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The paper analyzes the evolution of the organization of timber roofing carpentry in Greece and in the colonies of Sicily and Magna Graecia in a chronological scope between the archaic and classical periods. A substantial continuity, lacking evident innovations, characterizes the organization of the carpentry of the roofs constituted, in general, by a horizontal member on which rest on props – king and queen posts – coinciding with the purlins, useful for receiving the secondary framework and the roof covering. The lack of evident indicators, in a cognitive framework that is however extremely fragmented, and a constructive culture on timber that does not seem to excel for technological advancement raises many doubts about a possible pioneering use, even in constructions with high distance between supports, of carpentry organized as a truss system, with no pushing component on the wall.

Illustrazione per InCONTRI • Letteratura e alberi. Una tavola rotonda intorno e incontro agli alberi nelle letterature di lingua tedesca e di lingua inglese, a cura di Carmen CONCILIO.

The article proposes a diachronic analysis of the evolution of roofs carpentry in Etruria from the Villanovan age to the Orientalizing period with incursions in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. The information kept in the funerary architecture - “faithful” reproduction of real environments even in the construction details - and the data inferable from the urns in the shape of a house crossed with the documentary sources, Vitruvius in particular, have allowed to formulate plausible hypotheses on the organization of the timber carpentry. The roofs of Iron Age huts, based on the fundamental criterion of equilibrium, comprised, at least for those with a rectangular plan, a king post, a columen and inclined members that provide the slope to the roof. This articulation, although persisting in the following centuries, varies in the quality of the component elements, which are squared and “sized” for the specific role played.

The herein paper proposes a diachronic analysis of the timber carpentry roof in the roman context. It is based on cross attestations deriving from ancient literary sources, the iconography emphasized in artefacts belonging to different figurative arts that reproduce timber structures and on the beam sockets still present in some constructions. The analysed roof carpentries developed in antiquity in Greece, Magna Graece and Etruria, were , in general, constituted by a horizontal member on which struts rest, with the role of supporting two oblique members that form the roof pitch. An organization that persisted in the roman constructive culture at least until the 4th century when the truss system, able to generate new interrelations among the component elements, became particularly widespread.

The 62 AD represents for Pompeii the beginning of a sequence of telluric events culminating with the complete town burial provoked by the Vesuvius’ eruption. The traces of those earthquakes, some of which of high magnitude able to produce damage to the constructions, are still detectable on the ancient structures. The paper analyzes some significant masonry walls of the Terme Stabiane emphasizing cracks and deformations due to two distinct earthquakes, by evaluating the reconstruction, repair and strengthening interventions carried out during the roman age. Furthermore, a constructive analysis, conducted on the buttress present in the destrictarium and regarding the materials and their organization, with the aid of the Mechanics, have provided information on the chronology of the events occurred, in sequence, during the 1st century AD.

The timber elements of the Pompeii’s buildings were subjected to high temperatures during the 79 A.D. Vesuvius’ eruption that entailed the almost total loss of the roofs and inter-floors carpentry heritage. However, wooden structures evidences are still present. In fact, many wooden members pockets and frescos representing realistic architectural scenes, compared with the Latin sources, provide precious data for determining floors and roofs structural organization in Pompeii during the 1st century A.D. The carpentry configurations, put in evidence in the herein study, are classifiable in several typologies, in dependence of the covered span and the use of the supported room. They vary from floors characterized by one order of beams on which a wooden boarding bears to more complex organizations that include structures identifiable as king post trusses or ante-litteram lattice trusses.

Via an analysis of the main Simmel's sociological writings (particularly Soziologie), I argue on the theoretical aspects of his social philosophy: I insist on the propaedeutic gnoseological remarks about the problem of knowledge in sociology, then in the Humanities. In this paper I argue in favor of an interpretation of Simmel's "Erkenntnistheorie in der Sozialwissenschaft" using the lens of Schopenhauer's thought, a much more massive and pervasive presence in Simmel's works than it is usually considered. I show that Simmel's sociological approach can be rigorouslyregarded as nominalistic. I demonstrate particularly that Simmel's philosophical and sociological analyses consider any generalization (above all the society) as a sign, i.e. the conceptual, unified result deriving from properties predicated of many concrete individuals. Simmel is, then, a natural member of that very philosophical family, spreading from Hobbes to the logical-analytical trends, via Hume and Schopenhauer: modern nominalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma includes several distinct varieties. It is therefore essential to rely upon a very specialized pathologist. It is necessary to stage the tumor and to histologically define the oncologic quality of the surgical removal (surgical margins). The limb salvage surgery in osteosarcoma involves several areas of risk: the biopsy, the extension of the tumor in the marrow spaces and canal, the impingement or plugging of the vessels by the tumor, the invasion of the joint tissues, the contamination of the joint space and/or soft tissue compartments. The reconstruction after bone segmental resection involves many problems, including long-lasting prostheses, bone bank, microsurgical techniques--the preoperative chemotherapy dramatically reduced the need for amputation, in favour of conservative surgery. A good response to chemotherapy (almost total necrosis of the tumor), is the most important factor correlated with a favorable prognosis. The more recent protocols aim to increase the tumor response and the survival rate through a very intense primary chemotherapy, using Adriamycin, high-dose Methotrexate, Cisplatin and Ifosfamide.