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Abstract Background Recessive deleterious variants are known to segregate in livestock populations, as in humans, and some may be lethal in the homozygous state. Results We used phased 50 k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and pedigree data to scan the genome of 6845 Manech Tête Rousse dairy sheep to search for deficiency in homozygous haplotypes (DHH). Five Manech Tête Rousse deficient homozygous haplotypes (MTRDHH1 to 5) were identified, with a homozygous deficiency ranging from 84 to 100%. These haplotypes are located on Ovis aries chromosome (OAR)1 (MTRDHH2 and 3), OAR10 (MTRDHH4), OAR13 (MTRDHH5), and OAR20 (MTRDHH1), and have carrier frequencies ranging from 7.8 to 16.6%. When comparing at-risk matings between DHH carriers to safe matings between non-carriers, two DHH (MTRDHH1 and 2) were linked with decreased insemination success and/or increased stillbirth incidence. We investigated the MTRDHH1 haplotype, which substantially increased stillbirth rate, and identified a single nucleotide variant (SNV) inducing a premature stop codon (p.Gln409*) in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT) gene by using a whole-genome sequencing approach. We generated homozygous lambs for the MMUT mutation by at-risk mating between heterozygous carriers, and most of them died within the first 24 h after birth without any obvious clinical symptoms. Reverse transcriptase-qPCR and western blotting on post-mortem liver and kidney biological samples showed a decreased expression of MMUT mRNA in the liver and absence of a full-length MMUT protein in the mutant homozygous lambs. Conclusions We identified five homozygous deficient haplotypes that are likely to harbor five independent deleterious recessive variants in sheep. One of these was detected in the MMUT gene, which is associated with lamb lethality in the homozygous state. A specific management of these haplotypes/variants in the MTR dairy sheep selection program would help enhance the overall fertility and lamb survival.

In France, the integration of climate and energy issues in the spatial planning tools of local authorities is compulsory for cities with more than 20000 inhabitants. Through the example of Toulouse Metropole, the interdisciplinary work here presented make use of the available geographic and climatic data to perform spatial microclimatic diagnostics and its translation into recommendations to address thermal summer comfort. Analysis maps and strategic maps for daytime and night time are presented for thermal and aeraulic analysis taking advantage of available numerical simulations at 250x250 m, one year of duration and local weather type classifications. A three years long collaboration with the local authority and the urban agency allowed the co-construction of the cartographic protocol and the publication of an Atlas as well as a set of guidelines. Collaboration with a network of French cartographers allowed original propositions on graphic semiology as visual organization, the choice of urban and geographical information to be combined with the climatic information or a proposition of a new UTCI colorimetric spectrum.

Abstract Background Based on the relatively homogeneous origin of the sheep breeds in Morocco that originate mainly from Iberia, it is highly relevant to address the question of how these very diverse sheep populations differentiated from each other. The Mountains of the High Atlas and Middle Atlas are expected to constitute North–South and West–East geographical barriers, respectively, which could have shaped the history of the differentiation of sheep breeds. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by considering the genetic structure and the spatial distribution of five major breeds (Sardi, Timahdite, Beni Guil, Boujaad and D’man) and one minor breed (Blanche de Montagne), by analysing the mtDNA control region, using 30 individuals per breed. Results Phylogenetic and network analyses did not indicate any clear separation among the studied breeds and discriminant component principal analysis showed some overlap between them, which indicates a common genetic background. The calculated pairwise FST values and Nei’s genetic distances revealed that most breeds showed a moderate genetic differentiation. The lowest and highest degrees of differentiation were retrieved in the Beni Guil and Boujaad breeds, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that more than 95% of the genetic diversity occurs within individuals, while between- and within-population variabilities represent only 1.332% and 2.881%, respectively. Isolation-by-distance, spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA), and spatial AMOVA analyses evidenced clear examples of geographical structuration among the breeds, both between and within breeds. However, several enigmatic relationships remain, which suggest the occurrence of complex events leading to breed differentiation. Conclusions The approaches used here resulted in a convergent view on the hypothetic events that could have led to the progressive differentiation between the Moroccan breeds. The major split seems to be linked to the West–East barrier of the Middle Atlas, whereas the influence of the High Atlas is less obvious and incompletely resolved. The study of additional breeds that have settled near the High Atlas should clarify the relationships between the breeds of the West part of the country, in spite of their small population size.

Totes les comunitats autònomes (CA) disposen de prestacions econòmiques de protecció social per fer front a la situació de pobresa i vulnerabilitat de les persones, les famílies i les unitats de convivència i per garantir-los els mínims d’una vida digna. Es tracta de prestacions econòmiques de dret subjectiu —la majoria—, de caràcter periòdic, condicionades al compliment dels requisits legalment establerts i al compliment de determinades obligacions. Malgrat les diferents regulacions d’aquestes prestacions econòmiques, en tots els casos es tracta d’un dret derivat del principi de cohesió social i, també en tots els casos, tenen la mateixa finalitat, vinculada a un resultat: garantir els mínims d’una vida digna a qui no disposi de recursos econòmics. L’article té per objecte l’anàlisi dels instruments legals de seguiment i d’avaluació del dret per tal de garantir l’efectivitat de la prestació econòmica, des de la perspectiva de la seva finalitat i del seu caràcter jurídic, també es fa una aproximació a uns possibles paràmetres d’avaluació aplicats a la prestació econòmica de la renda garantida de ciutadania a Catalunya i, finalment es vol posar èmfasi en l’oportunitat que suposa l’entrada en vigor de la prestació econòmica estatal de l’ingrés mínim vital.

This article proposes a guideline to develop an ontology of software. The first section gives a brief introduction to the importance of such ontology as a possible conceptual grounding for the philosophy of software, philosophy of computing and philosophy of information. The second section presents the background of the scope of this article in terms of both a symbolic and materialistic approach to software. The third section deploys the basic guidelines with the expositions of the two dimensions of software: the serial dimension and the structural dimension. The first dimension consists of three series, while the second in the exposition of the structure of any program. The fourth and last section will deal with a better understanding of what we can call the digital universe.

This article aims to advance on the form of Transnational Law, starting from Aristotelian philosophical assumptions until its confluence with the manifestations of Transnational Law. Thus, Aristotle’s support stems from the premise that, even in a space deeply marked by material aspects, the form stands out and functions as a vicar for another substance, being, therefore, an important finding for the theoretical development of Transnational Law and its normative sources. The present research is justified mainly for two reasons: the scientific and practical relevance that Transnational Law assumes contemporaneously, and, on the other hand, the existing gap regarding its form, whose consequences focus on denial or skeptical positions, as well as, in the confusion between analysis of social facts and Transnational Law, which impacts on the construction of standards on the sources of Transnational Law. For the development of this research, the inductive method was used, operationalized by the techniques of operational concept and bibliographic research.

La llengua vehicula les expressions culturals d’una comunitat determinada. Des de fa dècades, la tecnologia cultural amb més impacte social ha estat l’audiovisual, amb la televisió al capdavant. Mal que bé, Catalunya ha sabut desplegar unes polítiques i uns instruments, precaris però efectivament desplegats, per vehicular les pròpies expressions audiovisuals en català. Però des de la irrupció d’Internet, els continguts audiovisuals a demanda, accessibles des de qualsevol dispositiu connectat, esdevenen més i més importants. Aquesta mutació dona un avantatge formidable a la projecció de continguts nord-americans i, consegüentment, comporta una pèrdua de pes important no sols per a la llengua catalana, sinó també per a les cultures europees no anglosaxones i les seves indústries de continguts. A partir d’aquí, quina és la política lingüística possible per garantir la pervivència i la projecció del català en el nou context comunicatiu? El present article dona una clau, la clau de volta diríem, a partir de la nova Directiva de serveis de comunicació audiovisual, aprovada el passat 2 d’octubre (Parlament Europeu 2018). Aquesta norma europea incorpora el principi de prominència a Internet per a les obres de producció europea i per als continguts d’interès general en els serveis audiovisuals a demanda (siguin en forma de menú, de cercador, de sistema de recomanació, etc.). Així, la prominència pot esdevenir l’anella europea des d’on penjar la legislació i el desplegament regulador que permetin la pervivència de la llengua catalana en l’ecosistema comunicatiu del segle XXI.

It is often assumed that PIE ablaut, used as a sub-morpheme accompanying other morphemes, tends to recede over time in the history of the individual Indo-European languages. On the other hand, it has been argued by some scholars that ablaut is often productive enough to expand over categories that did not have it originally. Both positions were advocated in the literature, the former by Mańczak (1958), the latter by Kuryłowicz (1947). In this paper, dedicated to Prof. Wojciech Smoczyński, this debate is discussed and illustrated by Baltic examples

Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, In the Shadow of Vitoria: A History of International Law in Spain (1770–1953), Leiden/Boston: Brill Nijhoff 2018, XVI + 353 p., ISBN 978-90-04-34322-1

El Abric del Xicotó y Les Auvelles son yacimientos inéditos situados en el extremo occidental de Cataluña (entre el Prepirineo y el llano). Los primeros datos disponibles indican para Xicotó un uso complejo del espacio (estructuras de combustión, agujeros de poste y fosas) durante una fase de cerámicas impresas no cardiales c. 5300-5000 cal BC, siguiendo una pauta similar a la de otros yacimientos de la región. Por su parte, Les Auvelles es un yacimiento al aire libre formado por estructuras negativas. En este caso, la cultura material y las dataciones radiocarbónicas indican una horquilla de ocupación c. 4400-4000 cal BC. Asimismo, las características del conjunto cerámico nos hacen proponer para este yacimiento, junto a otros cercanos, la posible existencia de una facies regional del Neolítico Postcardial. En conclusión, estos yacimientos proporcionan datos inéditos de notable interés para el desarrollo de los primeros grupos agroganaderos entre el VI-V milenio cal BC en una región con escasos datos recientes. ____________ Abric del Xicotó and Les Auvelles are two unpublished sites located in the western Catalonia (between the Pre-Pyrenees and the plainEbro Valley). The first available data indicate for Xicotó a complex use of space (combustion structures, post holes and pits) during a phase of non-cardial impressed potteries c. 5300-5000 cal BC, following a similar pattern to that of other sites in the region. For its part, Les Auvelles is an open-air site based by negative structures. Material culture and radiocarbon dating indicate an occupation c. 4400-4000 cal BC. Also, the characteristics of the ceramic set make us propose for this site, together with other nearby, the existence of a possible new regional facies of the Postcardial Neolithic. In conclusion, these sites provide unprecedented data of considerable interest for the development of the first Neolithic groups between the VI-V millennium cal BC in a region with scarce recent data.

Drawing from Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Jean-Marie Schaeffer, Georges Didi-Huberman, and Julia Kristeva, this essay examines the way in which this novel, through the sudden irruption of the Real of death (in the Lacanian sense)—already contained by nature in the image, but duplicated here in a most theatrical, if not hallucinatory manner—, comes to thwart what is in fact a relatively common photographic apparatus in which the inaugural “memory-photograph” triggers off in the female narrator a hermeneutic quest—as well as its resolution—in an essentialist perspective aiming at presenting the self—that is to say, Julia, the subject matter of the photograph—in its essential truth. Indeed, if the inaugural photograph tells about death in the literal sense in that it comes with Julia’s obituary, it also “signifies” the narrator’s death by becoming, more than a mere starter or shifter for the initial narrative, an invitation—an injunction even—to the final journey. The narrative indeed ends with the prophetic “You might give it a try one of these days”, with which the deceased Julia seems to address the narrator from beyond death. As a result, the increasingly irresistible fascination that Fay seems to feel for this “mirror-photograph” in which she immerses herself to the point of drowning makes it possible to rethink the narrative no longer as an elegiac and truthful reminiscence (the newspaper obituary as the modern-day elegy), or even as an extended funeral oration, but rather as the symptom of a hidden, deep-rooted, and morbid melancholy which, for me, characterizes Anita Brookner’s entire œuvre.

In the Low Lithuanian dialects reflexive half-participles and verbal nouns are indeclinable and display a unique ending -damos, resp. -imos. The aim of this paper is to explain the invariability of these forms, which represents a striking feature of Low Lithuanian. It is proposed that invariability in the verbal nouns in -imos derives from their neuter origin, whereas in the half-participles in -damos it results from complex processes of phonological merging. In both cases, the preservation of invariability is due to the overall difficulty of building reflexive nominal forms of the verbs.

PRIESAGOS PERKĖLIMAS BALTŲ KALBOSESantraukaStraipsnyje aptariami kai kurie priesagos perkėlimo atvejai baltų kalbose. Priesagos perkėlimu vadinamas morfologinis procesas, kurio metu nauja leksema, vykstant leksinei inovacijai, perima pakeičiamo senesnio žodžio priesagą. Taip galima paaiškinti kai kuriuos iki šiol nesuprastus sufiksacijos atvejus. Ypač daug dėmesio kreipiama į lie. ruduõ, svíestas ir la. brĩvs etimologiją.

PRŪSŲ ENCHIRIDIONO LINKSNIAVIMO SISTEMA IR VERTIMO STRATEGIJASantraukaPrūsų kalbos paminkluose, ypač Enchiridione (1561), linksnių formos dėl vokiečių kalbos įtakos yra labai dažnai painiojamos, todėl linksniavimo sistemą rekonstruoti sunku. Šio straipsnio tikslas – aptarti įvairiopą vokiečių kalbos įtaką prūsų kalbos linksnių formoms ir aprašyti vadinamąsias „mišriąsias konstrukcijas“ (pvz., sen stesmu [D] wirdan [A] „su žodžiu“).

L’ORIGINE DU PRÉVERBE BAS-LITUANIEN anč-RésuméQuelques dialectes bas-lituaniens présentent, à côté du préverbe usuel ant-, une variante à affriquée anč-. Būga (Rinktiniai raštai III 451) considère cette variante anč- comme héritée : à côté de la forme ant-, issue de *anta, il aurait existé en lituanien une forme anč-, issue de *anti en position antévocalique (par ex. *anti̯-akis > bas-lit. ánčakis) ; les deux formes disposeraient de correspondants dans les autres langues indo-européennes : a) lit. *anta- = got. anda- (par ex. anda-nems „agréable“), gr. αντα (chez Homère); b) lit. *anti- = gr. ἀντι, lat. ante, véd. ánti (cf. aussi hitt. ḫanti „séparément“). Le but du présent article est de discuter cette analyse et de tenter d’éclairer l’origine du préverbe anč-. Un examen précis des données dialectales montre que l’analyse traditionnelle est infondée, car elle ne permet pas de déterminer (a) quelle pourrait avoir été la distribution ancienne des deux variantes *anta et *anti, et (b) l’évolution phonétique postulée (*antj-akis > bas-lit. âncakis) contredit la „loi des affriquées“ (*-tja- > bas-lit. -te-) : d’un prototype * antļ-akis on attendrait *antekis en bas-lituanien, pas âncakis.La forme anč - paraît provenir de l’ajout au préverbe ant- d’une particule d’origine adverbiale, en l’occurrence *ant-š-. Théoriquement, on peut voir dans cette particule *-š ou bien le *-s adverbial de l’indo-européen (cf. gr. εὐθύ : εὐθύς „aussitôt“) en contexte ruki (par ex. d’après le modèle de prié : prie-š, d’où ant : *antš), ou bien une particule indo-européenne *g̑hi (cf. gr. -χι, véd. -hi) > lit. *-ž, avec assourdissement en finale > *-š (comme par ex. dans *eg̑ > *ež > v. lit. eš, lie. àš). Cette dernière possibilité permettrait de comparer le préverbe bas-lituanien anč- (< *ant-ži) et le grec ἄγχι„à côté“ (< *ἀντ-χι< *ant- g̑hi), bien que les deux formes soient probablement à interpréter comme des innovations indépendantes.

BEVARDĖS GIMINĖS ĮVARDŽIAI IR SVO TAISYKLĖ PRŪSŲ KALBOJESantraukaNagrinėjama bevardės giminės įvardžių galūnių -a ir -an distribucija prūsų III Katekizme. Iškeliama prielaida, kad galūnę -a turėjo bevardės giminės vardininkas, o galūnę -an - bevardės giminės galininkas. Vargu ar tokia distribucija, kuri prieštarauja indoeuropiečių bevardės giminės, neskiriančios vardininko ir galininko, esmei, atspindi pačios prūsų kalbos raidos etapą; ji veikiausiai rodo vertėjo polinkį žymėti galininką galūne -an, nepaisant žodžių gramatinės giminės.

DĖL BEVARDĖS GIMINĖS DAIKTAVARDŽIŲ PRŪSŲ KALBOJESantraukaIštyrus prūsų kalbos bevardės giminės daiktavardžių morfologijos ypatumus, leksinį paplitimą ir kilmę, daroma išvada, kad šie daiktavardžiai, nors dar gausūs prūsų kalbos paminkluose, sudaro ribotą daiktavardžių klasę.

Abstract Selection for increased resistance to Salmonella colonisation and excretion could reduce the risk of foodborne Salmonella infection. In order to identify potential loci affecting resistance, differences in resistance were identified between the N and 61 inbred lines and two QTL research performed. In an F2 cross, the animals were inoculated at one week of age with Salmonella enteritidis and cloacal swabs were carried out 4 and 5 wk post inoculation (thereafter called CSW4F2 and CSW4F2) and caecal contamination (CAECF2) was assessed 1 week later. The animals from the (N × 61) × N backcross were inoculated at six weeks of age with Salmonella typhimurium and cloacal swabs were studied from wk 1 to 4 (thereafter called CSW1BC to CSW4BC). A total of 33 F2 and 46 backcross progeny were selectively genotyped for 103 and 135 microsatellite markers respectively. The analysis used least-squares-based and non-parametric interval mapping. Two genome-wise significant QTL were observed on Chromosome 1 for CSW2BC and on Chromosome 2 for CSW4F2, and four suggestive QTL for CSW5F2 on Chromosome 2, for CSW5F2 and CSW2BC on chromosome 5 and for CAECF2 on chromosome 16. These results suggest new regions of interest and the putative role of SAL1.

Abstract The quail is a valuable farm and laboratory animal. Yet molecular information about this species remains scarce. We present here the first genetic linkage map of the Japanese quail. This comprehensive map is based solely on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. These markers were developed and genotyped in an F2 progeny from a cross between two lines of quail differing in stress reactivity. A total of 432 polymorphic AFLP markers were detected with 24 TaqI/EcoRI primer combinations. On average, 18 markers were produced per primer combination. Two hundred and fifty eight of the polymorphic markers were assigned to 39 autosomal linkage groups plus the ZW sex chromosome linkage groups. The linkage groups range from 2 to 28 markers and from 0.0 to 195.5 cM. The AFLP map covers a total length of 1516 cM, with an average genetic distance between two consecutive markers of 7.6 cM. This AFLP map can be enriched with other marker types, especially mapped chicken genes that will enable to link the maps of both species and make use of the powerful comparative mapping approach. This AFLP map of the Japanese quail already provides an efficient tool for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.

Platão não é o iniciador, e sim o herdeiro da "velha divergência" entre filósofos e poetas. A motivação ético-teológica, que já animava Xenófanes,vai se reatualizar na República. Para poder apreciar o sentido dessa reatualização, importa que não se considere o Livro X isoladamente, mas se atente para os primeiros livros do diálogo. Neles, e com vistas a uma melhor determinação do justo -que é o que está em pauta-, Platão mostra a necessidade de se discutir as afirmações dos poetas. Trata-se assim de destituí-los da autoridade de que ainda gozam na educação e na opinião comum. Só graças à discussão filosófica e a uma educação por ela inspirada -o que pressupõe a produção ou a seleção de mitos- é que se pode esperar uma maior realização da justiça, tanto no plano do indivíduo (do governo de sua alma) quanto no nível da cidade. A leitura aqui proposta das "razões" de Platão na República não impede que reconheçamos a importância da tragédia para a compreensão da existência humana, inclusive no que toca à idéia do divino.Plato is not the initiator, but rather the heir of the "old quarrel", between philosophers and poets. The ethical and theological motivation that drove Xenophanes is brought to date in the Republic. In order to realize that, one must take into account the whole of the dialogue - where the definition of justice is at stake - and, more precisely, its first books. There, Plato shows how important it is to put the poets' claims to question. The point is, after all, to deprive them of the authority they enjoy in what concerns educational matters as well as with public opinion. It is only through an education which is inspired by philosophical questioning - which also implies the production and selection of myths - that one can expect more justice both on the individual (the gouvernment of his soul) and on the city levels. The reading we propose of Plato's "reasons" in the Republic does not keep us from recognizing the part tragedy plays in a better understanding of human existence, including the idea of the divine.

Abstract As a first step towards the development of radiation hybrid maps, we have produced a radiation hybrid panel in the chicken by fusing female embryonic diploid fibroblasts irradiated at 6 000 rads with HPRT-deficient hamster Wg3hCl2 cells. Due to the low retention frequency of the chicken fragments, a high number of clones was produced from which the best ones were selected. Thus, 452 fusion clones were tested for retention frequencies with a panel of 46 markers. Based on these results, 103 clones with a mean marker retention of 23.8% were selected for large scale culture to produce DNA in sufficient quantities for the genotyping of numerous markers. Retention frequency was tested again with the same 46 markers and the 90 best clones, with a final mean retention frequency of 21.9%, were selected for the final panel. This panel will be a valuable resource for fine mapping of markers and genes in the chicken, and will also help in building BAC contigs.

Abstract A bovine artificial chromosome (BAC) library of 105 984 clones has been constructed in the vector pBeloBAC11 and organized in 3-dimension pools and high density membranes for screening by PCR and hybridization. The average insert size, determined after analysis of 388 clones, was estimated at 120 kb corresponding to a four genome coverage. Given the fact that a male was used to construct the library, the probability of finding any given autosomal and X or Y locus is respectively 0.98 and 0.86. The library was screened for 164 microsatellite markers and an average of 3.9 superpools was positive for each PCR system. None of the 50 or so BAC clones analysed by FISH was chimeric. This BAC library increases the international genome coverage for cattle to around 28 genome equivalents and extends the coverage of the ruminant genomes available at the Inra resource center to 15 genome equivalents.

Kept in the Hebraic section of the Biblioteca Palatina of Parma (Italy), the Livro de como se fazem as cores is a Portuguese recipe book for book painting. Before turning to its technical contents, it is worth putting it back in its literary context, at the crossroads of different traditions: Western, Hebrew, or even Arab. The study also offers a likely dating for the book and suggests links with illuminated manuscripts in the Iberian Peninsula.

This article deals with the issues of place and location in geography, trying to show how views expressed about one’s place enable people to position themselves in the world they inhabit. The case study is based on the analysis of views, expressed by various actors, about locations occupied by the dead in the secular cemetery of Biollay in Chamonix (France). It emphasizes the role of space and of locations tactics in identity-building, and illustrates the ways in which the space of the dead can be laden with identity politics for the living.

Following the major changes which occurred in the " Camargue gardoise " during the sixties and the seventies, and because of the outdated " Traité des Marais " which was regulating the collective management of water levels, the economic actors dealing with water concerns have been developing individualistic policies. Water has become the origin of numerous conflicts of serious consequences concerning resources and natural spaces. The implementation of an environmental chart and of a " SAGE " in the early nineties was the outset of a comeback to a collective form of water management.However, water is still a long way from being looked-upon as a vector of territorial construction thanks to collective agreements about projects dealing with water."

The violent storms which occurred in the winter of 1999 (December 26th and 28th) severely hit French forests: 140 million m3 of timber were thrown to the ground, thus destroying a volume equivalent to an average 3 years of productivity. In Lower Nomandy, the Perche-Trappe forest was one of the most severely hit out of the whole French State forest network. It was the finest example of the oak-elm association in Normandy but it also had coniferous species, some of which were unable to resist wind-throw. Massive uprooting generated clearings in which new plant dynamics have manifested themselves. In order to assess the extent of these plant dynamics but also with a view to help regeneration and environmental conservation, the Perche Natural Regional Park placed an order with the scientific authority of the Géophen Research Center based in Caen University so that this one carries out an ecological diagnosis in pieces of conifers. This assessment showed strong vegetational regeneration but it also showed that the soil could be impoverished due to compaction. This paper deals with the question of landscape restoration and the means and methods upon which environmental conservation can be based. As users of the land, local farmers could be actively involved in the conservation process, once they have been made aware of the importance of environmental protection.