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Over the past decade, Story Map applications have been developed throughout the world under the impetus of software developers in the fields of visualization (Google Earth, Neatline, TripLine) and geographic information systems (ESRI, Knight Lab). These Story Map web applications allow information to be presented, shared and distributed in the form of interactive maps combined with images, text and audiovisual content. Using these tools to transfer the results of research projects is an innovative approach that can be highly effective, with their ease of access and user-friendly interface encouraging users to explore the data. Such a tool has been used to supplement scientific papers reporting the results of a research project on terroir and climate change in the Bordeaux region. The link to access it is https://www.adviclim.eu/storymap.

In the spring of 2020, a national lockdown was declared in France to control the Covid-19 epidemic – the longest and strictest to date. This led to spontaneous population movements, widely publicised in the media as the urban exodus of Parisians. But were departures from large cities to low-density areas the only types of mobility during this period? And what can we learn from housing changes during lockdown about the ordinary residential practices and dwelling conditions of households, as well as about the resources mobilised to cope with these exceptional situations? Based on the EpiCOV survey (Inserm-Drees), conducted in France among a sample of 135,000 people aged 15 and over at the end of the first lockdown, this article examines the different types of residential mobility that took place in the spring of 2020 on French territory. While this study does not predict whether or not these movements are to become permanent, or whether they would be repeated during further phases of lockdown, it highlights the heterogeneity of mobility practices, captured here in terms of distance travelled, changes within the urban gradient, types and conditions of housing, as well as the variety of resources mobilised according to sex, age and social position of individuals. While long-distance mobility more often concerns wealthy populations, local movements are almost as frequent and concern more heterogeneous fractions of the population.

Spiritual coping has been defined as an individual’s ability to utilise faith in God combined with certain Christian beliefs and religious practices to appraise, understand, and effectively cope with stress. We aimed to show the Christian how specific spiritual coping strategies and religious practices could be used to effectively assess and handle chronic stress from a faith perspective amid the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and beyond. A literature study was conducted to identify positive and negative coping strategies during the COVID-19 era and highlighted the adverse effects of chronic stress and defensiveness. Recent findings on religion, the validated bio-engineered chronic stress phenotype, the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI), Africultural Coping Systems Inventory (ACSI) and the effect of spiritual coping skills were assessed. In addition, certain Bible passages and theological perspectives regarding spiritual coping were explored to identify traces of the fight-or-flight response in the Garden of Gethsemane. The novel chronic stress phenotype reflecting stroke risk, could determine the prevalence of chronic stress. Positive coping strategies were identified, to show how positive spiritual coping skills could be utilised from a faith perspective, in coping with chronic stress amid COVID-19 and beyond. The Believe-Belong-Behave pastoral model, consisting of individual skills, corporate practices, and practical action steps, showed the Christian how certain spiritual coping skills and practices could be implemented during stress coping. The scriptural insights gained from this study, combined with the pastoral model reviewed, could offer a harmonious contribution toward the Christian’s ability to utilise spiritual coping strategies amid COVID-19 chronic stress-induced symptoms and complexities. Contribution: This article used an inter-disciplinary approach to compare recent findings within Theology, Neurophysiology, Bio-engineering, and Psychology regarding religion, stress-phenotyping, positive stress-coping and mental health. The scriptural foundation encouraged a faith-in-action response to chronic stress during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

The objective of this contribution is not to present the results of new in-depth research on the provençal. It rather aims at raising the awareness of an informed and curious -but non-specialized -audience to the different aspects of the toponymy, using examples from a very particular French region: Provence. Firstly, we mention some general information related to the presence or passage of different populations speaking different languages and belonging to different cultures throughout this region and their influence on the names given to different places. Then, we offer examples of difficulties and errors in retranscribing or explaining the same Provençal names. Our personal contribution is identifying and analyzing several new examples -includingfunnypopular etymologies, in addition to those cited by the classic studies on this topic.

To understand the complex biochemistry and biophysics of biological systems, one needs to be able to monitor local concentrations of molecules, physical properties of macromolecular assemblies and activation status of signaling pathways, in real time, within single cells, and at high spatio-temporal resolution. Here we look at the tools that have been / are being / need to be provided by chemical biology to address these challenges. In particular, we highlight the utility of molecular probes that help to better measure mechanical forces and flux through key signalling pathways. Chemical biology can be used to both build biosensors to visualize, but also actuators to perturb biological processes. An emergent theme is the possibility to multiplex measurements of multiple cellular processes. Advances in microscopy automation now allow us to acquire datasets for 1000’s of cells. This produces high dimensional datasets that require computer vision approaches that automate image analysis. The high dimensionality of these datasets are often not immediately accessible to human intuition, and, similarly to ‘omics technologies, require statistical approaches for their exploitation. The field of biosensor imaging is therefore experiencing a multidisciplinary transition that will enable it to realize its full potential as a tool to provide a deeper appreciation of cell physiology.

This article describes four fluorescent membrane tension probes that have been designed, synthesized, evaluated, commercialized and applied to current biology challenges in the context of the NCCR Chemical Biology. Their names are Flipper-TR©, ER Flipper-TR©, Lyso Flipper-TR© and Mito Flipper-TR©, they are available from Spirochrome.

This article is dedicated to Professor Gert Breed who had an indelible influence in the expansion of Pastoral Theology in South Africa: first as minister, and second as Professor in Practical Theology. In line with Professor Breed’s keen interest in the interdisciplinary approach between Theology and, for instance, Physiology and Psychology, the main aim of this article is to show how utilising spiritual coping strategies could help the Christian to cope with stress from a faith perspective. Spiritual coping was defined as an individual’s ability to utilise faith in God and Judeo-Christian religious beliefs, as well as active practices to appraise, understand and effectively cope with stressful life events. A literature study was conducted on human defence response and spiritual coping to demonstrate the adverse effects of chronic defensiveness and stress. Spiritual coping was assessed from a scriptural approach to determine what biblical perspectives regarding coping, defensiveness and spirituality may be revealed. Effective coping strategies were explored to indicate how positive spiritual coping skills could be utilised as an alternative to chronic defensives. The Believe-Belong-Behave pastoral model was proposed for the utilisation of spiritual coping methods and skills that could improve psychophysiological well-being. The Believe-Belong-Behave model consists of three categories that each highlight different individual skills, corporate practices, and practical action steps, which, when applied consistently, could all function in harmony to promote psychophysiological well-being. The components of the proposed pastoral model could offer a harmonious contribution towards spiritual coping and the Christian’s spiritual formation within the local church. Contribution: This article assessed theological perspectives and biblical practices within the basic tenets of Reformed theology to identify resemblances to stress appraisal and human defensiveness throughout the historical course of Scripture. This study in Practical Theology highlighted the importance of combining a strong scriptural or theological foundation with certain practical skills to respond to stressors from a faith-in-action perspective. The proposed pastoral model showed the modern-day Christian how faith in God could be used to cope with stress more effectively.

Das Modell der Didaktischen Rekonstruktion wird seit rund 20 Jahren in den Didaktiken verschiedener Fächer mit unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen und in verschiedenen Varianten eingesetzt. Es hat das Selbstverständnis der Fachdidaktik im Sinne einer kritischen Vermittlungswissenschaft und die Bestimmung von Kernaufgaben dieser Wissenschaft maßgeblich mitgeprägt. Dieses Themenheft zielt auf einen Überblick zu aktuellen Einsatzschwerpunkten und (Weiter-)Entwicklungen der Didaktischen Rekonstruktion, um hieran fachdidaktische Potenziale und empirische Befunde zu diskutieren. In den Beiträgen dieses Bandes wird die Didaktische Rekonstruktion als Planungs- und/oder Forschungs- und Reflexionsrahmen für schulische und hochschulische Lehr-Lernprozesse angewendet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Bereich der Lehrer*innenbildung; nur wenige Beiträge widmen sich dem „klassischen“ Einsatz zur Planung von Unter-richt. Ansätze für eine weiterführende Diskussion ergeben sich insbesondere 1) im Vergleich der Anwendungskontexte Schule und Hochschule, die unterschiedliche Umsetzungen der drei Untersuchungsaufgaben des Modells erfordern, 2) für die fachbezogenen Modifikation der Didaktischen Rekonstruktion ausgehend von den unterschiedlichen Sachlogiken der verschiedenen Bezugsdisziplinen und 3) mit Blick auf den speziellen Fall der kritischen Fachlichen Klärung in der fachdidaktischen Lehrer*innenbildung.

L’interprétation des discours de 46 enseignant.e.s de lycées généraux, technologiques et professionnels nous fait considérer la production de documents photocopiés comme une adaptation des contenus enseignés aux capacités de lecture et d’écritures des élèves. Les compétences scripturales des élèves orientent la stratégie d’enseignement des enseignant.e.s et la nature des photocopies. Selon qu’ils considèrent que leurs élèves ont besoin de s’exercer à lire ou à écrire, ils conçoivent un document adapté à cette estimation. Lorsque les élèves sont de bons lecteurs, le support devient invisible et la stratégie d’enseignement et de conception de la photocopie est focalisée sur les contenus uniquement.

Eckart Otto’s four-volume commentary on Deuteronomy will remain for many decades a benchmark for the study of Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch. One important aspect of Otto’s work is his focus on research history, and in this article the importance of this kind of study is highlighted by means of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s view of ‘Wirkungsgeschichte’ or the ‘historically effected conscious’ and the notion that understanding is a way of participating in an intellectual tradition. In the first volume of his commentary, Otto took us through an interpretation history of more than three centuries. It was a staggering journey confronting us with many scholars, showing us that understanding also implies participation ‘in an event of tradition’. In the light of this history, Otto indicated how the problem of diachrony and synchrony could be approached. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article highlights the importance of the history of research for the understanding of the Old Testament as well as the New Testament. It also emphasised the important contribution of philosophers such as Hans-Georg Gadamer and his emphasis on ‘Wirkungsgeschichte’.

This special edition consists of a selection of contributions delivered during a conference "Towards an integrated approach to the interpretation of legal documents: contracts, wills and statutes", hosted by the University of the Western Cape, on 23 March 2018. The aim of the conference was to take stock of the state of legal interpretation in South Africa five years after the watershed judgment was delivered in Joint Natal Municipal Pension Fund v Endumeni Municipality. The papers in the special edition provide a clarification, contestation and application of the Edumeni approach to the interpretation of legal documents.

This article aims to introduce the volume and to propose a global reflection about the issue of recycling between the eighteenth century and the Second World War. The purpose of this volume is to look at some historical aspects of recycling from a European perspective, during the two centuries in which the exchange of matter between town and country was hotly debated, up until 1940, when a significant modernization of agriculture took place. It is based on a workshop held in Paris in April 2015 which aimed to bring together the work of environmental historians, historians of science and rural historians on the recycling of urban and industrial waste in agriculture. The first part of the article provides an overview of the history of recycling during the long nineteenth century. On a country- or continent-wide scale, structural change in cycles of matter began to be examined around the middle of the nineteenth century. The worry caused by the accumulation of waste after 1860 induced historians to idealize the first half of the nineteenth century as a golden period of recycling, whereas, in fact, it was between 1750 and 1850 that the failure to use, in one way or another, the residues and by-products of production first became a problem. The second part is devoted to the great difficulty of recycling industrial waste in agriculture during the first half of the nineteenth century. Based upon the experiences of the famous French scientist Payen who was an industrialist and chemist but also a pioneer in accounting practice, the global logic and the limits of the recycling project are examined. In the following section we investigate the progressive abandonment by scientists, engineers, and politicians of the recycling project after 1850. A new era began with the increasing volume of imported fertilizer, guano first, but also fossil phosphates, nitrate of soda, etc. In the final section we aim to assess the value of recycling. Using the example of “basic slag”, we will demonstrate that the value of recycling was closely linked with its profitability for industrialists and for farmers.

Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, les lettres de la Chancellerie pontificale sont éditées par l’École française de Rome. Puis en 2002, elles ont bénéficié d’une édition numérique diffusée par les éditions Brepols en Europe, en Amérique et en Asie. Ce sont les chercheurs résidants en Allemagne, en France et en Italie qui la consultent le plus fréquemment. Une telle édition, comme le travail accompli par les auteurs du Repertorium Germanicum ouvrent de nouvelles pistes de recherche aux chercheurs. Les réalisations des Fasti Ecclesiae Gallicanae sont un exemple d’un travail accompli collectivement en partie grâce aux éditions numériques.

[full article and abstract in English] The subject of the paper is the analysis of the expression of stance taking in an online environment, mainly in the comments of users of social networks such as Facebook and Twitter about the presidential candidates of the American Presidential Election in 2016. The empirical data analysis was carried out following the ideas of J. W. Du Bois (2007), D. Barton & C. Lee (2013) and R. Englebretson (2007) on stance taking and J. W. Du Bois’ (2007) model of stance triangle, i.e. grouping instances of stance-taking into one of these groups: evaluation, affect or epistemicity, which served as the main framework of this study. The work of linguists D. Barton & C. Lee (2013) on the expression of stance-taking in an online environment were also taken into consideration. Having in mind the fact that stance identification is a challenging task , i.e. it could be implicitly as well as explicitly expressed and that it should be inferred from different modes of its expression and interpreted with reference to many contextual and intertextual factors, in the current analysis the authors focused on interpretation of linguistic as well as other multimodal means of the expression of stance that were used by users of social networks in their writing spaces on the topic of the Presidential Election in the United States in 2016. It should also be mentioned that the analysis presented in this article offers only one of the many possible interpretations of the data. Moreover, the current paper concentrates mainly on the presentation of the empirical data of the expression of affective stance. However, it should be indicated that in some cases stance types overlap, i.e. one instance could be treated as both taking an affective and an evaluative stance, as judgements and evaluation (i.e. evaluative stance) are often based on feelings (i.e. affective stance). The main source of the empirical data were the instances of stance taking taken from comments found on Donald Trump’s and Hillary Clinton’s verified Facebook and Twitter pages during their presidential campaigns in 2016. All in all, 147 examples of posts and comments from the social networks Facebook and Twitter were collected: 72 comments incorporating stance taking on Donald Trump‘s posts, and 75 comments including stance taking on Hillary Clinton‘s posts. The results of the empirical data analysis showed that the affective stance was expressed by linguistic as well as multimodal means.

This article highlights the impossibility of ever grasping fully the meaning of an OT text and how this loss can be approached. Historical criticism underscored the notion that the OT/HB originated over many years: texts were constantly re-interpreted, contexts often changed, older parts were re-adapted and therefore many (even opposing) voices can be heard in the Hebrew Scripture. Notwithstanding difficulties and the elusiveness of meaning, OT scholarship can still be of great value and to elaborate this point the views of two African born scholars are discussed and their “solutions” accentuated. The one suggested that studying the text can be a joyful enterprise and the other African advised that we must always be open to future possibilities.

The nature of the limitations to the right to strike in essential and public services in the nine sub-regional countries of Southern Africa – South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe – is examined in this contribution. While all of these countries share common influences and face common challenges, there appears to be a vast disparity in the approaches taken to the right to strike in public and essential services in the region. A brief overview of the demographics and labour markets in the countries under discussion is sketched, the salient features of the ILO's approach to strike in essential and public services is highlighted, and a broad overview of the contrasting and disparate approaches to essential and public services in the region is provided. The focus is, however, on the legislative approach taken to essential service employees in South Africa. It is concluded that – with the exception of South Africa and Namibia – the limitations to the right to strike of public sector employees exceed those endorsed by international conventions, and the broad definition of essential services generally relied upon effectively

Shaken Baby Syndrome refers to the violent and repetitive shaking of an infant, and is a form of abusive head trauma. It was first described in 1974, and has since been the topic of intensive study and discussion. The syndrome has classically been diagnosed with a triad of injuries, namely subdural haemorrhage, retinal haemorrhage and encephalopathy (brain abnormalities). However, recent publications have led to some doubt regarding the causation and diagnostic significance of the triad. It is now generally accepted that other conditions, even natural diseases, may cause the findings listed in the so-called "triad". To date, no reported case law is available on Shaken Baby Syndrome in South Africa; therefore this article focuses on cases in the United States and United Kingdom to delineate some of the issues associated with litigating the condition. This includes the obligation of expert witnesses to give independent, factual evidence about their areas of expertise. It is recommended that medical and legal professionals involved in cases of alleged child abuse should collect as much information as possible about the context of the case. Confessions by parents or caregivers should be treated with circumspection. Awareness campaigns should be aimed at informing the public of the dangers of shaking an infant. And with regards to Shaken Baby Syndrome an increased focus on evidence-based medicine is necessary to dissipate the uncertainty around the condition.

Augustine showed us a way how to deal with this “incompleteness” of our understanding of the Bible/ Old Testament, the postponement of meaning and the inability to exegete texts in absolute terms. To Augustine although not all is clear in the Bible/Old Testament we must nonetheless concentrate on the traces of God’s love and the love for the neighbour in a given text. This was Augustine’s answer to the problem of not knowing but Jacques Derrida handled the matter totally different. Derrida’s intense experience of loss made it impossible for him to speak in a “traditional” way about God, the Hebrew Scripture and the Jewish faith. He followed different intellectual routes and in the end he was confronted with this experience of loss and his inability to speak in conventional or orthodox terms about religion.

Desde mediados del siglo XIX la Iglesia católica ha adelantado un proceso de romanización, es decir, su centralización y unificación institucional según las directivas de la Curia romana, con miras a integrar a todos los católicos del mundo en torno a la figura del Papa. En Iberoamérica ese proceso de romanización corresponde al final del Patronato o Padroado, que había convertido a los reyes de España y de Portugal (y luego al emperador del Brasil) en «patronos» de la Iglesia. La romanización - animada por un catolicismo «integral» y aun «integrista» - logró en las Iglesias latinoamericanas una renovación y reestructuración de las estructuras eclesiásticas y de la vida eclesial. En ese proceso de romanización, del que se analiza el porqué y el cómo, el Concilio Plenario de América Latina (Roma, 1899) fue un acontecimiento importante y la Iglesia católica brasileña es un ejemplo significativo.

Criticizing linguistic idealism, Merleau-Ponty conceives the linguistic domaine through the prism of speech. The paper analyses the way in which Merleau-Ponty, in his courses concerning literature in the first half of the fifties, raises the issue of the emergence of ideality through the linguistic act, and what he proposes, in dialogue with Paul Valéry, to settle it.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek lidmate se houding teenoor vroulike ampsdraers. Vir die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek is die volgende navorsingsvraag geformuleer: Wat is kerklidmate se houding teenoor vroue as ampsdraers in die gemeente? Hierdie navorsingsvraag is met behulp van die volgende hipotese ondersoek: Daar is statisties-beduidende verskille tussen kerklidmate se houding teenoor vroulike ampsdraers en ’n aantal demografiese veranderlikes soos die geografiese ligging, die geslag, die huwelikstatus en die ouderdom. ’n Totaal van 1052 respondente bestaande uit 326 (31%) lidmate van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerkfamilie, 311 (29%) lidmate van die Christelike Herlewingskerk, 217 (21%) lidmate van die Gereformeerde Kerk en 198 (19%) lidmate van die Rooms-Katolieke Kerk is by die ondersoek betrek. Data is met behulp van ’n biografiese vraelys, asook die Petro Jonck Houding teenoor Vroulike Ampsdraers-vraelys ingesamel. Meerveranderlike variansie-ontledings is toegepas. Satistiese analise het getoon dat kerklidmate deurgaans ’n positiewe houding aangaande vroulike ampsdraers aanneem. Verder is gevind dat die geslag, die huwelikstatus en die geografiese ligging die grootste invloed op kerklidmate se houding ten opsigte van vroulike ampsdraers uitgeoefen het. Die opleidingsvlak het geen statisties-beduidende invloed op lidmate se houding teenoor vroulike ampsdraers uitgeoefen nie.

The systemic consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in South Africa are evident not only in demographic, economic and social trends, but also on a micro- and personal level, where they are devastating. Those infected with HIV are often the target of intense discrimination and discriminatory behaviour including rejection, isolation and violence. It is especially because of these macro- and micro effects associated with HIV/AIDS that the highest regard should be placed on the fundamental rights of infected individuals - specifically the rights to privacy and bodily and psychological integrity - when determining if the disclosure of such persons’ status is necessary and justified. The primary aim of this article is to critically consider and describe the different contexts in which the disclosure of a person’s HIV/AIDS status will be relevant. The position of various role players in the economy, in the criminal justice system and in the healthcare arena will be considered with reference to relevant legislation, case law, guidelines and ethical codes. It will be clear from the discussion that no simple or single right answer exists. A patient-oriented approach sensitive to public health goals and objectives and based on human rights principles is advocated in this article.

Au chant VII des Argonautiques, alors que Médée vient d’offrir ses charmes magiques à Jason, Valerius Flaccus lui fait prononcer un discours d’adieu qui s’avère faux. Bien qu’elle semble accepter que Jason parte de Colchide sans elle, malgré l’aide qu’elle lui a apportée, le poète révèle qu’elle est en train de proférer des incantations magiques afin de le rendre amoureux d’elle et de le persuader de l’épouser. Pour composer ce discours rhétorique, par lequel la magicienne manipule Jason, Valerius Flaccus se réfère à différents modèles littéraires, épiques, élégiaques et tragiques. Son travail de réécriture intertextuelle, savamment orchestrée, montre comment il infléchit la trame épique de son poème vers le tragique, transformant ses deux héros en des figures de tragédie.

This article addresses two issues in the Book of Ruth that have not yet received much scholarly attention: why is the narrative plotted in the time of the judges, whilst the time of narration dates to the postexilic period, and why is one of the protagonists Ruth, the Moabitess, whilst the law in Deuteronomy 23:3�4 (HB 4�5) clearly forbids the presence of Moabitess and Ammonites in the community of YHWH? A suggestion is made that a possible explanation to both these questions may be found in tensions regarding Israel�s identity in the Second Temple period. Two different yet not completely opposite viewpoints are illuminated: that of the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah who envisioned an exclusive Israel that is construed along genealogical and religious lines, and that of the Book of Ruth where solidarity with the people of Israel and the worship of YHWH are embraced by foreigners. Both sides are concerned about the identity of Israel and loyalty to YHWH, yet they employ a different jargon in order to argue for the inclusion or exclusion of foreigners. Furthermore, Ezra and Nehemiah consider mixed marriages as a serious threat to Israel�s identity, and they justify the expulsion of foreign wives on the basis of the Book of Moses. According to the Book of Deuteronomy, Moses interpreted the Torah for the children of Israel at Mount Nebo in Moab: Moab thus functioned as an interpretive space for the Torah. The Book of Ruth proposes an alternative interpretation of the Torah, also from the plains of Moab and the exegesis comes in the person of Ruth, the Moabitess.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article challenges the point of view that the Book of Ruth is a charming narrative of loyalty and love. Research reveals that this Book is a polemic document and its main contribution is to the intradisciplinary field of biblical hermeneutics that requests a re-interpretation of texts for changing circumstances.

This article contributes to the theme of life�s fullness by emphasising the struggle for meaning during the Persian era as reflected in Genesis 15 and 17. The community�s �strategy� was to reflect on their identity in order to find their place in the Persian-ruled society and experience something of life�s meaning. Different answers were given and each must be understood separately. In order to survive, one group opted for a broader view of the community and God (Genesis 17), while others were of the opinion that a narrower view had to be followed (Genesis 15). The arguments of both groups are discussed in this article.

This article focuses on the body as an �instrument�� to console and comfort others. In the early church so much attention was given to the soul and its salvation that the body was neglected. According to the Manichaeans the soul was related to God and separated from the body.� The body on the other hand was so despicable that sensual pleasures could not even defile it more. Augustine integrated soul and body and allowed for sexual enjoyment in marriage but viewed the desire negatively. The rest of the article stresses the point that in times of distress the body of the other can console and relieve one from much stress. Especially in misery and in the daily experience of life� s meaningless the advice of Ecclesiastes to enjoy �life with the wife whom you love�� (9:9) is taken seriously.�

This article focusses on Adolf Von Harnack�s profound study of Marcion, a theologian of the second century. He was amongst other things fascinated by Marcion�s view of the Old Testament.� Marcion rejected� the� Old Testament because it depicted the creator-god as a mean figure who humiliated human beings. Jesus was in no way related to� this� god. He� came from the good God who is described in the New Testament. Marcion compiled his own Bible which had no Old Testa-ment and only a few books from the New Testament which he� purged from all Jewish or Old Testament influence. According to Marcion the newness of the Christ event made the Old Testament superflous.�

Hans-George Gadamer and the Old Testament Some aspects of Gadamer�s hermeneutics are discussed below: his view on method, the finiteness of being human, the value of prejudices and so forth. With Gadamer�s help we are also able to think anew about our South African Old Testament tradition. He has perspectives and concepts which can help us to reword the basic questions of Old Testament scholarship. Of course, Gadamer is but one possibility, but he was one of the most important thinkers of the twentieth century. Whoever struggles with him also gains insight into the hermeneutical perspectives of the twentieth century.

Isaiah 36-39 - Sinchronic and diachronic reading of a text. There has been growing interest in the book of Isaiah, particularly with regard to the unity of the book. The current debate has grown out of the discontent of more and more researchers with the historical-critical methods and their results. The classical tripartition of Duhm, and especially his supporters� application of it, is being queried. The unity of all 66 chapters of Isaiah is indicated as an alternative. The synchronic and diachronic approaches to the text are often played off against each other. An attempt is made to raise questions about both perspectives, showing that each approach has its shortcomings. However, by looking at the text from a diachronic as well as a synchronic perspective, an improved view of the rich variety of the text can be seen. In this article, Isaiah 36-39 serves as an illustration.

This article deals with some aspects of the historical Abraham. Reference is made to an Afrikaans author, Karel Schoeman, and his novel, uVerliesfontein". In this work Schoeman attempts to enter the history of a town and its people. This, however, is not possible and he therefore says that history is another country. A country which is totally inaccessable. It is, however, also true of Abraham. Since the nineteenth century it has been emphasized that we can never determine the historical Abraham. There are no reliable written sources about him (Wellhausen). Even if one tries to get behind the sources and determine the oral tradition (like Gunkel), Abraham still evades one. Through markers in the text and ancient near eastern parallels some scholars even sought to date and describe the era of Abraham. These attempts also failed. It is argued that we should rather refrain from dating Abraham. This, however, is not the end of the story. We can still try to determine how Abraham was interpreted in faith through the ages. In this regard Von Rad's usage of Usage" can be of great assistance. In a next article this topic is discussed futher.

L’articolo illustra l’interpretazione data in età moderna di alcune categorie del mondo romano. In particolare si sofferma sull’influenza della cultura nazionale del XIX e XX secolo sui concetti di “provincia” e di “impero”, entrambi letti in chiave territoriale. Tale visione è all’origine, anche a livello storiografico, di modelli estremamente distanti dalla realtà antica. This article shows how modern culture interprets some categories of the Roman world. In particular, it analyzes the influences of 19th and 20th century national view on the concepts of “province” and “empire”, which are both conceived as territorial structures. Such a perspective originated many historiographical models which are very far away from ancient phenomena.

The immensity of Hezekiah�s tribute payment to the Assyrian monarch, Sennacherib (2 Ki 18:14) has elicited limited reflection by scholars. Agriculture, generally believed to have formed the basis of the Judaean economy, could not alone have financed Hezekiah�s expenditure at the close of the 8th and the beginning of the 7th century BCE. Alternative sources of revenue, in addition to the income from the tithes and taxes as a result of his religious reforms, which undoubtedly contributed substantially, must have been available to the king. Archaeological data will not enable us to prove the veracity of the biblical narratives, but they will help us to interpret it, illuminate the context of the biblical passages and provide valuable information for the reconstruction of the social and cultural history of the early Israelites. An entirely accurate picture of the actual events that occurred will continue to elude us.

Plotin a consacré peu de textes à une critique directe de la théorie aristotélicienne du Premier moteur. Pourtant, cette critique est bien présente mais elle prend des formes indirectes et différentes à travers les Ennéades. L’objet de cet article est d’attirer l’attention sur la variété de ces formes et de montrer que la critique de la théorie aristotélicienne emprunte des voies originales en lien avec des aspects propres à la pensée de Plotin. Il est possible en effet d’envisager le Premier moteur aristotélicien du point de vue de sa nature, de sa position hiérarchique ou du point de vue de sa causalité. Selon ces trois points de vue, trois questions et trois critiques sont possibles. Le Premier moteur est-il une réalité absolument une ou comporte-t-il de la multiplicité ? Est-il réellement une réalité première ou est-il précédé d’une réalité supérieure ? Sa manière d’exercer une causalité sur les autres êtres (causalité finale) suffit-elle à faire de lui un premier principe ? Nous nous proposons de montrer que ces trois questions se retrouvent, même de manière indirecte, dans les analyses de Plotin et que les critiques qu’il adresse à la théorie d’Aristote peuvent être saisies à travers les réponses qu’il leur apporte.

Political power, the Old Testament and church unity The� family� of Dutch� Reformed� Churches� in� South� Africa� are� involved� in tense� discussions� on� church� unity.� One� aspect� which� must� be� discussed thoroughly� is� the� legitimation� of� political� "power.� Not� only� in� the past but also� the present Mandela government� is� religiously supported.� It� is argued that� this a dangerous� venture.� Some� examples from� the Old Testament are used to� illustrate� this point.� It� is� stated that Israel became disillusioned� in political power and therefore reformulated royal theology.

The outline of an answer. This article is a response to J A Loader's evaluation of my book, "A story of two ways". It is argued that neither Loader nor any other scholar referred to in the book were deliberately belittled or degraded. Every Old Testament scholar mentioned in "Story" was depicted with the greatest respect and a sincere attempt was made to understand each one. Loader is therefore accused of a one-sided Loader-centric reading. To illustrate my point some important aspects with regard to "Story" are highlighted: the intention of the book, the way in which the book received its name, the problems attached to contemporary history writing, etcetera. The main part of the paper consists of an investigation into Loader's historical approach to the Old Testament.

A life with the fathers Carl Borchardt's views on the early church This article focuses on Carl Borchardt's contribution to the study of the early church. Especially one aspect of his historical endeavours is highlighted: the close link between the Bible and church history. He illustrated how the early church lived from the Bible and how patristic theology was shaped fundamentally by the Bible. Because he was so wellequiped for the study of the early church Borchardt succeeded highlighting the beauty of patristic exegesis and opening up new ways� of understanding our religious past. Dit was in Julie 1968 dat ek Carl Borchardt vir die eerste keer ontmoet het. Professor Ben Marais was die semester weg en Borchardt moes die middeleeue en die reformasie aan ons doseer. Hy was inderdaad 'n uitstekende keuse. Pas twee jaar gelede het hy in Leiden by die befaamde Bakhuizen van den Brink gepromoveer. Sy proefskrif, Hilary of Poitier's role in the Arian struggle, was van so 'n gehalte dat dit in die reeks, Kerkhistorische Studien, opgeneem is. Borchardt was 'n uitnemende plaasvervanger vir Ben 1-farais. So ver ek egter kan onthou, was dosent Borchardt 'n bietjie skugter en manuskripgebonde, maar tog was daar iets in sy Iesings wat my na al die jare nog bybly: 'n deeglike kennis van en 'n vaardigheid met primere en sekondere bronne van die middeleeue en die reformasie. Nou nog onthou ek van die bronne wat hy met die oog op 'n Lutherstudie vermeld het. Drie jaar later was ons saam kollegas aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika. Borchardt was in aIle opsigte my senior, maar tog was hy 'n besondere kollega. Tydens daardie goeie Unisajare was ons dosentegetalle klein en gevolglik het ek Borchardt op 'n besondere manier leer ken. Talle gesprekke oor die kerkgeskiedenis het in sy kantoor of by die teekan plaasgevind. Toe hy in 1975 Unisa se diens verlaat en hom by die Universiteit van Pretoria aangesluit het, was dit 'n droewige dag. Vir my was dit egter 'n groot vreugde om in 1987 weer sy kollega te kon word. Van Carel Borchardt het ek enorm veel geleer. Hy is in murg en been 'n akademikus, leermeester en kerkhistorikus. Oor die kerk se historiesegang het hy 'n groot kennis beskik en het dit graag gedeel. Vir die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk is sy aftrede 'n groot verlies. Met aangename herinneringe sal sy studente en kollegas die werk van� ~ns geagte koUega koester. Hieronder word kortliks op een aspek van sy kerkhistoriese arbeid gefokus: sy studie van die Parres. As ek aan Borchardt dink, is dit veral sy werk oor die vroee kerk wat my bybly. Sy entoesiasme vir die ou Vaders was aansteeklik. As hy oor hulle gepraat het, was die geesdrif voelbaar. Hieronder word slegs 'n paar fasette van Borchardt se werk as patristikus belig. Veral word die band tussen kerkgeskiedenis en die Skrif beklemtoon.

Die artikel het op die belangrikheid en noodsaaklikheid van ‘n hermeneutiek vir die gereformeerde kerkreg gefokus. Die kerkregtelike dokument wat besonderlik ter sake was, is die kerkorde van die Gereformeerde kerke in Suid-Afrika, met sy besondere band met die Dordtse kerkorde van 1618 en 1619. Agtereenvolgens is aandag gegee aan die volgende aspekte soos (1) die eiesoortige aard van ‘n kerkorde as ‘n teologiese dokument en teks, in onderskeiding van regsdokumente; (2) die aard van die hermeneutiek van kerkreg; (3) enkele teorieë oor die interpretasie of uitleg van tekste, veral regstekste en (4) normatiewe vooronderstellings en reëls vir die interpretasie en verstaan van die teks en artikels van die kerkorde asook besluite van kerklike vergaderinge. Die gevolgtrekking was dat weinig indringende navorsing gedoen is oor die saak van hermeneutiek vir kerkreg, hoewel dit noodsaaklik is. Duidelike hermeneutiese reëls is gesuggereer en verduidelik, wat sou kon meehelp dat kerke en kerklike vergaderinge die artikels van die kerkorde asook besluite en reglemente wat daarop berus het, kan interpreteer en toepas. The hermeneutics of reformed church polity. The article focused on the importance and urgency of a design for reformed hermeneutics on church polity. The Church Order referred to in the article is the Church Order of the Reformed Churches in South Africa, which are closely related to the Church Order of Dordt of 1618 and 1619. The following aspects received attention namely (1) the unique character of a Church Order, in comparison to and distinguished from legal documents and statutes; (2) the character and nature of hermeneutics of church polity; (3) theories of interpretation in the common law tradition and their relevance to church polity and (4) normative presuppositions and marks for the interpretation and understanding of the text and articles of the Church Order, as well as the resolutions of church assemblies. It was found that minimum research has been done on the topic of hermeneutics for reformed church polity. This contribution was an effort to suggest and explain a number of hermeneutical principles and guidelines, which may serve and encourage churches and assemblies to interpret, utilise and apply the Church Order in an adequate and responsible way.

Die Pflanzenzüchtung kann durch die Entwicklung und Bereitstellung neuer Genotypen in zweierlei Hinsicht dem fortschreitenden Klimawandel begegnen. Zum Einen werden Pflanzensorten zur Verfügung gestellt, die unter geänderten Klima- und Witterungsbedingungen hinreichend stabile Erträge ermöglichen und auf diesem Wege einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Klimaanpassung der Landwirtschaft leisten. Zum Anderen kann die Entwicklung von Kulturarten und Sorten, die z.B. im Hinblick auf den Düngemitteleinsatz betriebsmitteleffizient sowie in ihrem Flächenertrag auf ihren Einsatz als erneuerbare Energieträger optimiert sind, durch die Einsparung fossiler Energieträger einen aktiven Beitrag zum Klimaschutz darstellen. Eine Strategie zur Verbesserung von Nutzpflanzen als erneuerbare Energieträger ist die agrono­mische Anpassung von bislang wenig verwendeten oder neuen Kulturarten mit hohem Biomassepotenzial an hiesige Produktionsbedingungen. Eine weitere Strategie ist die Anpassung traditioneller Kulturarten an neue Nutzungszwecke und Anbausysteme. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wurden exemplarisch die genetisch-züchterischen Biomassepotenziale der Frucht­arten Sorghumhirse und Winterroggen zur Energieerzeugung untersucht. Dabei zeigten Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor-Hybriden in einem im Witterungsverlauf begüns­tigten Jahr unter norddeutschen Anbaubedingungen nach Aussaat Ende Juni mit einem Gesamttrockenmasse-Ertrag von maximal 146,3 dt/ha ein sehr hohes Ertragspotenzial, das im Untersuchungsjahr im Leistungs­bereich von Silomais lag. Kühlfeuchte Bedingungen während der Jugendentwicklung führten in einem zweiten Anbaujahr allerdings zu erheblich verminderten Erträgen und zeigten den Bedarf an weiterer züchterischer Anpassung der Sorghumhirse auf. Die Prüfung unterschiedlichen Roggenmaterials zur Biomasseproduktion zeigte zu verschiedenen Schnittzeitpunkten eine hohe züchterisch nutzbare Variabilität und viel versprechende Gesamttrockenmasse-Erträge. Auf Grund der nachgewiesenen Kombination von hoher Eigenleistung mit ansprechendem Heterosiszuwachs erscheint die Entwicklung von Hochleistungsenergie-Hybriden für diese Nutzungsrichtung besonders unter Verwendung von Grünschnittroggen und pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen mittelfristig machbar und viel versprechend. Das Ertragspotenzial des Anbausystems 'Roggen/Sorghum' wird als hoch eingeschätzt und kann nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen in einem günstigen Anbaujahr auf einen Bereich jenseits von 300 dt/ha Gesamttrocken­masse (GTM) prognostiziert werden. Besonders leistungs­stark erscheint das Anbausystem 'Roggen/Sorghum' dabei im Hinblick auf trockenere Standorte.

In the last few decades in South Africa, much emphasis has been placed on unhistorical, synchronistic interpretations of the text of the Old Testament. Very little effort has been made to look into the long historical development of the text from the sources to the present form. Sometimes the advocates of these synchronistic approaches even responded with hostility towards any approach that would, in their words, deny the authority of the text. Their search was for absolute truth, which they believed could be secured by their methods. The uncertainties of historical research were not attractive to them. In this article, we briefly look at Gerhard Von Rad�s Traditionsgeschichte [History of Traditions] and Hans-Georg Gadamer�s Wirkungsgeschichte [Reception History] and point out that mankind is rooted in history. We thus come to understanding through a process that is tied to our historical horisons. Furthermore, it will become clear that theology and philosophy can help one another in defining the process of understanding.

Julius Wellhausen � the thoughts of an Old Testament scholar. The purpose of this article is to examine the life, influence and greatest works of Old Testament scholar Julius Wellhausen. Wellhausen was influenced by the findings of other Old Testament critics that preceded him, as well as the new environment that the Enlightenment has created. These influences can be seen in his three major works: Die Komposition des Hexateuchs � here an idea of the method he used in the recognition, grouping and dating of the sources can be found. Wellhausen made use of these sources to construct a history of Israel which can be viewed in his Geschichte Israels. His greatest work was most certainly his Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels and he makes significant findings in the part on the Geschichte des Kultus. The question to be answered though is: Does Wellhausen�s source hypothesis still has a part to play in our modern research on the Pentateuch?

Bridging the gap between God and man: something divine or human? This article highlights some aspects of Heyns� view of Scripture. It is stated that Heyns was so overwhelmed by God�s revelation that the �divine� element of Scripture was overemphasized while the �human� side was neglected. This one-sided articulation of the divine prevented Heyns from either incorporating or addressing the results of critical Bible study. It is my contention that dogmatic reflection on Scripture can only be useful to the Biblical scholar if the results of critical scholarship are taken into account. This point is illustrated in the last section of this article.

South Africa finds itself in a transition period on its way to a non-racial democracy and an integrated society. This is in contrast to a past charac­terized by apartheid. In this transition period, many South Africans and members of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) struggle with questions and uncertainties concerning a future dispensation for the country and the church issues that need to be addressed. The question is whether the DRC, and specifically the minister, can play an active role in the transition to an integrated South Africa by, for instance, facilitating acceptance, un­derstanding, peace and reconciliation among church members of all races within the congregation and wider contexts. It is probable that ministers have questions concerning their own role, as well as the role that church members expect of them to play during this transition period.

The study of membranes is at a turning point. New theories about membrane structure and function have recently been proposed, however, new technologies, combining chemical, physical, and biochemical approaches are necessary to test these hypotheses. In particular, the NCCR in chemical biology aims to visualize and characterize membrane microdomains and determine their function during hormone signaling.

Abstract: Civili is a developing language spoken in Gabon and in a few neighbouring countries. This article focuses on the representation of vowel duration in Civili dictionaries. The representation in these dictionaries is inconsistent. In the article, it is argued that this inconsistency stems from a twofold phonetic-phonological issue, which has implications for the word writing system of the language. The article provides an assessment of the existing orthography proposals for Civili and offers materials for a new proposal that takes the vowel duration issue into account. Subsequently, it is recommended that vowel duration be repre-sented by a diaeresis above the vowel for both the orthography and the lemmatization in reference works such as dictionaries and school and religious textbooks.Keywords: VOWEL DURATION, CIVILI, DICTIONARIES, ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONETIC-PHONOLOGICAL ISSUE, WORD WRITING SYSTEMRésumé: La représentation de la durée vocalique dans les dictionnaires du civili. Le civili est une langue en développement parlée au Gabon et dans quelques pays voisins. Cet article traite de la représentation de la durée vocalique dans les dictionnaires du civili. La représentation est inconsistante dans ces dictionnaires. Dans l'article, il est soutenu que cette in-consistance trouve son origine dans le double problème phonético-phonologique qui a une impli-cation dans le système d'écriture des mots de la langue. L'article fournit une évaluation des propo-sitions d'orthographe existantes pour le civili et présente des éléments pour une nouvelle proposi-tion qui prend en compte la question de la durée vocalique. Ensuite, il y est recommandé que la durée vocalique soit représentée par un tréma au dessus de la voyelle aussi bien pour l'orthogra-phe que pour la lemmatisation dans les travaux de référence tels que les dictionnaires et les manuels scolaires et religieux.Mots-clés: DURÉE VOCALIQUE, CIVILI, DICTIONNAIRES, ORTHOGRAPHE, PROBLÈME PHONÉTICO-PHONOLOGIQUE, SYSTÈME D'ÉCRITURE DES MOTS

In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde divergentes Roggenmaterial (Populationssorten mit Körner- und Grünschnittnutzung, Hybriden, aktuelles Zuchtmaterial, Tetraploider Roggen, pflanzengenetische Ressourcen (PGR)) in einem zweijährigen Anbau anhand seiner Biomasseleistung auf seine Eignung zur energetischen Nutzung von Roggen überprüft, die erfassten agronomischen Merkmale wurden auf ihre Relevanz für die Biomasse­bildung beurteilt, verschiedene Schnittzeitpunkte zur Biomassenutzung untersucht und über einen NIRS-Ansatz Aussagen über das Gasbildungsvermögen der untersuchten Roggenformen getroffen. Für die Merkmale Gesamttrockenmasseertrag (GTM-Ertrag) und Biogasausbeute zu zwei Grünschnitt-Zeitpunkten – Mitte Ährenschieben und Milchreife – sowie Kornertrag lagen im untersuchten Material signifikante genotypische Varianzen vor. Bei den Grünschnitten 1 und 2 betrugen die mittleren GTM-Erträge 70,1 und 131,9 dt/ha. Grünschnittroggen-Sorten erwiesen sich im 1. Grünschnitt und Hybriden im 2. Grünschnitt als über­legen, wogegen in der Testkreuzungsleistung beim 2. Grünschnitt mehrere Grünschnittroggen und PGRs sowie eine Populationssorte die höchsten GTM-Erträge zeigten. Bei den Grünschnitten 1 und 2 sowie dem Kornertrag ergaben sich beachtliche Heterosiszuwächse von durchschnittlich 9,3%, 11,6% bzw. 32,3%. Bedeutsame Merkmale für die Biomasseproduktion (Wuchshöhe, Termin Ährenschieben, TS-Gehalt) wurden identifiziert und deren Korrelationen berechnet. Die für das Gasbildungsvermögen wesentlichen Inhaltstoffe konnten mittels NIRS-Untersuchungen quantifiziert und die Biogas­ausbeute rechnerisch bestimmt werden. Korrelationen zwischen dem GTM-Ertrag, der Biogasausbeute und dem Ligningehalt wurden ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse unter­streichen das hohe Biomassepotenzial verschiedener Roggen-Materialgruppen für die Bioenergienutzung.

Le tourisme dit « sexuel » est aujourd’hui décrié comme une forme de tourisme international immoral, un dysfonctionnement grave de la mondialisation appelant une réaction politique contre « l’exploitation sexuelle » dont seraient victimes des millions de femmes et d’enfants. Pourtant, derrière l’apparente évidence du « tourisme sexuel » comme expression de sens commun, rares sont les enquêtes qui explicitent la réalité concrète des échanges prostitutionnels. En adoptant une démarche ethnographique, l’article décrit le fonctionnement de Patpong, un quartier rouge de Bangkok dédié à une clientèle internationale. Par la description des offres disponibles, des revenus générés, des codes et des pratiques, la complexité de l’espace réapparaît. Il s’agit de donner à voir la réalité des échanges pour interroger l’articulation entre commerce et sexualité. L’analyse ethnographique du tourisme sexuel permet ainsi de souligner la diversité des pratiques et de rappeler que les formes les plus visibles — et les plus commentées — d’échanges prostitutionnels éclipsent trop souvent une pluralité d’expériences qui participe pourtant au succès de ces ruelles mondialement connues. So-called sex tourism is condemned as an immoral form of international tourism, a serious failure of globalization requiring political action against the “sexual exploitation” suffered by millions of women and children. Yet behind the common and seemingly evident understanding of “sexual tourism,” few studies have focused on the actual reality of such relations. Based on an ethnographic study, this article presents the structure of Patpong, a red-light district of Bangkok dedicated to international tourism. First, the article aims to briefly present the historical development of Patpong. This peculiar space is intrinsically linked to sex tourism, as these world-renowned streets expanded since the mid-60s to become one of the most famous red-light districts in Southeast Asia. Initially linked to the gi s’ military presence in Thailand during the Vietnam War, “recreational bars” have grown during the boom of international tourism. Limited to some specific areas, these bars became world-famous and started to be harshly discussed. Then the article describes how Patpong is organized. In actuality this area is not only dedicated to commercial sex but also to business. By underlining the presence of a Night Bazaar, and also drug shops, restaurants, discos, even jewelries, the depiction of Patpong reminds us of the complexity of exchanges that defines this red-light district. If commercial sex seems omnipresent, it has to be understood as a specific form of business developed in order to rationally maximize the benefits of the international visitors’ presence. Finally, the diversity of sexual offers is detailed. By describing the many available services, the incomes generated, the codes of conduct, and practices, the complexity of Patpong surfaces. The article not only depicts the diversity of sexual establishments and their rules (i.e., go-go bars, beer bars, sex shows, etc.), but also points out the influence of non-sexual establishments, such as “regular” bars and the like. In fact, some prostitution activities take the form of ordinary relations and make us rethink the fine balance between sexuality and business. The ethnographical analysis of sex tourism thus highlights the multiplicity of practices and reminds us that the most visible — and most notorious — forms of prostitution often dismiss the multiple and complex factors that nonetheless contribute to the success of international sex.