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Copyright of Der Islam is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses current trends in the formation of the church space in post-Soviet Russia. The author focuses on religious practices that result in the presence of symbolically significant objects – relics, votive gifts, donators’ icons, notes, etc., – in churches. These objects build the space of the church as a space of communication with the saints; they form an environment in which parishioners and pilgrims clearly see the channels and means of this communication. Some practices are carried out primarily by the clergy – such as collections of relics and brandea or ordering various reliquaries for keeping sacred objects which the church is either already having or planning to obtain. Collecting relics allows clergy to build the “topography of holiness” in the church, to present the uniqueness of the church in the parish and on the church website. Other practices are carried out primarily by parishioners and pilgrims – this is the bringing of votive gifts, notes, and donators’ icons (sometimes with inscriptions). Various objects that appear in the temple space can serve as affordances for such actions. First, these are wooden icon-cases covered with glass – ‘niches’ in which it is convenient and safe to place gifts. Secondly, these are ‘regular’ gifts – decorations placed on icons by the clergy (as a rule, pectoral crosses and panagia). Finally, the same role is played by the notes, the gifts, and the curatorial icons themselves – the presence of the gift serves as an invitation to do a similar action and bring a note / a jewelry or to order a new icon related to personal or family story (request, need). As a result of such practices, the church space in Russia is actively developing. Reliquaries of various forms are being created; relics are integrated into icons and crosses, turning them into reliquaries; massive icon-cases are ordered for icons, convenient for placing a lot of votive gifts, etc. These processes are sometimes hardly noticeable, but their role in the current church tradition is undoubtedly significant. В статье рассмотрены актуальные тенденции в формировании храмового пространства в постсоветской России. В фокусе внимания – религиозные практики, которые оказывают влияние на наполнение церквей символически значимыми объектами – реликвиями, вотивными дарами, ктиторскими иконами, записками и т. п. Эти предметы выстраивают пространство храма как пространство коммуникации со святыми и формируют среду, в которой прихожане и паломники наглядно видят каналы и средства этой коммуникации. Некоторые практики осуществляются прежде всего духовенством – это собирание реликвий, святых мощей и брандеа, заказ различных реликвариев для хранения как уже приобретённых, так и (зачастую) ещё только запланированных к приобретению святынь. Собирание реликвий позволяет выстраивать свою «топографию святости» в каждой церкви, позиционировать уникальность своего храма в приходе и на церковном сайте. Другие практики осуществляют прежде всего прихожане и паломники – это принесение вотивных даров, записок, а также ктиторских икон, иногда с донаторскими надписями. Аффордансами для таких действий могут служить различные предметы, появляющиеся в храмовом пространстве. Прежде всего, это деревянные киоты, закрытые стеклами, – ниши, в которых удобно и безопасно размещать дары. Кроме того, это «регулярные» дары – украшения, размещаемые на иконах духовенством (как правило, наперсные кресты и панагии). Наконец, ту же роль играют сами записки, привесы и ктиторские иконы – наличие дара служит приглашением сделать аналогичное действие и принести записку / одарить икону драгоценностью / заказать новую икону, связанную с личной или семейной историей (просьбой, потребностью). В результате развития таких практик храмовое пространство в России активно развивается, трансформируется, формируется на новых основаниях. Для реликвий создают мощевики разных форм; частицы мощей интегрируют в иконы и кресты, превращая их в реликварии; для икон заказывают массивные киоты, в которых можно разместить множество вотивных привесов и т. п. Эти процессы порой мало заметны, но их роль в актуальной церковной традиции крайне велика.

The article analyzes three fragments from the travel notes of Vasily Grigorovich-Barsky about pilgrimage sites identified as the house of the Virgin Mary in Mariazell, Loreto and Nazareth. This traveler, who lived in the 18th century, was an Orthodox Christian and his education was very close to European University tradition, was interested not only in the appearance and history of these complexes, but also in the authenticity of the objects of worship. The texts about Mariazell and Loreto are non-critical descriptions, although about the shrine in Nazareth in his description Barsky is doubting about the authenticity of what he had seen earlier. Bringing scientific arguments, he is convinced of the falsity of the Catholic shrine in Loreto and the falsity of the legend about moving the house to another location. His reasoning, at first glance, is a natural part of interfaith polemics, but when referring to the tradition of Loretan criticism, it turns out that the author is included in the polemic that began in European religious and scientific circles long before him. His arguments are of interest from the point of view of the history of the Church, since he refutes Catholic practice, relying on arguments of a scientific nature, and not on theology. В статье анализируются три фрагмента из путевых заметок Василия Григоровича-Барского о паломнических объектах, отождествляемых с домом Девы Марии, в Марияцелле, Лорето и Назарете. Путешественника, жившего в XVIII столетии, исповедующего православие и получившего образование, близкое к университетскому, интересовал не только облик и история этих комплексов, но и подлинность объектов поклонения. Тексты о Марияцелле и Лорето имеют характер некритических описаний, тогда как при обращении к святыне в Назарете Барский задаётся вопросом о подлинности увиденного им ранее. Приводя аргументы научного характера, он убеждается в поддельности католической святыни в Лорето и неистинности легенды о переносе домика Девы Марии. Его рассуждения, на первый взгляд, являются естественной частью межконфессиональной полемики, но при обращении к традиции лоретанской критики выясняется, что автор включается в полемику, начавшуюся в европейских религиозных и научных кругах задолго до него. Его рассуждения представляют интерес с точки зрения истории Церкви, поскольку он опровергает католическую практику, опираясь на аргументы научного характера, а не на богословие.

The essay "Bell Beakers in the Masurian Lakeland in Northeast Poland - Relics and Identification Problems" confirms that the influence of the Bell Beaker culture extended to the Vistula Basin. New discoveries in the North Podlachian Lowland, especially in the Masurian Lakeland, show that this region was heavily influenced by the Iwno culture, which spread the Bell Beaker influence in this part of Europe. The analysis of ceramic and flint artifacts from the Ząbie X and Szestno II sites revealed that these objects can clearly be associated with Bell Beakers and have no connection to the local Iwno culture. This suggests that in the late Neolithic period, individuals with the cultural heritage of the Bell Beaker culture reached the area of the Masurian Lakeland and the North Podlachian Lowland. [Extracted from the article]

Following in the footsteps of a well-established historiographical tradition on the cult, sanctuaries and pilgrimages of St. Michael in Europe, the paper will analyse a particular case study involving the Michaelic tradition of the Gargano and the rivalry among several Norman abbeys between the 11th and 12th centuries: the Priory of Saint-Michel-du-Mont-Gargan, a dependency of Saint-Ouen of Rouen. After reconstructing the birth and growth of the Priory, the study will examine the history of Saint-Ouen in order to contextualise the role of the cult of the Archangel and the function of this minor institution within the strategy of religious policy pursued by the mother abbey in the years of the formation of the Norman Principality after the Viking invasions.

The introduction of the angel and later the Tudor sovereign gold coins in the late 1400s became part of a political rhetoric aimed at mediating the king’s image, power, and wealth. However, it also played a part in the legitimation of the Tudor dynasty during the later stages of the Wars of the Roses, a time of Yorkist pretenders and foreign opposition to Henry VII’s reign. As only the rightful king was believed to have the gift of healing, Henry VII appropriated both coins and ritual from the Plantagenet dynasty associated with the sanctity of kingship. Ordinary objects bearing the King’s image were imbued by the people with supernatural and political powers. How could the religious function of contact relics also facilitate the use of the non-religious Tudor gold sovereign and other denominations by mimicking the iconography and ritual use of the angel? And how were these coins used as part of political rhetoric to legitimate the claim for the throne to support a myth of royal succession and prove Tudor right by appealing to the public? This article argues that the coins created and empowered the King with saintly abilities, granting the object carrying the King’s image a reliclike power, further fusing the image with people’s belief in the legitimate King’s God-given power of healing. The visual migration or transfer of an image’s symbolic properties, in this case the transference of its sacred properties to secular objects, mediated both the literal and conceptual image of the King as part of political legitimation against the Yorkist pretenders and foreign powers

The article presents the discussion on examining the close relationship between Archbishop Norbert of Magdeburg (1126–1134) and Count Otto von Röblingen. Topics include highlighting the efforts to revive and renew the spiritual life through the veneration of saints and their relics; and underscoring the importance of interdiocesan connections and networks in promoting religious practices and fostering a sense of spiritual community.

This contribution offers an analysis of the use of the marvellous element in the Voyage de Charlemagne in terms of the narrative dynamics and the conflict between the two sovereigns, Charlemagne and Hugo the Strong. Cultural historians have stressed the different connotations of the marvellous in medieval literature: miraculous, magical, artificial, supernatural, Christian, pagan, etc. The plot of the heroic poem shows a clear contrast between the supernatural of divine origin enjoyed by the western emperor, who was a pilgrim in Jerusalem, and the fantastic elements of earthly origin enjoyed by the eastern king, who does not leave his court. If Charlemagne’s victory, achieved thanks to his alliance with the sacred Christian, over Hugo the Strong, lord only of the marvellous/profane, is clearly described in the Voyage de Charlemagne, it is fair to ask how this point of view relates to the other levels of interpretation that critics have highlighted in the text (e.g. parody, fairy tale, serio-comic tradition).

From 1309 to 1523, Rhodes was ruled by the Order of the Knights of St. John. The relics of John the Baptist, their patron saint, held a prominent place in the Hospitallers’ devotion. Among the relics, his arm became a significant focus of attention and pilgrimage for the Christian world. After a brief review of the earliest references to the arm, its travels about the eastern Mediterranean, as well as some of the testimonies related to it, the representations of the saint’s arm in medieval painting are briefly examined. After 1204, the Knights appear to have had a direct or indirect connection with the proliferation and dispersal of the relics of the saint, aiming at political and economic benefits. The “miraculous replication” of the arm opened new perspectives for power and influence.

The paper discusses the relic of the head of the Serbian patriarch Pajsije, recently discovered in the Patriarchate of Peć monastery. Besides a painted cryptogram, the head also includes an extensive inscription with information about Pajsije’s title, time of reign, date of death and place of burial. Taking into account the historical and ideological context, the paper argues that the impetus for establishing Pajsije’s cult came from Patriarch Maksim, his follower and admirer. An analysis of archaeological documentation has shown that Pajsije’s tomb was located at the same spot as Patriarch Maksim’s grave later on. An icon of Patriarch Pajsije now kept in Ravenna made up a unified cultic ensemble with the coffin-reliquary.

AThe essence of puppet performance is its balance between animacy and inanimacy,the artificial and the natural. This article proposes the framework of puppetry as a means of understanding the transcendent potential of a group of medieval reliquary busts from Cologne. In both appearance and manipulation, these sculpted busts blurred the boundaries between life and death, much like puppets. I argue that the dual mimesis of these busts, both visual and kinetic, enhanced their theological purpose as vessels for the bones of saints, and points to a medieval interest in the productive paradoxes of representation. Through their puppet-like hybridity, these sculptures bridged the distance between humans and the divine for medieval viewers. The article concludes by proposing a parallel between the temporary lives of puppets and the hybrid nature of artificial intelligence, suggesting that medieval conceptions of mimesis can provide a means of thinking through twenty-first century technology.

The floor mosaics of the double basilica, founded by bishop Theodorus in approximately 313/20 AD, feature a motif of nature's abundance, with a variety of animals and plants from the Hellenistic tradition evoking the themes of the cosmic rebirth at Easter and heavenly bliss. Among these images, there are several that deserve particular consideration for their liturgical meanings related to the Eucharistic sacrifice. In both churches, the images of the struggle between the cock and the tortoise are spatially linked to the altar. This imagery is drawn from the pagan repertoire and it symbolizes the renewal of man through the passion and resurrection of Jesus. In the picture of the southern church, there is a puzzling numeral that may refer to the square footage of a mosaic paid for by anonymous donors who, in exchange for their donation, hoped to receive the prize of eternal life. Additional inscriptions commemorate the faithful in both presbyteries near or at the altars. On the sides of the northern one, there is a ram, a prototypical sacrificial animal, and a white hare, a symbol of paschal transfiguration. These images hint at the underlying truths of the Eucharist. Here, as well as in the southern basilica, the sunlight entering from the windows, especially during the Easter season, illuminates the mosaics, emphasizing their paschal symbolism. In the southern church, particularly, the iconography is more intimated in relation to liturgy. Indeed, a wooden table for oblation stood probably on the mosaic of the ›Eucharistic Victory‹, which was flanked by two baskets, one filled with ears of corn and the other with bunches of grapes - both symbols of the Eucharistic species. Archaeological, biblical, and literary evidence implies that martyrs were invoked as intercessors to sanctify the species, here likely also by virtue of their relics. In the presbytery, there is a mosaic of Jonah prefiguring the death and resurrection of Christ; at the center of the mosaic was the altar on which those mysteries were renewed in the holy Sacrifice of the Mass. Next to it, the praying, white-clad man likely alludes to the celebrant. In this context, the fishing erotes are not just a genre subject; rather, radiating from the altar, they represent the joyful announcement and the bestowing of God's healing love for all people in the troubled sea of this world. In this original way, after the end of the persecutions, early Christian art, which was still closely bound to Graeco-Roman forms, experienced its first public expressions of faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst is the property of Freunde Mainfraenkischer Kunst und Geschichte e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scholars have traditionally dated the Royal Chapel at Pyrga, Cyprus to the year 1421 and attributed it to the patronage of the island’s Latin ruler Janus de Lusignan (r. 1398-1432). However, more recent stylistic, iconographic, and epigraphic analyses present a convincing argument for dating the chapel to the mid-fourteenth century. Ironically, though the chapel is most frequently associated with the death of Janus’s wife Queen Charlotte, the portraits of a Latin king and queen both appear as living, albeit anachronistic, attendants at Christ’s death in the chapel’s decoration. Their prayerful attitude at the base of the Cross on Golgotha, in conjunction with programmatic emphasis on sickness/death, salvation, and intercession, implies that the foundation was intended to be something other than a memorial funerary chapel for a specific royal person. This article, which supports a mid-fourteenth-century date, will argue that the chapel instead functioned as an ex-voto or visual prayer for the salvation of the Cypriot people from an outbreak of plague on the island. Evidence points to King Peter I de Lusignan (r. 1358-1369) and Queen Eleanora as likely patrons of the chapel and the role of St. Peter Thomas—monk, papal procurator, and bishop—as instigator of royal penitential display as a means of countering the spread of plague. Important to this revised date and context is the clear invocation of the True Cross—relic and palladium par excellence of the Crusades—that held special importance in the religious culture of Cyprus and for its royal dynasty.

This article discusses the ways in which the physical presence of consecrated virgins was perceived, described, and subsequently altered in Late Antiquity. In the course of the fourth and fifth centuries CE, through codes that regulated their behaviour and outward appearance, and through the assignment of specific ritual functions and spaces, bishops constructed a new and long-lasting image of consecrated virgins. The resulting model, the authors argue, was shaped by notions regarding female anatomy as well as by their association with the Virgin Mary; it was similar to a precious reliquary: a container whose aesthetic indicated the consecrated nature of its interior.

The paper presents the results of analysis of typological, stylistic- technical, epigraphic and iconographic features of the luxurious panagiarion, part of a complex reliquary, in the treasury of the Tersatto Monastery near Rijeka. The size and content of the panagiarion, made of jewels, pearls and relics in silver gilded revetments, provide basis to classify it within the group of Late Byzantine pectoral panagiaria-reliquaries and enkolpia of diverse forms. The dedicatory inscription on its reverse refers to despotissa Barbara Frankopan, the wife of the Serbian despot Vuk Grgurević, as its patron. The inscription on its rim and capsule with a miniature relief of the Virgin with Christ place it within the field of Orthodox personal devotion. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177003: Srednjovekovno nasleđe Balkana: institucije i kultura]

Copyright of Studia Historica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author presents the findings of his own studies on the presence of relics and dedications in the churches of Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre in medieval Polonia Minor (covering the former Krakow and Sandomierz voivideships). The article reveals important accounts in Samuel Nakielski’s chronicle. The first account relates bringing the soil from Jerusalem by Jaksa and is known in literature. The second account concerns the possession of the relics of the Holy Cross by the monastery of Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre, hitherto unknown in literature. The author formulates a thesis on the existence of important relics of the Passion in the Miechów monastery. Key source accounts on dedications were analysed. It was indicated that the primary dedication of the Miechów church towards the end of the 18th century was a combined invocation of the Holy Sepulchre, the Holy Spirit and Blessed Virgin Mary. The author also extensively analyses the dedication of the church in Żarnowiec, with dedications to both feasts related to the Holy Cross, to the Holy Spirit, the Holy Sepulchre and Blessed Virgin Mary. The dedications of 10 other churches administered by Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre are also discussed. In addition, the author presents a substantial collection of data on the dedications of surviving altars and chapels in relation to the Miechów church and St Jadwiga’s Church in Stradom. In conjunction with the information on numerous relics of saints, the findings should become a departure point for further studies.

In this paper the different processes of medieval memory construction of Saints Adrian and Natalia are studied through the presence of their relics in the altars of some churches in Rome, León and Lisbon. Following the martyrdom of Saint Adrian in the East and the transference of his mortal remains by his wife to Byzantium, it was between the 7th and the 13rd centuries that their worship was developed in the Iberian Peninsula therefore creating significant worship strategies. This had consequences in written sources, architecture and epigraphy, points of investigation of this article.

In agreement with the last will of Doge Francesco Erizzo († 1646), his heart was buried in San Marco, the political and religious center of the Serenissima, next to the high altar and thus ad sanctos to the relics of Venice's patron saint. This unprecedented privilege not only disrupted the city's restrictive policies concerning public monuments, but her republican ideals in general. Due to the significance of the heart in Christian eschatological thinking and corporal state doctrines his burial elevated Erizzo to the status of an absolute ruler threatening the Republic's sacred constitution. In Venice, however, individual and public interests were closely intertwined. This study therefore analyzes the heart burial in the context of Erizzo's self-fashioning, Venetian state ideology, devotional practices and collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present contribution discusses only a part of the results obtained by the team of archaeologists from “ Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in the area of the Basilica with a Crypt during the period of 2002– 2013. We took into consideration the architectural features of the Christian edifice, the pre-existing architectural structures (both of Greek and Roman ages), the place of the Christian monument in the urbanism of Late Roman age at Histria, the archaeologically noticeable modifications that occurred in the configuration of this intra muros area of the Late Roman city at various chronological moments

The surviving sources suggest that St Sava of Serbia was, as part of the programme of securing sacral legitimacy for the state and dynasty, setting the scene for the inclusion of his brother Stefan, the first-crowned Serbian king, among the saints. This part of the programme was not fully realized, but the focus of the cult was on the incorrupt relics. The cult of Stefan the First-Crowned was not rounded off until the seventeenth century, when the Patriarch Paisios wrote a vita and a service. The development of the cult over the centuries (from the 13th to the 20th century) was a direct reflection of changing historical circumstances and the prevailing ideology of rulership. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177003 (Srednjovekovno nasleđe Balkana - institucije i kultura]

The article discusses how sacred objects such as saints' relics were collected and circulated by spiritual communities, with focus on the study of the materiality of these objects and their direct environment.

The article presents a report from an April 21-25, 2015 conference in Weingarten, Germany on the history of holy objects and saints hosted by the hagiography department of Rottenburg-Stuttgart diocese academy and the Middle Ages and Early Modern sacrality and sacralization working group of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft research society. Topics of presentations delivered included the design and use of cast metal pilgrims' badges in the Middle Ages, descriptions of relics in the medieval manuscript "Flores epytaphii sanctorum" by Thiofried von Echternach, and the deification of swami Vidyatirtha of the Srngeri Hindu temple in India as the god Svayambu-Linga.

On the basis of ethnographic fieldwork which was conducted among some Carmelite and Augustinian monastic groups (in France and in Italy), the aim of the present paper is to investigate the nature of relic-objects from an anthropological perspective. These are probably one of the most significant reified examples of the so-called ‘sacred’ as tangible evidence in contemporary western societies. Considering the case of the remains of Breton Blessed Françoise d’Amboise (1427-1485), the analysis will be focused on the transformation process human remains undergo to be turned into relics, this process being implemented by specialised secluded nuns. A number of issues will be addressed, such as the types of relational processes and strategies (including protagonists, situations, material and ideological systems) that are most relevant for these objects to be assigned and preserve their sacred power.

Copyright of Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst is the property of Freunde Mainfraenkischer Kunst und Geschichte e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The episodes surrounding the death of a saint are described that mark stages in recognizing sainthood and establishing a place of worship and pilgrimage. Hagiographic accounts are the main sources of information for the medieval and modern periods about the stakes in each of the episodes described; they also establish de facto a model for the making of a saint. In the effort to describe this model and understand deviations from it, we notice an evolution in saint worship between ancient times and the contemporary period.

Copyright of Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert is the property of Wallstein Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the material relics related to the guarding of vineyards and the grape harvest, mainly from the angle of legal history and the ethnology of law, drawing as a source on objects preserved in museums and other collections as well as on images. The examples reach back as far as the 14th century and geographically are taken from Austria and the neighbouring Slovene, Moravian, German, Swiss and Italian (South Tyrol) territories. The author writes about how the gate of the vineyard was closed when the grapes began to ripen indicating that entry was forbidden to outsiders, as well as about the tall "guards' posts" used for observation of the territory, the tasks of the vineyard guards trusted with protecting the area, their dress, the implements they used in their work (weapon, clapper, etc.) and their payment. In connection with the grape harvest the article also mentions the role and use of sticks with notched signs to record the performance of the harvesters and the size of the harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographically the research covers the vineyards in the southern part of Zala County, in south-western Hungary. In the article I seek an answer to the question of how and to what extent the vineyard plots that were earlier used in part for commodity production (for the grower's own use and to a lesser extent for the market), and in part as hobby gardens are being transformed into an area offering leisure-time activities for others (vineyard tourism). On the basis of data collected during fieldwork I examine the festivals and events designed to preserve and create vineyard traditions (vineyard festival, protective saints and sacral relics, grape harvest festival, chestnut festival) and tourism opportunities according to their economic, social and cultural functions. In the southern Zala region examined a wide variety and complex forms of these events arose and they play a not insignificant part in shaping and strengthening local and micro community identity. Creative individual or micro community initiatives play a very big part in the present processes of the preservation and invention of tradition, but the events can only be kept alive and become tradition if they are accepted by the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the attitudes among Protestants toward a Catholic pilgrimage to the Holy Robe in the cathedral of Trier, Germany, in 1844. Focusing on the Protestant parishes of Winningen, Koblenz, Trier, and Bonn, Germany, the author seeks to shed light on the confessional conflicts and debates about the relationship between the Protestant Prussian state and the Catholic Church in the 19th century. Issues addressed include the social conditions of Catholics and Protestants, Ultramontanism, and the history of religious processions in the Rhineland region of Germany.

For a long time the treasure of relics, donated by duke Rudolph IV of Austria to the newly founded collegiate chapter All Saints at St Stephen's in Vienna, has attracted much interest from historical researchers. The earliest written source for the treasure, which is mostly lost today, is kept in the archives of the diocese of Vienna and dates back to the second half of the 14th century (relic inventary no. 1). The edition at hand is based on two only slightly later manuscripts, the first of which was written for the provost, and the second one, containing numerous additions and glosses, for the custodian of the collegiate chapter. The commentary provides information on the provenance of the relics and draws on early and recent research on the appearance of the reliquaries. An illustrated inventory, the "Heylthumbuch" from 1502, supplies corresponding pictures (which can be downloaded from the website of the IÖG) for the illustration of the former treasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a conference on early Christian cemeteries, held in Regensburg, Germany, from April 19-20, 2013. Focusing mainly on the third century, participants discussed such topics as the catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter, Callixtus, and Praetextatus in Rome, Italy, Christian funeral laws and customs from the second to the eighth century, and the role of relics in the writings of Greek Christian church father Johannes Chrysostomus.

The article presents information about a medieval studies conference held in Regensburg, Germany on November 12-14, 2009. Topics under discussion at the conference included the cultural historical significance of medieval city cults, medieval Christian relics, and the medieval veneration of Christian saints. Presentations were given by international historians Frank G. Hirschmann, Hans-Christoph Dittscheid, and Lucia Raspe.

The article presents a report from an April 11-12, 2014 conference in Munich, Germany on the history of transporting human remains in Europe. Topics of presentations delivered included the practice of boiling the flesh off of bones of venerated corpses to make relics in the Middle Ages, the preservation and burial of human hearts in the early modern era, and graffiti of vulvae and penises drawn by religious pilgrims in the Netherlands and in England.

Focused on the example of Amiens Cathedral (ca. 1489-1532), this study questions the relations among choir screen, liturgy, and the cult of relics. It will explain that the image cycle of the choir screen prepared the laity for the visit to and worship of the cathedral's relics and supported the staging of relics, especially during the feast days of the saints. This was possible through the arrangement of the saints' cycles, the choice of scenes, their pictorial rhetoric, and finally by the orientation of the reading direction in relation to the liturgy and cult-topography of the cathedral. The close interaction between image and liturgy could even extend to synesthetic effects. The choir screen therefore appears not only in its primary function of separating the laity and clergy but also in its pictorial decoration as a type of furniture essentially defined by liturgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the summary of a conference that focused on the historical significance of the old church treasures left behind by the canonesses of the Gandersheim Abbey. It was held from September 30 to October 2, 2010 in Bad Gandersheim, Germany. Topics under discussion at the conference included an analysis of the discovered relics, the background information on some of the tapestries that were found, as well as the role of sculptures and reliquaries in the liturgical sphere.

The episodes surrounding the death of a saint are described that mark stages in recognizing sainthood and establishing a place of worship and pilgrimage. Hagiographic accounts are the main sources of information for the medieval and modern periods about the stakes in each of the episodes described; they also establish de facto a model for the making of a saint. In the effort to describe this model and understand deviations from it, we notice an evolution in saint worship between ancient times and the contemporary period.