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Copyright of Medizinische Klinik: Intensivmedizin & Notfallmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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People with long COVID may suffer from a wide range of ongoing symptoms including fatigue, exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise performance, and others. In particular, impaired exercise performance is a condition that can be recovered in many people through an individualized physical exercise training program. However, clinical experience has shown that the presence of post-exertional malaise (PEM) is a significant barrier to physical exercise training in people with long COVID. Currently, there is no guideline or consensus available on how to apply exercise training in this cohort. Therefore, we conducted a literature review in the PubMed library using the following search terms: «COVID», «post-COVID», «long COVID» and «exercise» searching for studies from January 2020 to January 2024. Data from 46 trials were included. Exercise training regimes were very heterogeneous and none of these studies reported on the management of PEM in the context of an exercise training program. Based on the feedback from an additional survey that was answered by 14 international experts in the field of exercise training in long COVID, combined with the authors´ own extensive practical experience, a best practice proposal for exercise training recommendations has been developed. This proposal differentiates exercise procedures according to the presence of no, mild/moderate or severe PEM in people with long COVID. These recommendations may guide allied healthcare professionals worldwide in initiating and adjusting exercise training programs for people with long COVID, stratified according to the presence and severity of PEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic medical care focused on management of the infectious event. Elective interventions were cancelled and the general advice was to stay at home. How this impacted urgent and elective cholecystectomies is the subject of this work. Method: Urgent and elective cholecystectomy patients during the first year of the pandemic were compared with those of the previous year. The primary endpoint was the frequency of surgery. Furthermore, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, symptom duration until presentation as well as until surgery, preoperative inflammatory parameters, imaging, positive Murphy's sign, type and duration of surgery, intraoperative drain placement, intraoperative and histological severity, need for and duration of postoperative antibiotic therapy, intensive care stay, length of stay and occurrence of postoperative complications were recorded. Results: During the pandemic patients were sicker (ASA 2.13 vs. 2.31; p = 0.039), the operating time was prolonged (64.4 min vs. 74.9 min; p = 0.001) and patients were more likely to have concomitant peritonitis (15.4% vs. 29.1%: p = 0.007). Furthermore, there was a trend in the presence of leukocytosis, a positive Murphy's sign, intraoperative drain placement, intraoperative severity of inflammation, duration of postoperative antibiotic therapy and complication rate. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic cholecystitis presented with more pronounced inflammation, the surgical conditions were more difficult and postoperative recovery was prolonged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The legal neuropsychological assessment of individuals following infection with the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who exhibit potential symptoms of the Post-COVID-Syndrome (PCS) not only requires adherence to local regulations but also consideration of general professional guidelines. The assessment of PCS proves challenging both for the individual and the evaluator in the presence of ambiguous functional deficits or causal relationships. This article offers an overview of pathogenetic findings relevant to legal assessment and reflects on current German regulations and frameworks. In Germany, the legal neuropsychological assessment of PCS should align with guidelines of the Gesellschaft für Neuropsychologie (GNP) and integrate published neurological criteria. As PCS research rapidly advances, an interdisciplinary professional exchange is vital for further refining the legal neuropsychological assessment of PCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this brief report is to discuss the impact of an oral rinse and spray containing an iron phthalocyanine derivative as an additional therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Methods: In the first study by this group of authors published on this topic, the clinical status of 22 patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized and receiving PDMS (phthalocyanine derivative mouth spray) was assessed using the Karnofsky scale (KS) for thtree days (D0, D2, and D4). In another study, the laboratory data (CBC, D-dimer, Ferritin, and C-reactive protein [CRP]) of 41 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who took part in a randomized clinical trial with an MIPD (mouthwash with iron phthalocyanine derivative) were evaluated retrospectively on the first day of intervention (D1) and 48 hours later (D2). The present study used these data to determine a correlation between clinical symptoms and laboratory data.Results: In individuals receiving PDMS and evaluated using the KS, a statistically significant intra-group difference (p=0.03, Friedman’s test) was identified. The Durbin-Conover test found a significant difference between D0 and D2 (p=0.008). Laboratory data from only 9 patienn the experimental group and 13 patients in the control group were found in the retrospective analysis. There were no statistically significaonfounders in the survival analysis using the Cox regression model. In the descriptive analysis, the intervention group’s CRP was lower than thf the control group.Conclusion: PDMS demonstrated considerable clinical improvement in patients, whereas MIPD appears to lower CRP, an inflammatory marker, in descriptive analysis.

The Epidemic Act of 1950 was applied and accordingly adjusted during the Corona pandemic in Austria. It contains regulations for reporting diseases, submitting notifications to authorities, and recording data in a register. The law allowed for the isolation of infected individuals and their contacts, restrictions on businesses, and closures of commercial enterprises, as well as traffic restrictions towards foreign countries. Special adjustments were made during the pandemic, such as issuing isolation orders over the phone in case of suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2. In total, there were 24 amendments due to SARS-CoV-2. The Epidemic Act also enables future restrictions for infected individuals and regulations for compensation of loss of earnings during isolation and traffic restrictions. Regulations regarding the collection of contact data were also lifted. The article describes various changes and additions to the Epidemic Act of 1950 during the Corona pandemic in Austria. [Extracted from the article]

The article "New Insights into SARS-Coronavirus-2" reports on an international research study that has gained new insights into the entry of SARS-Coronavirus-2 into cells and its effects. The serine protease TMPRSS2 plays an important role in enhancing cell infection and influencing immune response, cell death, and virus development. These findings could contribute to the development of future treatment and prevention strategies. The results were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS). In another study, it was found that TMPRSS2-mediated cell entry influences virus and host properties as well as the course of infection. The study shows that more efficient virus uptake enhances infection and amplifies the immune responses of infected cells. It was also found that not only human TMPRSS2 proteins but also those from other mammalian species can enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection. The presiding judge at the Federal Social Court, Prof. Dr. Bernd Schütze, has retired upon reaching the retirement age. Prof. Dr. Schütze has been a judge at the BSG since 2007 and has held various positions, including membership in the BSG's Judicial Council. He will continue to be active in teaching and literature after his retirement. [Extracted from the article]

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Copyright of Die Gynäkologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Notfall & Rettungsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: SARS-CoV-2 hospital clusters are a challenge for healthcare systems. There is an increased risk of infection for both healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients; cluster countermeasures are also a drain on resources for the wards affected. We analysed to which extent characteristics and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 clusters varied throughout the pandemic at a German university hospital. Methods: Patient and/or HCW clusters from 10/2020 to 04/2022 were included in the study and grouped by virus variant into i.) clusters comprised of the presumably predominant wild-type, Alpha or Delta (WAD) SARS-COV-2 variants, and ii.) clusters comprised predominantly of Omicron subtype cases. The two groups were compared for specific characteristics and dynamics. Results: Forty-two SARS-CoV-2 clusters and 528 cases were analysed. Twenty-one clusters and 297 cases were attributed to the WAD and 2lusters and 231 cases to the Omicron group. There were no significant differences in median size (8 vs. 8 cases, p=0.94) or median duration (14 vs. 12 days; p=0.48), nor in the percentage of HCWs involved (46.8% vs. 50.2%; p=0.48). Patients in the WAD group were older (median 7s. 68 years of age; p≤0.05). The median time from cluster onset to case onset was significantly shorter for the Omicron group (median 6 vs. 11 days; p≤0.05). Conclusions: Omicron clusters exhibited a more rapid dynamic, forcing all parties involved to adapt to the increased workload. Compared to excessive community case counts, constant Omicron cluster-affiliated case counts and stable cluster characteristics suggest an improved compliance with IPC countermeasures.

Background: Mounting evidence supports an association between the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the risk of infection from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in dental healthcare workers (DCW). However, the prevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the setting of dental care remains poorly characterized.Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published prior to Mai 2023 providing epidemiological data for the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in DCW was performed. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The associated factors were narratively evaluated. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for prevalence studies.Results: Twenty-nine eligible studies were identified including a total of 85,274 DCW at risk; 27 studies met the criteria for the meta-analysis. Among the included DCW, the overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 11.8% (13,155/85,274; 95%CI, 7.5%–17%), whereby the degree of heterogeneity between the studies was considerable (I=99.7%). The pooled prevalence rate for dentists and dental hygienists alone was 12.7% (1943/20,860; 95%CI, 8.0%–18.0%), showing significantly increased odds of contracting a SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to dental assistant personnel, the prevalence rate for which was less than half, at 5.2% (613/15,066; OR=2.42; 95% CI, 2.2–2.7). In the subgroup of 17 studies from countries with high income there was a significantly lower prevalence rate of 7.3% (95% CI, 5%–10%) in DCW compared to the prevalence rate in low- and middle-income countries, which came to 20.8% (95% CI, 14%–29%; p

Caries is a multifactorial disease that involves a majority of the pediatric population. If not diagnosed and treated, it can lead to severe consequences affecting the permanent dentition. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral foci of infection in a multispeciality hospital during the pandemic in Chennai, South India. The majority of the patients examined had caries.

Background: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children were mainly characterised by three pathogens: respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), influenza viruses and rhinoviruses. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken in Germany (especially until the end of 2021) on the incidence of ARI in children and adolescents aged 0 to 14 years and the pathogens causing them has not yet been comprehensively analysed. Methods: The evaluation is based on data from population-based, virological and hospital-based surveillance instruments up to the end of 2022. Results: After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, ARI rates remained almost consistently below prepandemic levels until autumn 2021, with only rhinoviruses continuously continuing to cause ARI. Only when the Omicron variant became predominant in 2022, there were measurable COVID-19 rates at population level in children, although COVID-19 hospitalisation rates remained comparatively low. RSV and influenza waves were initially absent and then occurred ‘out of season’, but were more severe than usual. Conclusions: While the measures taken were effective in inhibiting the number of respiratory infections for almost 1.5 years, moderately frequent but rather mild COVID-19 cases occurred when measures were lifted. When Omicron emerged in 2022 COVID-19 became moderately frequent but led predominantly to mild illnesses. For RSV and influenza, the measures resulted in changes in their annual timing and intensity.

Die Stellungnahmen der Thesenpapier-Autorengruppe zwischen April 2020 und Juni 2022 umfassten drei Ebenen: die infektionsepidemiologische Situation als Basis, die modernen, multimodalen Präventionskonzepte als Handlungsoption und die gesellschaftliche Ebene als zwingend zu beachtenden Kontext. Zahlreiche andere Gruppen und Einzelpersonen haben vergleichbare Schwerpunkte gesetzt, aber insgesamt konnte die Rückabwicklung zentraler professioneller Standards in der Gesundheitsversorgung hinsichtlich des Infektionsmanagements genauso wenig verhindert werden wie der Einsatz inadäquater Präventionskonzepte und die gesellschaftliche Diskurseinengung, die Verhetzung von kritischen Meinungen und das Revival des „Durchregierens“. Die Folgen werden langsam in ihrem gesamten Umfang am Horizont sichtbar. Um ein besonders einprägsames Beispiel zu nennen: Bei aerogener Übertragung durch asymptomatische Träger ist die Ende April 2020 mit großer Emphase vorgetragene „Kontaktnachverfolgung“ mittels der „containment scouts“ nicht nur als tragischer Irrtum zu bezeichnen, der auch nicht durch den medial platzierten Anglizismus zu legitimieren war. Stattdessen stellt dies eine Missnutzung der kostbaren Arbeitskraft der Gesundheitsämter dar, deren eigentliche Kompetenz nicht im Abtelefonieren von möglichen Kontakten zu sehen ist, sondern z. B. in der Entwicklung von sicheren Umgangsformen bei der Betreuung von (sterbenden) Pflegeheimbewohnern, in der Unterstützung der Schulen mit dem Ziel, Schulschließungen zu vermeiden – alles, was eben möglich gewesen wäre, wenn man die Kenntnis der Ämter und Mitarbeiter über die regionalen und sozialen Gegebenheit vor Ort hätte nutzen wollen.

Aim: Management of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in geriatric patients, taking into account the transition to the post-pandemic period. Methods: PCR tests were conducted to identify the scale of infection during the outbreak; no new patients were admitted to the ward until the availability of the PCR results. Based on the results and individual risk assessment, three cohorts were formed and treated as recommended by the RKI. After terminating the admissions stop, new admissions received PCR screening. Contact patients were retested on days 3 and 5. Employees carried out self-monitoring, and if symptoms developed, an antigen test was performed.Results: Nine of the 11 PCR-positive patients (6m, 5f), median age 85 years, were immunized. Eight patients were symptomatic, ten received antiviral therapy and two required intensive care. Three symptomatic employees had a positive antigen test. Patients without direct contact to the positive cases who initially tested negative and the 16 new admissions with a negative PCR test did not contract COVID-19. Outbreak management ended after 15 days without deaths from COVID-19.Conclusion: During the outbreak, PCR screening, the temporary stop in new admission until the availability of PCR results, and the risk-adapted cohorting of patients supplemented by consistent PCR tests of new admissions formed the basis for successful outbreak management. Treatment can be made possible despite high vulnerability. Close symptom monitoring and rapid implementation of measures reduce the risk. Repeated PCRs of direct-contact patients on day 3 can warrant pre-emptive antiviral therapy despite being asymptomatic; testing on day 5 makes it possible to shorten preventive isolation measures. The use of protective masks and self-monitoring by employees are fundamental to preventing further infections.

Caries is a multifactorial disease that involves a majority of the pediatric population. If not diagnosed and treated, it can lead to severe consequences affecting the permanent dentition. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of oral foci of infection in a multispeciality hospital during pandemic in Chennai, South India. Majority of the patients examined had caries.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic resulted in many infections with the virus and sickness due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, there was a dramatic increase in the number of reported and recognized occupational diseases (Berufskrankheit, BK) and occupational accidents (Arbeitsunfall, AU) at the German Social Accident Insurance Institutions (BG) and accident insurance funds (Unfallkassen). The publication aims to show the differences between BK and AU and to review the current data on occupational diseases. It deals with the definitions of BK and AU, the differences in the conditions for recognition as BK or AU. Furthermore, the claims for benefits are presented. Finally, statistical key figures of the BK according to No. 3101 and the AU are presented. Results (key points) – According to § 7 SGB VII, AU and BK are insured events of the statutory accident insurance. – In surgery, like specifically in the rest of the healthcare system, the relevance of the SARS-CoV‑2 infection with post-COVID in personnel for occupational medical prevention and as a case to be recognized by the statutory accident insurance (BK or AU) becomes clear. – Relevant for the recognition are the duration and the intensity of the contact (local proximity) and the SARS-CoV‑2 occupational health and safety rule of 20 August 2020 essentially recognizes a contact duration of at least 15 min at a spatial distance of less than 1.5–2 m (further aspects: more intensive shorter contacts, number of verifiably infected persons in the closer activity environment or the usual personal contacts, spatial situation, work route, special constellations). – No case numbers can be elicited for the detailed presentation of the surgery setting. – There are still immense problems and challenges in the assessment of COVID-19 consequences or post-COVID as occupational disease, as numerous uncertainty factors, such as insufficiently secured knowledge about the further long-term course over the years or the widely varied symptom spectrum complicates the medical assessment of the consequences of this disease. Conclusion: the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic is a special challenge for surgery with intensive patient contact and for the entire healthcare system. This caused long-lasting changes and the adequate health care as well as insurance law processing of the (case-specific) consequences might still require considerable efforts and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Notfall & Rettungsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Severe mental illnesses are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2-related morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is an effective protection; therefore, high vaccination rates should be a major priority for people with mental illnesses. Objectives: (1) Identification of at-risk groups for non-vaccination and structures and interventions needed for widespread vaccination among people with mental illnesses from the perspective of outpatient psychiatrists and neurologists, (2) discussion of the results in the context of the international literature and (3) recommendations derived from them. Material and methods: Qualitative content analysis of COVID-19 vaccination-related questions from the COVID Ψ online survey of n = 85 psychiatrists and neurologists in Germany. Results: In the survey, people with schizophrenia, severe lack of drive, low socioeconomic status and homelessness were seen as risk groups for non-vaccination. Increased and targeted information, education, addressing and motivation and easily accessible vaccination offers by general practitioners, psychiatrists, and neurologists as well as complementary institutions were considered as important interventions. Discussion: COVID-19 vaccinations as well as information, motivation and access support should be systematically offered by as many institutions of the psychiatric, psychotherapeutic and complementary care systems in Germany as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic structure of many pathogenic viruses can be compared to an ordinary box of chocolates from the supermarket: box, protective foil and plastic box stand for the viral structural proteins. The individual chocolates represent the viral enzymes and the genetic material. Proteases play a central role in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and current Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2). A pair of hedge shears and some pipe cleaners can be used to illustrate how a protease works. Two chains of twisted coloured pipe cleaners serve as model for viral polyproteins, with each coloured pipe cleaner representing a viral protein. Protease inhibitors are the most successful antiviral drugs against HIV and HCV and are currently also being developed against SARS-CoV-2. The effect of such inhibitors is visualized in a most impressive and easily comprehensible way with a second, especially prepared box of chocolates filled with a piece of golden plastic foil and a bar of chocolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the objective assessment of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) symptoms using lactic acid performance diagnostics and spiroergometry. It mentions methods help determine the physiological causes of reduced physical performance in PCS patients and challenge the assumption that symptoms are purely psychosomatic. It also mentions findings suggest the importance of reevaluating rehabilitation approaches for PCS patients based on a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology.

The article focuses on the evolution of nucleic acid amplification methods, covering innovations in automation, miniaturization, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence. It discusses the need to consolidate and implement these advancements after the COVID-19 pandemic, while also addressing the ongoing challenges posed by new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the article explores various control measures to prevent contamination in molecular biology workflows.

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Long COVID, die lang anhaltende Krankheit und Erschöpfung, die bei einem kleinen Teil der SARS-CoV-2-Infizierten auftritt, stellt eine zunehmende Belastung für die Betroffenen und die Gesellschaft dar. Eine virtuelle Tagung der Physiological Society im Februar 2022 brachte Kliniker und Forscher zusammen, um das aktuelle Verständnis der Mechanismen, Risikofaktoren und Genesung nach Long COVID zu erörtern. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die Themen behandelt, die sich aus dieser Tagung ergeben haben. Die Übersichtsarbeit befasst sich mit der Natur von Long COVID, untersucht den Zusammenhang mit anderen postviralen Erkrankungen wie der myalgischen Enzephalomyelitis/dem chronischen Erschöpfungssyndrom und zeigt auf, wie die Forschung zu Long COVID helfen kann, Patienten mit allen möglichen postviralen Syndromen besser zu unterstützen. Die Forschung zu Long COVID hat besonders rasche Fortschritte bei Bevölkerungsgruppen gemacht, die ihre körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit routinemäßig überwachen, insbesondere beim Militär und bei Leistungssportlern. In der Übersichtsarbeit wird hervorgehoben, inwiefern das hohe Niveau von Diagnose, Intervention und Erfolgskontrolle in diesen aktiven Bevölkerungsgruppen Informationen über Managementstrategien für die Allgemeinbevölkerung liefern kann. Anschließend wird untersucht, wie eine Schlüsselkomponente der Leistungsüberwachung bei diesen aktiven Bevölkerungsgruppen, das kardiopulmonale Training, Long-COVID-bedingte Veränderungen in der Physiologie aufdeckt – einschließlich Veränderungen der peripheren Muskelfunktion, der ventilatorischen Ineffizienz und der autonomen Dysfunktion. Das Wesen und die Auswirkungen der Dysautonomie werden im Zusammenhang mit dem posturalen orthostatischen Tachykardiesyndrom, der Fatigue und den Behandlungsstrategien, die darauf abzielen, der Überaktivierung des Sympathikus durch Stimulation des Vagusnervs entgegenzuwirken, erörtert. Anschließend untersuchen wir die Mechanismen, die den Symptomen von Long COVID zugrunde liegen. Dabei konzentrieren wir uns auf die gestörte Sauerstoffversorgung durch Mikrokoagulation und die Störung des zellulären Energiestoffwechsels, bevor wir Behandlungsstrategien betrachten, die direkt oder indirekt auf diese Mechanismen abzielen. Dazu gehören ein fernbetreutes Atemmuskeltraining und integrierte Versorgungspfade, die Rehabilitation und medikamentöse Interventionen mit der Erforschung des Zugangs zur Long-COVID-Versorgung in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen kombinieren. Insgesamt zeigt diese Übersichtsarbeit, wie im Rahmen der physiologischen Forschung die bei Long COVID auftretenden Veränderungen aufgedeckt werden und wie verschiedene therapeutische Strategien zur Bekämpfung dieser Erkrankung entwickelt und getestet werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses whether a specific nasal spray should be classified as a medical device or as a medicinal product. According to the Supreme Court, this nasal spray, which primarily acts physically and neutralizes viruses before they affect the mucous membrane, is not considered a medicinal product. The misleading of a product is only examined based on specific claims. The appellate court classified the nasal spray as a medical device because it has a physical effect and neutralizes viruses before they attack the mucous membrane. The plaintiff argued that the product should be classified as a medicinal product and contains misleading statements. The Supreme Court confirmed the appellate court's decision and referred to a decision of the German Federal Administrative Court. The question of whether it is a presentation medicinal product was no longer relevant in the appeal process. [Extracted from the article]

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