriotism plays a special role in election campaigns of European countries, as politicians, in particular those belonging to certain political parties, define themselves and their goals differently from most EU countries. Therefore, an example being illustrated analyses language in blogs of two Lithuanian candidates from the Conservative Party during the pre-election campaign of elections to the European Parliament in 2009. The analysis revealed that the ideology of patriotism of a party or politician in the writing style is not necessarily visible, as political views of both candidates are the same as of their parties, however, the number of patriotism elements in texts is quite different. By combining these analysis results with the analysis of speech acts (according to Searle, 1979) in the same blog texts, a question can be raised as to whether there is a certain correlation between types of speech acts of politicians and the number of patriotism elements. However, it is merely a hypothesis arising from a single example. It remains to be proved and, in order to obtain more accurate results, it is necessary to analyse larger amount of texts
- Published
- 2011
41. 'Wir laden Sie ein!' - 'Jetzt anmelden!' Zur Spannweite von Instruktionen in Werbebriefen
- Author
-
Martin Nielsen
- Subjects
Register (sociolinguistics) ,Linguistics and Language ,Politeness ,Communication ,media_common.quotation_subject ,sales letters ,Realization (linguistics) ,speech acts ,Sales letter ,Language and Linguistics ,Linguistics ,language.human_language ,German ,sproghandlinger ,Action (philosophy) ,language ,Natural (music) ,Communication source ,Sociology ,salgsbreve ,media_common - Abstract
Instructive texts are an inclusive term for a wide range of action initiating texts, i.e. texts where the action is being initiated through the text (e.g. in a sales letter, Nielsen 2003a: 66), and action commanding texts, i.e. texts where an action which the receiver wanted to execute anyway is being instructed (e.g. instructions, Reiß 1983: 17). Since sales letters are action-initiating and thus as a text genre constituting feature contain directive speech acts (Searle 1969, 1976, Wagner 2001, Nielsen 2006), they are per definition face-threatening (Brown/ Levinson 1978, Nielsen 2006). The communication configuration is asymmetric and the power relationship skewed: On the one hand, the sender wants something from the receiver although not entitled to claim that because of the power relations. On the other hand, the action that the receiver is requested to do might very well be in the interest of the receiver. On that background it seems natural that there is a wide range in the realization of instructions in sales letters: from the euphemistic „We invite you!“ to the completely unhidden, almost rude „Register now!“ This article sets out to describe and explore this range on the basis of authentic Danish and German sales letters and to make an attempt at a first tentative classification of politeness strategies that soften the face-threatening speech acts of those instructions.
- Published
- 2008
42. Das Diskrimen der Frage
- Author
-
Wentzer, Thomas Schwarz, Figal, Günter, Grondin, Jean, and Schmidt, Dennis
- Subjects
Assertions ,Speech acts ,Tugendhat ,Questioning ,Gadamer - Published
- 2000
43. Fragesatze als sprechhandlungen und ihre anwendung im daf -unterricht (Eine vergleichende arbeit)
- Author
-
Savran, N.Zehra, Kavasoğlu, Suna, and Diğer
- Subjects
Speech acts ,Interrogative sentences ,Conversational behaviours ,Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı ,Linguistics ,Dilbilim ,Curriculum ,German Linguistics and Literature ,German - Abstract
V ' TÜRKÇE ÖZET `Konuşmak` insana özgüdür; ve insanların anlaşmak, iletişim kiıi'uutk başvurdukları, sosyal özellik taşıyan bir davranış biçimidir. Dolayı.sıyi,, (( ikinci aşama ana bölümü oluşturmakta olup, ağırlık özgün incelemelere ayrılmıştır. Bu bölüm de kendi içinde bir girişle başlamaktadır. Bundan amaç, incelememizi hangi bilgilerin ışığında geliştirmiş olduğumuzu ortaya koymaktır: Buna göre; karşılaştırmalı dilbilim nedir? Yabancı.dil öğretimindeki esaslar ve Almanca ile Türkçenin yapı özellikleri üzerinde durulduktan sonra şu iki konu araştırılmıştır: Birincisi `Konuşma Davranışları` hakkında günümüze kadar uzanan bilgiler, ikincisi `Soru cümlelerinin her iki dilde incelenerek karşılaştırılmaları`, üçüncüsü ve sonuç aşamasında her iki dilin soru cümlelerinin karşılaştırılmaları sonucu elde edilen veriler toplu olarak saptanmış ve tez,in bütünü ile dilbilimi sistemi içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Varılan sonuçlar ve yeni araştırma ufuklarına yol açacak öneriler: Yaptığımız araştırmada elde ettiğimiz en önemli sonuç Türk dilinde `soru terminolojisi`nin gelişmemiş olmasıdır. Bunun nedeni ise, Almanca ve'Türkçede gramer ve sentaks (söz dizimi) konulara farklı perspektiflerden bakılmasıdır...''.,. -..u..-' -..``'-^T--.«~-$teî-ı*i3Ss*, Soru cümleleri Almancada başlı başına bir cümle yapısını nitelerken, Türkçede soru cümleleri `anlamlarına göre cümleler` başlığı alanda yer almakta ve Almancadaki gibi detaylara ayrılmamaktadır. Fakat Türkçedeki soru cümleleri dil yapısındaki farklara rağmen Almanca. soru cümlelerinde karşılıklarını bulmaktadır. Ancak bu bölüm incelenirken Türkçedeki soru cümlesi tiplerine Almancadaki gibi adlar veremediğimizi farkederek, sonuç bölümünde bu konuyla ilgili `Türkçede soru terminolojileri` üzerine önerilerde bulunduk'. Bu öneriler başta ilgi alanı Türk Dili..olan araştırmacılarımızın ve Alman Dili eğitim ve öğretimiyle içice olan eğitimcilerimizin dikkate almalarında yarar olacağına -»P»inanıyoruz, çünkü bu konu Türkçede gerçekten bir eksikliktir, ve bu boşluğun bir an önce doldurulması gerekmektedir. Sonuç olarak, bir Almanca öğretmeni ana- ve amaç dilin tüm özelliklerini benzerlikleriyle, farklarıyla, istisnalarıyla, bilmelidir; yani her iki dile de hakim olmalıdır. Konumuza paralel olarak: Bir öğrenci bir ifade cümlesini (Aussagesatz) öğrenmeden diğer cümle yapılarına geçemeyecektir.0 halde öğrenciye öncelikle amaç dilin mantığı algılatılmahdır ki, öğrenci edindiği bilgiyi diğer yapılara (örn: ifade cümlesi -» soru cümlesi /soru cümlesi -» ifade cümlesi) uygulayabilsin veya dönüştürebilsin. Tezimizde dilbilimi pastasının sadece bir dilimi olan `Konuşma davranışı olarak soru cümleleri` konusunu karşılaştırmalı olarak aydınlatmaya çalıştık.. Özellikle Almancada karşılığını bulması açısından Türk Dili araştırmalarının, incelemeye aldığımız konuyu tamamlayacak, destekleyecek, diğer dilbilim. konularını da kapsayacak çalışmaların gerçekleştirilmesini umuyoruz. ** VORWORT Als ich noch eine Schülerin war, habe ich zvveimal versucht, den Roman `Sis`. von dem spanischen Philosophen Miguel de Unamuno zu lesen, aber ich habe ihn nicht beendigen können; und als ich midi entschieden habe, zum dritten Mal denselben Romen zu lesen, da habe ich festgestellt, warum ich diesen Roman am Anfang nicht verstehen konnte: dçnn in einem Absatz befanden sich.mindestens zehn Fragesatze hintereinander; der Roman entstand also nur durch Fragesâtzen, deswegen konnte ich mich atıf dem Geschehen nicht konzentrieren, weil ich mich verpflichtet fühlte, über.diese Fragen nachzudenken, und konnte davon nicht abkbmmen. Auch in der Schule öder an der Uni habe ich nicht verstehen können, warum und wt)fiir unsere Lehrer am Anfang deş Unterrichts immer Fragen stellten. Erst nach meinem Studium, nachdem ich Lehrerin fiir Deutsch geworden bin und angefangen habe mich mit Methodik und Didaktik der Fremdsprachenunterricht zu beschaftigen. begriff ich die Notwendigkeit und Funktion der Fragesatze im LernprozeB. Denn der Mensch lemt und sein Bevvufltsein entwickelt sich; indem er sich selbst und den anderen Fragen stellt. Als Lehrer müssen wir uns bemühen, besonders wahrend der Motivationsphase Neugier urid Interesse für weitere Informationen über das neue Unterrichtsthema bei den Schülern/Studenten durch Fragen zu erwecken. Ferner wird sich der Schüler angeregf und verpflichtet fühlen. über diese Fragen zu denken und die richtigen Lösungen zu finden, an dem Unterricht aktiv teilzımehmen. Wie wichtig die Fragen in der menschlichen Kommunikation sind, können wir wiederin den unten gestellten Fragen sehen: 1.Kann man ohne `Fragen` leben? 2.Was für eine Rolle überriimmt die `Frage` am Leben? 3.Warum ist die `Frage-Antwort` eine Lieblingstechnik der Lehrer?in dieser Arbeit habe ich versucht, auf diese Fragen Antworten zu finden: denn sie standen Jahrelang als ein Fragezeichen in meinem Gedâchnis, bis ich mich für die Arbeit `Fragesatze als Sprechhandlungen und ihre Anwendung im DaF-UnteiTİcht` entschloB. Dabei sind nıeine Berufserfahrungen sehr behilflich ge/vorden, da ich mindestens feststellen konnter wie nützlich die Fragesatze in der Sprachunterricht sind. 185
- Published
- 1995
44. Sprechakt und unterrichtssprache (erne semantish-pragmalinguistische und methodisch-didaktishe Untersuchung)
- Author
-
Sebüktekin, Hasan, Arda, Zeki Cemil, and Diğer
- Subjects
Foreign language teaching ,Grammar ,Speech acts ,Class language ,Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı ,Foreign language education ,German Linguistics and Literature ,German - Abstract
Ders dili, öğretmen etkinliği biçiminde soru yoluyla öğ renme sürecini başlatma, buyurma, emir ya da öğrenciye bazx ip uçları vererek teşvik etme gibi kategorilerden ©luşan sözey- 1 emler ile öğrencinin kendi davranışı -yeluyla bunlara karşı lık olarak vereceği yanıt, emirlere uyma gibi diğer sözeylem- lerden ve bu iki adım sonucunda ortaya çıkabilecek ©lan değer lendirme sözeylemini de içeren yorumlama adımından «luşan bir eğitim ve öğretim aracıdır.Bu dil, öğrencilere bilgi ve beceri lerini geliştirme imkanı sağlar, kendi deneyimleri yoluyla on- lara istendik davranışlar kazandırır. 0 halde öğretmen, soru ye- luyla öğrenme sürecini başlat arak, bilgilendirip bilinçlendire rek, gerçekleri göstererek ya da buyurarak öğretir, buna karşın öğrenci ise bunlara yanıtlarla karşılık vererek, emirlere uya rak, görerek ve öğretmeninin sözlerine kulak verip bilgilenerek öğrenir. Duyulanlar, sonuçta, ya benimsenir ya da benimsenmez, sa lara kat ılınmaz. Öğrenme süreci, demek ki k©nuşma,yani derste bazı sözeylemler gerçekleştirilmesi yoluyla ve veya da aynı zamanda davranışlarla başlar ve biter. Öğrencileri motife edici, konuya ilgiyi uyandırıcı olan başlatma adımı(l.) ve öğrencinin buna karşılık vermesi(2.) ile değerlendirici yorumlama adımla- rı(3«), bütün bu adımlar, sırasıyla soru sorma, buyurma, emir ve durum tespiti s öz eylemi erini öğretmen aç ısından ( 1. ) »yanıtlama, emre uyma gibi s özeyi emi erini de öğrenci açısından(2. ) ve so nuçta öğretmenin yapacağı değerlendirme sözeylemini birer ders kategorisi ©larak içerirler. Öğretmen ve onun öğrencileri bütün bu s özeyi emleri, üç aşamada amaca ulaşabilmek için sözel ya da davranışsal olarak gerçekleştirirler. Burada gözetilen amaç, öğ rencilere, kendi yaşantıları ve bilişsel zihin güçlerinin algı laması yoluyla istendik örnek davranışlar kazandırıp hayatta karşılaşabilecekleri engelleri kendi güçleriyle aşabilecek tarz da onları yetiştirmek, yani dille değiştirmektir. Parolamız bura da şudur:Kendi kendilerine öğrenmenin nasıl olabileceğinin öğ rencilere öğretilmesi, kendi kendilerine başkalarına ihtiyaç duymadan yeterli olabilmelerini öğretmek, yani gerekirse kendi başlarına kaldıklarında kendi kendine öğrenebilmenin yelunu öğ retmek ve bu arada üzerlerine serumluluk alma ve onu taşıma duygusunu onlara kazandırmaktır.Yabancı dil öğreniminin karşılaştırmalı bir anlambilim ile edimdilbilimsel bir düzeyde, kültürel ve toplumsal gerçek lerin ışığında, iletişim gücü ve yeteneğinin geliştirilmesi sü reci ©larak algılanması, bizim bu amaca ulaşmamızı sağlar ve dolayısıyla da sözeyleminin tüm boyutlarıyla(bu Dektora Tezin de ©lduğu gibi) esaslı bir incelemesini mümkün kılar (s. 241-254: 12 b©yut).Sözeylem,bu kapsamda herhangi bir ifadeden zihin ve önsezi(sağ duyu) güçlerinin bilişsel düzeyde ©rtaklaşa yardımı sanucu örneğin soru s@rma, durum tespiti ya da buyurma, emir gibi herhangi bir kategori şeklinde algılayabileceğimiz sözel bir eylem ©larak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. 0, bazen eylemeştir(perf©r- matiftir),yani dil dışında kalan gerçek dünyadaki eyleme eşit- tir( `Selam!` gibi), bazen de eylemden küçüktür(k©nstatif tir), ya ni gerçek dünyadaki eylemin gücüne erişemez (©nun yerini tuta maz; `Kapıyı açmaya uğraş ıyer` gibi), bazen de eylemaştir(kamis- sif tir), yani gerçek dünyadaki eylemi aşmaktadır(`Söz,d@ğum gü nünde sana bir R©lls R©yce armağan edeceğimi` gibi). Buradaki sözeylem, del ays iz (direkt) ve görüngendir(explizittir).`D©ğum gününde sana bir R©lls Reyce araba armağan edeceğimi` biçimin de ise bu sözeylem,dolaylı(indirekt) ve içergendir(implizit), yani bilişsel karakterlidir. Sözcenin, hangi sözeylemini içerdiğinin tespiti eşzamanlı harekete geçen birbirinden değişik dilsel ve dil dışı tüm ev renlerin birlikteliği sonucu olur, yani burada belirleyici ©lan evrenler şunlardır: İçerik dil(Objektsprache) ile meta-dilin(Me- ta-Sprache) birlikte ©luşturduğu gerçek dil evreni(l),yüz ifa desi ve diğer vücut hareketlerinin bütünü ©lan davranışlar ya da beden dili(KorperspracheiKinesik,2),durum ve diğer belirle yici göndergeler bütününü içeren ekstra dil(Extraspraehe,3) ve dil dışı ©lan gerçekler evreninin öğeleri ©larak örneğin göz lerin ön sezi ya da sağ duyu ile birlikte karşımızdaki ile iletişim kurması sonucu ©rtaya çıkan duygu evreni (Blickk©n- takt. mit -Welt der Intuiti©n;4),t©nlama evreni (Parasprache: 5). Tüm bu evrenler, eşya ve ©1 ayların, cisimlerin dünyası demek ©lan gerçek dünya(auBersprachliche Welt:6) ile bağlantılı bir biçimde, anlamı ve sözeylemin kategorisini belirlerler, örneğin `Sibel, musluk damlıyer` sozcesindeki sözeylemin kategorisi içe rik, durum ve uygulanan taktiğe göre, bu 6 çeşit dünyanın eşza-manla bir ortaklaşa etkileşimi aonucu,bir durum tespiti(musluk damlıyer,herhalde bozuk gibi) ya da bir buyurma,bir emir(`Musoluğu iyice siki`) ya da bir uyarı(*Su b«şuna akıyor,bir önlem almak gerek` veya `Haberin var mı, musluk damlıyor i`) gibi anlam- lar(kategoriler) yüklenmiş alabilir,ya da sadece bunlardan bir tanesi kast edilmiş olabilir.Bu arada dediğim gibi konuşanın ses tenu,söyleyiş biçimi ve yüz ifadesi ile beraber dil dışı ve içi etkenler ve şartlar da sözeylemin türünü tespit etmede belirleyici bir rol oynamaktadırlar,Bu her kategorinin algılanış biçimine uygun olarak dinleyici,etkilenme sonucu değişik davranışlar ve sözler ortaya koyar,sözgelimi durum tespitine kendisi de katılabilir ve `Evet,maalesef musluk bozuk` diyebiolir ya da sözeylemin kategorisini emir olarak algılamışsa. zaoman gidip musluğu iyice sıkabilir ya da tam tersi davranışta bulunabilir,hiç bir şey yapmayabilir,yani benimsemediği için verilen emre uymayabilir.Bu anlamda,söz konusu sözeylemin değioşik ifade biçimleri de farklı farklı olabilmektedir,örneğin 11 Sibel,musluğu iyice sık!`(emir/buyurma),`Sibel,acaba musluğu sıkabilir miydin?`(karşıdaki kişinin durumunu da göz ardı etomeden nazikçe soru yöneltme şekli) ile `Sibel,musluk gevşek olmasın sakınî`(endişe/kaygı) gibi(bu tezde 28 değişik söyleoyiş biçimi belirlenmiştir,a.252-259).Sözeylemin gerçekleşme şartları ile içerebileceği anlam olasılıklarının öğretisi,karoşılıklı insan ilişkilerinin yaratacağı sözel iletişimde ortaya çıkabilecek yanlış anlamaların ve diğer iletişimi bozan engelolerin ortadan kaldırılmasına hizmet edecektir.Bu,bizi» daha başka alternatifler yaratabilmemize ve dilsel bilgi ve tasarımlarımızın daha da zenginleşmesine neden olacaktır Bu, her iki dilin karşılaştırılmasında anlatımda kendini gösterebilecek her dile özgü değişik söyleyiş biçimlerinin gün ışığına çıkmasına da yarayacaktır(s.304 ff.:Interferenzen).Bu tezde özellikole bu konulara da ağırlık verilmiştir.Özellikle zıtlıkların üzerinde durulduğu bir yabancı dil dersinde her iki kültürün birbiriyle karşılaştırılması ç ab al arı, gözlerimizi ve aklımızı bilinmeyeni,yabancıyı,farklılığı teşhis edip tanıma ve keşfetome konusunda keskinleştirir,karşılaştırma yapabilme yeteneğiomizi geliştirir ve bu arada da bugüne değin edindiğimiz dünya görüşümüze yeni bir ufuk daha katar,farklı düşünebilme gücümüozü, farklı açılardan bakabilme yeteneğimizi arttırır.Her iki dili birbiriyle karşılaştırarak kendi ana dilimizin farklılıkve ayrıcalığının da bilincine varacak Ve onu daha iyi tanımış olacağız. `Ana dilimi yabancı dil sayesinde öğrendim.Bir yabancı dil bilmeyen bir kişinin kendi dilinden haberi olamaz` demişti Goethe bu bağlamda.O halde yabancı dil öğrenimi demek, karşılaştırma yapabilme yeteneğinin geliştirilmesi,görgü ve dünya görüşlerimizin,yaşam tarzımızın zenginleşmesi,artması ve aynı zamanda da zihin cimnastiği demektir,düşünmeyi ve enun açılarını daha da ileri seviyede yapabilmek demektir. Uy gül amali örnek ders programları dahilinde bu Doktora Tezinde öneriolen konu ve söyleşilere ilham teşkil edecek elan kavram!ar,ileotişim potansiyel gücümüzün arttırılması için çek elverişlidir. Bu tartışma ve söyleşi modeli,aynı zamanda edebi metinlerin eleştirisi ve analizi için de bir ilham vesilesidir.Bu model bu Tezde aşağıdaki aşamalarda tasarlanmıştır: 1.Karşılıklı iletişim(yer,zaman ve role bağlı karşılıklı konuoşan, iletişimde bulunan bir grup:Yönlendirme evresi),2.Konu ve motife uygun bir durum yaratılması(Organizasyon evresi),3.Olayolar zincirinin bir kişiden diğerlerine geçişi ve onları etkileomesi (Değişkenlik evresi),4.01aylarin ve fikirlerin sıralanması ve değiş tokuş edilmesi(Uyum ve geçiş evresi),5»Adimiar dahiolinde sözeylemlerin faaliyeti (Etkileşim evresi.), 6. S öz eylemlerin kategorilerine göre eylem gücü (B t kil eme ve eylem evresi). Sonuç olarak bu Doktora Tezinde,ders dilinin,ülkelerin kültürel ve toplumsal gerçeklerini göz ardı etmemesi öğreti- a± ve bilinci dahilinde eylem ağırlıklı elması gerektiği,tüm diğer bilim dalları ile karşılıklı bir bilgi alış verişi ve etkileşimiyle yardımlaşma arayışına girip onlara paralel bir şekilde etkinliğini sürdürmesi zorunluluğu özellikle vurgulanomıştır.Ders dili ancak bu sayede kemunikatif,yani iletişimsel karakterli»Ç0ğuleu,jsentezci,eşit haklara sahip öğrenci merkezoli, dinamik, ç ok seçenekli ve kültürlerarası düzeyde eleştirisel olabilecektir,Çünkü gelişen dil,öğrencilerin kendi konuştuklaorı lisandan kaynaklanan öznelliğin farkına varmaları ile ancak eğitici ve öğretici olabilmektedir.Gelecek neail de ancak bu aayede mantıklı ve objektif davranabilme yeteneğine,gerçek ve yeterli iletişim kurabilme durumuna kavuşturulmuş olacak,kendi kendine yetebilen,karar verebilen ve kendini başkasının yardımı olmaksızın da geliştirebilen bir toplum olabilecektir. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen,daB die Unterrichtssprache eine erzieherisch-ausbildende Abfolge von unterrichtlichen Sprechakten ist, die in Anregungs-,Brwiderungs- und auswerten- den Interpretationsschritten vorkommen und die mündlichen und schriftlichen Leistungen des Lehrers und dessen Schüler in ih- ren kulturell-gesellschaftlichen,sozialen und funktionalen Über- gangen und Verteilungen als eine Haufe verschiedener,didak- tisch-pâdagogischer und methodischer Funktionen implizieren, damit die Schüler die gesamten Lebenssituationen,gegenüber de nen sie stehen oder stehen werden,durch ihre eigene Kraft be- waltigen können.Sie bringt den Leraern durcii die Entwicklung der ITahigkeit des Begreif ens und durch die Yermittlung der. Kehntnisse beliebig vereinbarte musterhafte Handlungen bei.Der lehrer lehrt also, indem er spricht bzw. erö`ffnet,d.h. auslöst, fragtjinformiert,befiehlt,antreibt »demonstriert und aufklart, und der Schuler lernt,indem er verbal und oder averbal erwi- dert.d.h. antwortet,den Aufforderungen nachkommt bzw. den Be- fehlen folgt oder die Aussagen des Lehzer3 wahrnimmt und seine Absicht durchschaut,d.lı. zuhört und zugleich sieht,ins Kennt- nis nimmt.Als Srgebnis weist er freilich das Wahrgenommene bzw. Gesagte zurück oder akzeptiert er es.Man lernt und lehrt, indem man spricht und oder averbal verhalt,d.h. indem man im Unter- richt Sprechakte führt und oder auch körperlich bzw. gegen- stftndlich tatig wird.Die Unterrichtssprache als Anregen(Broff- nung:l),Srwidern(Reaktion:2) und auswertende Interpretation (Feedbacks) enthalten die Sprechaktkategorien wie Feststel- lungen.ffragen, Aufforderungen bzw. Befehlen und Starten etc. sei- tens des Lehrers(l.) und Antworten,dem Befehl folgen etc. sei- tens des Lerners(2), denen die vom Lehrer vollzogene Auswertungs- kategorie(3. ) folgen kann. Der Lehrer und dessen Schüler führen diese Sprechaktkategorien bei diesen 3 Unterrichtsschritten in der Geştalt der verbalen und oder averbalen Verhaltensweisen, um das Lern- und Lehrziel erreichen zu ko'nnen.Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist in diesem Rahmen,die Pahigkeit des Begreifens bei Schülern zu entwickeln und dabei die Regeln für die Produk- tion eines zusammenhangenden Gesprâchs zu entlarvea,den Kontext für das weitere Verhalten hervorzubringen,d.h. die Schüler durch eine kont restive Pörderung der diskursiven Kommunikationsfahig- keit im Betracht der kulturell-gesellschaftlichen,sozialen Tat-sachen zur Handlungsfahigkeit und verniinftigen Selbstbeatim- - mung sowie zur Selbstverantwortung zu erziehen,damit sie die gesamten Lebenssituationen durch ihre eigene Kraft bewaltigen können.Das Motto lautet hier:Hilfe zur Selbathilfe oder Lernen dea Lernens,d.h. Erziehung zum selbstandigen Lernen wie auch zur Selbstvollendung.Die Lerner werden also sprachlich auf be- liebig vereinbarte Weise durch ihre lebenspraktischen Erfah- rungen(empirisch) und noch durch die Bntwicklung der Fahigkeit dea Begreifens(k©gnitiv) musterhaft verandert.Die Schüler sol- len in der sprachlichen Didaktik dazu befahigt werden, sich iiber die allt&glichen Dinge und Selbstverstândlichkeiten zu erheben und den falschen Schein der sinnlich wahrnehmbaren Welt zu durch- schauen und hinter dies em Schein daa wahre Sein zu erkennen. Die Erfassung der Fremdspracherlernung als kontrastive För- derung der diskuraiven Kommunikationsfahigkeit im Betracht der kulturell-gesellsehai'tlichen,soziokulturellen und sozialen Tat- sachen auf semantisch-pragmalinguistischer und synchronischer Bbene ermöglicht das Brreichen dieses Ziels und fiihrt una direkt zu einer gründlichen sorgfaltigen Untersuchung des Sprechaktes mit all dessen Potentialen,wie es bei dieser Dissertation der Fall ist (S. 241-254:12 Potentiale).Der Sprechakt ist in diesem Rahmen eine verbale Handlung in bezug auf die wirkliche V/elt als eine Kategorie in der AuBerung wie z.B. eine Feststellung, eine Frage,ein Befehl oder eine Aufforderung etc. Manchmal ist er performativ,d.h. dem Handeln in der auBersprachlichen Welt gleichzusetzen(wie z.B.`GrüB dichî`) und manchmal konstativ,d.h. bedeutet weniger als Handeln(wie z.B.`3r versucht die Tür auf- zumachen` ) und manchmal komissiv,d.h. geht uber das Handeln in der auBersprachlichen Wirklichkeit hinaus(wie z.B.`Ich verspre- che dir zum Geburtstag einen Rolls Royce zu schenken`).Die Be- stimmung der Sprechaktkategorie bezieht sich auf das simültane und synchronische Zusammenwirken aller V/elt en. Dab ei geht es um: die Objekt- und Metasprache als sprachliche Welt(l),die Para- sprache(als Stimmgebung und Tonart etc. :2), die Extrasprache(als Situation, Taktik bzw. Deixis und Bilder,Licht etc.), die Gefühl- sprache(als Kont aktblick, Intuition, Einsicht etc. :5), die auBer- sprachliche Wirklichkeit in bezug auf die wirkliche Welt (als Gegenstande und Sachverhalte:6),die transzendentale metaphysi- sche V/elt (als Dinge- und Sachverhalte-an-Sich:7) und die sozia- le Welt(als affektive Einstellung.Punktionsrollen.Identitats-merknıale,Rangverhâltnis und Bekanntschaftsgrad etc. :8). Die ka- tegoriale Bedeutung des Sprechaktes ist also aus dem simültanen synchronischen Zusammenwirken all dieser sprachlichen und auBer- sprachlichen tfelten bzw. Y/irklichkeiten als Brgebnis zu erschlie- Ben,z.B. die Kategorie des Sprechaktes in der luBerung `Sibel, der Halın tropff'andert sich variabel je nach der Situation und Taktik in Abhângigkeit mit dem Inhalt,d.h. mit der Kontextinfor- mation und deren Binschatzung der Rollenkonstellation in der Sprechsituation,kann z.B. eine Peststellung(Der V/asserhahn tropft= Der Wasserhahn ist wohl kaput t,deshalb tropft er) oder eine Auf- forderung bzw. einen Befehl (`Sibel, dreh den Wasserhahn zuî`) oder eine Warnung(`Wasser lauft ver geb ens, man müBte eine MaBnahme tref- fen,etwas dagegen tun`) etc. oder alle zugleich zusammen ausdrük- ken.Die Tonart und Gesichtsausdriicke des Sprechers in Abhângig keit mit den anderen auBersprachlichen WirklichkeitenjS'aktoren und Bedingungen sind auch bei der Bestimmung der Sprechaktkate- gorie von entscheidender Bedeutung. J e nach der Kategorie-7/ahr- nehmung verhalt sich der Hörer perlokutiv anders,kann z.B. die Feststellung als Basis, als gemeint annehmen und sie akzeptieren und deshalb sagen `Ja,er ist leider kaputt` oder kann die fiuBe- rung als Befehl interpretieren und infolgedessen den Wasserhahn zudrehen oder ganz umgekehrt dagegen nichts tun,d.h. dem Befehl nicht folgen.Die Varianten dieses Sprechaktes in diesem Sinne könnten z.B. als `Sibel, dreh den Hahn zul`(Bef ehl/Auf f orderung), `Sibeljkb'nntest du den Wasserhahn zudrehen? `(hb'fliche Frage un~ ter Berücksichtigung der Umst anden) und `Sibel, der 7/asserhahn ist nicht etwa lockerî` (Befürchtung) etc. in unterschiedlich- verschiedenen Sprechformeln vorkommen(s.S.252-259:hier 28 Va rianten ).Dlese epistemologische Lehre von Prâsuppositionen,Ha- helegungen und Verwirklichungsbedingungen des Sprechaktes als praktisch-kognitive Schlüsse führen doch zugleich zur Beseiti- gung der MiBverstândnisse bzw. der Störfaktoren bei der kommuni- kativ-diskursiven Interaktio*ı,erziehen uns zur Handlungsfahig- keit und vernünftigen Selbstbestimmung sowie zum alternativen Denken, bereichern unsere sprachlich-kategorialischen Kenntnisse und Vorstellungen innerhalb einer kommunikativ-funktionalen Theorie.Dies ermöglicht uns,daB wir noch die sprachlichen Inter- ferenzen sowie die Regeln für die Produktion eines zusammenhan- genden Gesprachs auf semantisch-pragmalinguistischer Ebene ent- larven.Die Gegenuberstellung beider Kulturen bei dem kontrasti- ven i'remdsprachenunterricht erb'ffnet uns den Blick für das Unbe-kannte,Fremde,Besondere und zugleich für das Eigene sowie für die kulturell-gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen und Paktoren im Betracht der auBersprachlichen Y/irklichkeit und der instrumen- tal-intentionalen Aspekte,scharft uns den Sinn für den Ver- gleich und für das Andersdenkenkb*nnen,wobei wir einen neuen Standpunkt in der bisherigen Weltansicht gewinnen und unseren Lebenshorizont mit denuDenkvermogen parallel erweitern.Dureh den Vergleich beider Sprachen werden wir uns auch unserer Mut- tersprache bewuBt.`Ich habe meine Mutt erspr ache durch die Fremdsprache erworben.V/er fremde Sprache nicht kennt,weiB nichts von seiner eigenen`,heiBt es denn nach GOETHE. Premd- spracherlernung bedeutet also Brweiterung der Vergleichsmög- lichkeiten,des Sinnhorizontes sowie Training des Denkvermögens, der praktisch-kognitiven Fahigkeiten,des Geistes des Menschen. Die Vorschlage zu den Themen und Gesprachsstoffen innerhalb der Musterprogrammen für den Konversationsunterricht bei dieser Dis- sertationsarbeitCS. 399-423) sind fur die J?ö'rderung der diskur- siv-kommunikativen Kompetenz geeignet. Dieses unterrichtliche Dis- kursmodell gibt uns noch Denkanstösse für die literarische Text- interpretation. Bs ist hier zusammengefaBt folgendermaBen: l.Interaktive Konversation durch Gruppe(Stufe der Orientierung), 2. Motive, Themen und Situationen schaffen(Stufe der Organisation), 3.Ereignis und Trans akt i on (Phase des Abwechslungsreiehtums), 4.Sequenz und Austausch der Gedanken durch fluBerungsfolge (Pas- sung und Dynamitat),5»Akte in Schritten(Stufe des Beitrags,der Handlung),6.Sprechakt und seine Kategorien als handelnde Kraft (Stufe der performativen und illokutiven Bewirkung). Bei dieser Dissertation ist zum SchluB besonders betont, daB die Unterricht s sprache handlungsorientiert,interaktiv,d.h. kommunikativ sein muB,interdisziplinar mit alien Teildiszipli- nen zusammen parallel verlaufen muB,d.h. daB sie in Kooperation mit alien Wissenschaftsbereichen auf alien Ebenen parallellau- fen und von ihnen,so viel wie mb'glich,Gebrauch machen soll,ohne dabei die kulturell-gesellschaftlichen Tatsachen der Lander auBer acht zu lassen.Dadurch wird der Unterricht student enzent- 6 f riert und konfrontativ bzw. interkulturell,wo sich die Schüler emanzipatiVjd.h. ohne üngste,Komplexe und Hemmungen werden aus- drücken können.Denn bildend ist die neuere Sprache vielmehr nur dann.wenn sich die Schüler in ihr der Subjektivitat ihrer Ver- nunft bewuBt werden. Die Brziehungswissenschaft ist konventionell determiniert und fördert die Kommunikation auoh interkulturall. 454
- Published
- 1994
45. Sprechpausen im Unterrichtsdiskurs. Zum Einfluss der Dauer von Sprechpausen auf die Effizienz der Ablaufsteuerung im Unterricht
- Author
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Reiss, Veronika and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erziehungswissenschaft
- Subjects
School ,Speech Acts ,Interaction ,Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen ,Lehrer-Schüler-Interaktion ,Sprechakt ,Primary school lower level ,Schulpädagogik ,Mathematics lessons ,Steuerung ,Verhalten ,Statistische Analyse ,Elementary School ,Education ,Wirkung ,ddc:370 ,Illokution ,Empirische Bildungsforschung ,Effizienz ,Grundschule ,Lehrer ,Mitarbeit ,Primary school ,Schule ,Teacher ,Teaching ,Communication ,Dauer ,Empirische Untersuchung ,Pupil ,Interaktion ,Kommunikation ,Unterrichtsstörung ,Wartezeit ,Antwort ,Pupils ,Empirical study ,Aufforderung ,Statistical analysis ,Sprechen ,Speaking ,Schüler ,Unterricht ,Sprechpause ,Mathematikunterricht ,Teaching of mathematics - Published
- 1983
- Full Text
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