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Orta Çağ Avrupası, tarih sahnesinde siyasi ve sosyal olayların belki de en çok yaşandığı yerden biridir. Kavimler Göçü sonrası yangın yerine dönen bu topraklardaki siyasi istikrarsızlığın yarattığı boşluğu Papalık doldurmuştur. İtalya topraklarında feodal birliklerin oluşması ve bu birliklerin zamanla papalık ile siyasi çıkarları sebebiyle karşı karşıya gelmesi Papa bu feodal devletlere karşı büyük güçlerle ittifak kurmuş ya da onlara bazı imtiyazlar vererek ayakta tutmaya çalışmıştır. Papalığın feodal devletlerin baskısından ötürü imparatorlara vermiş olduğu imtiyazlar zamanla kendisini bunlarla da karşı karşıya getirmiştir. 14. Yüzyılda Fransa kralının müdahalesi ile papalığın Avignon’a taşınması bu kurumu Roma ve Avignon olmak üzere ikiye bölmüştür. 14. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde papalık yeniden Roma’ya dönmüş böylece 15. yüzyılda İtalya’da güçlenen Medici Ailesi papalık ile yakın ilişkiler kurmuş ve zamanla kendi içerisinden de papalar çıkarmıştır. Giovanni de Medici Papa X. Leo unvanıyla bu ailenin papalık makamındaki ilk üyesi olmuştur. Güçlü ve müreffeh bir ailede yetişmiş olan Giovanni de Medici, bu özelliği dolayısıyla dikkatimizi çekmiş ve böyle bir aileden gelmesi papalığı esnasındaki faaliyetlerinde ne derece etkili olmuştur, şeklindeki sorular zihnimizde oluşmuştur. Biz de bu çalışmada bu hususa cevap bulmaya çalıştık.

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Guillaume de Nogaret was keeper of the seal and master of Capetian politics at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Expert jurist and administrator, he was one of the very first servants of the royal State whose entire sovereignty, against the papacy in particular, he wanted to assert to the point of making it a true mystic. However, the man, who suffers from a dark legend, is little known. Recent investigations, largely unpublished, have focused on his practice of power, but no biography has been dedicated to him from the end of the nineteenth century. The article, of course, does not claim to fill such a gap. Yet, it illustrates the possibility of a biographical seizure, the interest which would be that of such a research, and, beyond the myth, by linking the action of Guillaume de Nogaret in the French South and to the Capetian court, it reveals the main lines of an existence entirely dedicated to royal service and carried, to the point of brutality, by the obsession with the interest of the realm erected, in deeds and in thought, into a mystic then completely new, opening the way to the absolutism.

Orta Çağ Hıristiyan toplumunda krizler, savaşlar, salgın hastalıklar, kıtlıklar Tanrı’nın bir gazabı olarak düşünülmekteydi. Bu tarz olumsuzluklarla karşı karşıya kalan insanlar, Tanrı’nın öfkesini yatıştırmak için çeşitli eylemlere başvuruyorlardı. XIII. ve XIV. yüzyılda Avrupa sokaklarına dökülen Kırbaççılar da, aynı içgüdü ile hareket etmekteydiler. Üst üste yaşadıkları felaketler neticesinde Tanrı’nın onları yok etmeye kararlı olduğuna inanmışlardı ve bedenlerini kırbaçlayarak bu sonun önüne geçmeyi, Tanrı’yı yatıştırmayı denediler. Ellerinde kırbaçlarla, yerel ilahiler eşliğinde şehirleri, kasabaları dolaştılar. Toplam otuz üç buçuk gün boyunca bedenlerini kırbaçla tedip ettiler. Ritüellerinde kanın özel bir yeri bulunmaktaydı ve bu kan Mesih’in kanını sembolize ediyordu. Ancak yerel otoriteler ve Papalık eylemlerini sakıncalı gördü ve yasakladı. XIV. yüzyıldaki eylemleri XIII. yüzyıla kıyasla daha fazla ses getirdi. Kırbaççılar XIV. yüzyılda radikalleştiler. Çalışmamızın amacı iki evre halinde tarih sahnesine çıkan Kırbaççıların ortaya çıkış serüvenlerini değerlendirmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamız XIII. ve XIV. yüzyılın sosyal tarihine konu üzerinden bir bakış açısı atmayı hedeflemektedir.

The wealth of source material produced by Roman notaries has long been neglected. Only in recent decades has it been systematically evaluated by researchers. Given the fragmentary source situation in general, these atti notarili add considerable detail to our knowledge of everyday life. They provide insights not only into the Rome of the popes, which has received considerable attention, but above all into the Rome of the Roman people, much less studied. This paper focuses not on another notary, but on the question of the potential contribution of this genre of sources to the history of late medieval Rome. We see how clients belonging to different social groups approach different notaries. We understand the typical concerns and problems of Roman society, ranging from the debtor imprisoned in a dungeon to the Colonna family in their palazzo. We find confident Florentines with their business dealings, German bakers and their partnership contracts, impoverished monasteries with their growing debts. We see the building boom of the Renaissance and how Piazza Navona is transformed from a campus into a platea, as well as rural Rome within the walls and its countless vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the text of the instructions imparted by Cardinal Secretary of State Alderano Cybo to Luigi Bevilacqua, the apostolic nuncio and mediator at the multilateral peace congress of Nijmegen (1676–1679). It also offers a historical contextualization of the source, found in the Archivio Bevilacqua Ariosti in Bologna. The instructions reflect a change in Papal diplomacy, which remained active among the European powers even after the peace of Westphalia. By sending a nuncio into Protestant territory, Pope Innocent XI's curia increasingly tended to integrate itself into the secularising diplomacy. During the peace negotiations, the Holy See tried to fulfil its ideal role as a padre comune, entailing strict impartiality between the conflicting Catholic parties. The orders regarding contacts with Protestant actors and interests are an example of the flexible dialogue of a normative text with the changing circumstances of 17th-century diplomatic practice. Although the wording reflects the intransigent tradition of the Holy See, the instructions show clear signs that the Protestant presence at the congress was handled pragmatically. On site, Bevilacqua even tried to go further and expand the recently established norm in favour of an effective interaction with Protestants, but ultimately failed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Francesco Barberini, the cardinal nephew of Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644), is known to researchers primarily as a patron of the arts. However, he was a member of numerous dicasteries in the Roman Curia and held the office of head of the papal secretariat of state throughout the pontificate. In the early years he hardly appeared in this function. From 1631 onwards, testimonies of his involvement in the correspondence of the office become more frequent in the archives and provide information about his desire to play an active role in papal politics. Detailed autograph minutes to letters sent in cipher to the nuncios in Vienna deal with topics such as the mostly futile request of the imperials for subsidies, the rejection of criticism of the papal policy of neutrality and the improvement of relations between the Holy See and the imperial court. In addition, the attempt to influence the political convictions of members of religious orders working in Vienna and, in particular, the need to win the emperor's approval for the precedence of the prefect of Rome before the imperial envoy play a noticeable role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peace of Venice (1177), which ended the nearly twenty-year-long schism between Pope Alexander III and his opponents supported by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, has long been the subject of controversy among scholars, who focused initially on the concrete provisions of the treaty and more recently on the symbolic acts that affirmed it. This paper uses Alexandrian sources to concentrate on peace itself as the pope's most important political goal: the biography of Alexander written by his cardinal Boso, the frescoes in the Lateran Palace painted after the victory, and other statements made by the pope himself and his supporters reveal his primary goal to be the restoration of unity and peace. This thinking may have been rooted in the Christian ethic of peace as well as in the enduring ideal of cooperation between pope and emperor. It offers an explanation for the pope's willingness to compromise in Venice, often viewed with astonishment today, expressed through the choice of location, the staging, as well as personnel and material decisions. Alexander did not aim to supercede the emperor, nor to achieve victory on specific issues in detail; instead, his goal throughout the schism seems to have been a return to peace and cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1581 and 1584, Giovanni Francesco Bonomi represented the Pope and Roman Curia at the Imperial court of Rudolf II. His official correspondence is currently in preparation for publication. The spectacular case of Giacomo Paleologo, who was wanted by the Roman Inquisition, played a special role in the papal diplomat's agenda. After his arrest in Moravia and imprisonment in Klosterneuburg, Paleologo was handed over to the Roman authorities by Rudolf II at the urging of the Nuncio. The article deals with Paleologo's long stay in the Habsburg lands which was marked by numerous upheavals; the problem of his transfer from the Empire to the Roman „Tribunal of the Faith" (with an overview of other comparable prominent cases of extradition from a sovereign state – for example, Spain, Venice, Tuscany); and the course and organisation of the prisoner's transport to the Papal States where Paleologo was finally executed in 1585. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of Albert VI of Habsburg in the Diocese of Zagreb has so far not been the subject of exclusive research. It is intrinsically connected with two great conflicts that took place in the 1440s: the Hungarian succession war, and the schism between the Council of Basle and the Roman papacy. Albert VI was heavily involved in the succession war on the side of Queen Elizabeth, which enabled him to nominate a candidate for the then-vacant Bishopric of Zagreb. This candidate was his chancellor Peter Kottrer. He was confirmed as bishop of Zagreb by the Basle pope Felix V whom Albert supported. Albert's involvement in the diocese ended when he cast down and imprisoned Peter due to some unknown treason, but this episode demonstrates that the Habsburg engagement in medieval Slavonia and the Diocese of Zagreb was deep and complex as early as the mid-15 th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renowned theologian and liturgical scholar Hans-Joachim Schulz has passed away at the age of 91. He was an expert on the Christian East and was awarded an honorary doctorate for his work on the history of Byzantine liturgy. The article also mentions the awarding of the Pope Sylvester Order to church musician Franz Karl Praßl and the Vatican's permission to bless same-sex couples. The Austrian Bishops' Conference has published the church statistics for 2022, which show a slight decrease in the number of Catholics but overall stability at 4.73 million. Church attendance has increased compared to previous years but is still lower than before the COVID-19 pandemic. Biblical events such as Bible Week and the Day of Judaism were also held. The Bible Society bids farewell to Lea Gremm, who has supported the team for the past two years. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Desiderio desideravi: An Apostolic Letter in Critical Relecture" reports on a papal letter regarding the liturgical education of the people of God. The letter is related to the restrictions on the extraordinary rite ordered by Pope Francis. It is emphasized that a reflective theological education is crucial in order to understand and perform the liturgical rites. The letter also responds to abuses in the celebration of the liturgy and addresses all believers to appeal to their conscience. Various aspects of liturgical education are addressed, such as the incarnational character, the significance of the Church as the Body of Christ, and the beauty of the truth of Christian worship. The Pope provides insights in the text regarding liturgical education and the Ars celebrandi. He emphasizes the beauty and truth of Christian worship that leads to wonder. He laments that the symbolic language of the liturgy is almost inaccessible to the modern person and calls for liturgical education to promote understanding of the theological significance of the liturgy. Education through the liturgy is particularly important to him. Pope Francis' Apostolic Letter "Desiderio Desideravi" does not meet the expectations placed on it by the "people of God." Instead of focusing on the much-needed liturgical education of all believers, the focus is on the spirituality of the clergy shaped by a sensual "ars celebrandi," which still attributes the actual mediator role in the liturgical event to them. The understanding of symbols is suggested to all participants, but only appears truly relevant in connection with the actions of the priest. The document disappoints faithful laypeople 60 years after the Second Vatican Council. [Extracted from the article]

The post-Byzantine historian Laonikos Chalkocondyles pioneers a unique approach to the writing of the Byzantine history. A marked difference from both previous and contemporary Byzantine historians is his generally positive and benevolent attitude toward various non-Byzantine nations and states. He is not ultimately focused on the declining Byzantine Empire but on the emerging political and religious powers of his day. Besides the prominent place that Chalcocondiles ascribes to the Turkish Empire and its successful spread over Europe, he shows considerable interest in Italy and especially the Papacy. This is quite understandable since Chalcocondyles depicts in detail the most important Church event of his time – the Church Union of Ferrara-Florence, which took place in 1438/1439. Chalkocondyles’ attitude towards the Union may at first appear as impartial. Nevertheless, under the phenomenological unbiased description of the course of the negotiations regarding the Union, he presents two highly erotic-laden episodes that shed Boccaccian light on the institution of Papacy and on the city of Ferrara, where the negotiations commenced. By placing these two bizarre episodes – with the common subject being looking at the genitals of the protagonists through the hole in the bed – one after another, Chalcocondyles presents both the ritual of the election of the new pontiff of Rome and the sexual scandals of the ruling family of Ferrara in a highly contemptuous and derogatory way. Chalcocondyles is neither impartial regarding the Union nor siding with the Orthodox party, but he is certainly even more distanced from any pro-unionist position.

The paper focuses on specific case studies concerning the representation of the figure of the poor in bishop Gregory of Tours' 'Libri Historiarum'. The analysis of this source demonstrates how the needy, although on the edge of society, nevertheless constituted a significant spiritual resource for those who wanted to ensure the purification from their sins through alms, especially the richest. This constituted a dynamics of reciprocal remuneration through which, on the one hand, the suffering of the indigent was made less arduous by the charity of the divites; on the other hand, the pauperes themselves were believed to act in favour of their earthly benefactors in the afterlife. Although certainly marginal figures, the poor were not, therefore, completely excluded from Merovingian society in the sixth century. Rather, in the Gaul of the 'Libri Historiarum', an attempt was made to offer them adequate assistance thanks to the concrete measures taken by those who, whether lay or ecclesiastical, recognised, as Peter Brown has pointed out, the figure of Christ in every needy. Such benefactors were able to offer help to those who extended their hands to receive alms. At the same time, they earned a credit for the salvation of their souls to enter the kingdom of heaven. The different social function of the poor, as illustrated by Gregory of Tours, finds a full correspondence in the theological and social vision of other illustrious Christian authors of the sixth century, such as bishop Caesarius of Arles and, above all, Pope Gregory the Great. These maintained that, according to divine providence, the inferior pay respect to the superior and the superior show benevolence towards the inferior, thus creating a single concordant harmony. The paper, therefore, highlights the different social functions of pauperes both by studying some specific figures of indigents and by examining the ecclesiastical mentality concerning the general question of poverty and its effects on marginalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rheinische Vierteljahrsblatter is the property of Universitat Bonn, Inst fur Geschichstwissenschaft, Abt Fruhe Neuzeit & Rheinische Landesgeschichte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the views of Cosmas of Prague, the first Czech chronicler, on the role of the Church and its relations with the laymen. The Chronicle of the Czechs contains discreet but harsh critics against the so-called Gregorian Reform and its proponents. However, the dean of the Prague chapter shared with the latter the claim for a stronger independence of the Church and a clearer division between the religious and the secular worlds. Indeed, the chronicler criticized some of the bishops of Prague because they were mostly the servants of the Přemyslid princes at the expense of their episcopal duties. Moreover, he showed the damages caused by prelates who shared the way of life and the values of laymen, especially those who were from the Ducal dynasty. The Chronicle of the Czechs is also a mirror for the prelates of Prague and thus draws the portrayal of the ideal bishop, a figure embodied by Otto of Bamberg. This contribution is then aimed to show that the Chronicle is also a precious source of the Czech views on the major changes that occurred during the 11th and early 12th centuries in Latin Christianity. From Prague, the claims of Rome seemed quite absurd, but the Czech Churchmen shared the ideals of their Western contemporaries and were searching for a way to adapt them to the local situation and to put them into practice.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article compares the accounts of Pope Innocent IV's death in Salimbene de Adam's „Cronica" and Matthew Paris' „Chronica Majora", focusing on the narrative strategies employed to ascribe a good or a bad death to the deceased through the depiction of his final hours. Each chronicler attributed different misdeeds to the pope, for which he was punished by his death. The results of this comparison suggest conclusions about the chroniclers and their works, the contemporary assessment of Pope Innocent IV, and descriptions of papal deaths in historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Edith-Stein-Jahrbuch is the property of Echter Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ecclesiastical fathers, who had gathered for the ecumenical council of Trent, provided bishops with precise disciplinary norms to regulate their relations with the Holy See, as well as the activities within their own dioceses. New congregations to control the application of reform decrees within the Curia and the local dioceses were established during the 1570s and 1580s. From the very beginning of the 1570s one of the most powerful and most active was the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars, charged with the control of religious institutions on the Italian peninsula (including the Papal State), through the institution of the apostolic visitation. Carried out by the apostolic visitator appointed by the Congregation, with the faculties accorded by the Pontiff himself, the inspective work was not limited exclusively to the doctrinal field. Along with the control and the defence of orthodoxy within the diocese, issues concerning the organisation of religious life of Catholic clergy and lay persons were also subjected to investigation. The visitator's authority and duties included inspections of churches, monasteries, abbeys, priories and ecclesiastical property regardless of their exemptions or privileges. The control was extended to the institutions of controversial jurisdiction like chapters and hospitals, pawnshops, confraternities, scholae, and pious places. This wide sector's autonomy was vigorously defended by the civil society. By examining archival documentation copied in Registra Episcoporum, Positiones and Visita Apostolica kept in the Vatican Apostolic Archives, the paper reconstructs the early history of the Congregation for Bishops and Regulars and highlights the relations that its secretary and the prefect had with the apostolic visitators sent to Dubrovnik, Dalmatia and Istria -- Giovanni Francesco Sormani, Agostino Valier, Cesare de Nores. Activities of Pietro Cedulini and Boniface Darkolica, who were sent to visit Christian communities in Constantinople and southern Hungary, are herewith also analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conciliarism is the theory of the supremacy of the Council over the papacy. The study investigates whether such ideas were known in Bohemia. It traces the environment of the court of Wenceslas IV, the role of the University of Prague, Hussitism with its Wycliffian definition of the Church, and the period after the conclusion of the Compactata and during the reign of George of Poděbrady. The knowledge of conciliarist theories in Bohemia is a fact, even if their development and application did not take place on Bohemian soil. The Czech lands were not a fertile ground for Conciliarist ideas, yet at certain moments the Czech environment reached for Conciliarist arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the issue of the Lithuanian conversion to Christianity in the 14th century by focusing on the art of politics of the Lithuanian rulers Gediminas (1316–1341), Algirdas (1345–1377) and Kęstutis (1381–1382) with regard to their Christian neighbours. The topic of intentional deception has been contextualised and given special attention in an attempt to highlight that the accession to Christendom was not a self-evident priority for Lithuanian rulers as long as they were beholden to a pagan-warrior lifestyle and were content with the inherited political situation vis-à-vis their Christian and Tatar neighbours.

Pope Alexander VI worked to maintain and grow his connections in Valencia through strategic positioning of family members, including his son Joan Borgia. Joan was married into the elite De Luna family and became Duke of Gandía, but struggled throughout to live up to expectations for a young adult nobleman. By following the correspondence between Joan and his relatives held in the Archive of the Cathedral of Valencia, it is possible to trace the frustrations expressed by all members of this expanding family. Joan acted out in response to the stress of the move and his new responsibilities, and in doing so repeatedly threatened his family’s regional goals. The marriage demonstrates the strategies elite families, papal and otherwise, used to expand their reach and grow their shared resources. Joan’s experiences in Gandía also provide valuable insight into the expectations of youth in the transitional space between childhood and full maturity.

This article provides an introduction to, and an English translation of, the Latin funeral oration written by Nikolaus, the bishop of Modruš (or Nicholas de Korto), on the occasion of Cardinal Pietro Riario’s death in January 1474. The article opens with a contextualizing introduction to the oration, its author, and its subject, as well as the contemporary late-fifteenth-century trend in publishing funeral orations. Following this introduction is an English translation from, and comparison with, Neven Jovanović’s openaccess, peer-reviewed Latin transcription (Croatiae Auctores Latini) and the British Library’s copy of the oration (ISTC No. in000488000), which was first printed in Rome in 1474 by Antonio and Raffaele Volterrano.

At the time of Carolingian, when the idea of rebuilding the empire in the West really came to fruition, the Latin Church was already strong socio-political structure, which only the Eastern Empire could match in terms of organization and structure. At that time in the middle of the 9th century, Pope Nicholas I appeared on the historical scene as a person of above-average charisma and activity. However, it is very likely that Nicholas would not have deserved so much attention in the eyes of historians and theologians without his conflict with the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius. Two personalities, almost identical in nature and ability, clashed over the interests of their own churches. In this paper, we will try to shed light on several aspects, how the conflict with Photius influenced the consolidation of papal power during Nicholas' pontificate. In that context, we will consider the churchhistorical and theological background of the conflict and, based on that, try to see Nicholas' position and contribution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst is the property of Freunde Mainfraenkischer Kunst und Geschichte e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Römische Historische Mitteilungen is the property of Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on Leo IX, considered the most historically significant German pope of the Middle Ages in the metropolitans of Rhineland, Germany. It mentions Rhenish archbishops also acted as important officials the Frankish Church in the interests of the Carolingian kings and performed military service and Court duties or promoted the Carolingian educational reform. It also examine churches unknown to the papacy from their own perspective and eliminate any grievances encountered.

Parallel with Rome becoming a European diplomatic centre, through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, European princes and Italian nobles sought to place their sons and the relatives of their advisors in the cardinalate in order to place a permanent representative at the papal court, gain prestige, and access ecclesiastical wealth. In a significant number of cases these men were below the canonical age of thirty, which popularly linked the practice to papal nepotism and prompted criticism of underage clergy as a persistent institutional abuse in need of eradication. This study investigates the geographic and familial origin of underage cardinals elevated to the College between 1420 and 1605. The evidence shows that initially papal kin comprised the majority of underage cardinals, but that after 1470 European royal and Italian noble families far outstripped papal kin in providing underage cardinals to the College. This practice was adopted broadly for its pragmatic value, even though it remained a target of criticism through the age of Tridentine reform.

Beginning in 1520, select Roman confraternities were elevated by the pope to the new prestigious rank of archconfraternity, empowered to aggregate comparable sodalities worldwide, share spiritual benefits, and elect a cardinal protector for life. Archconfraternities privileged architecture, art, and festive displays to enhance devotion while augmenting their coveted place in the confraternal hierarchy. As esteemed exemplars of lay spirituality and charity, they reinforced Rome as the capital of global Catholicism, creating an integrated web of pious practices, venerated images, and indulgences. Despite their importance, no monographic study exists. Therefore, this essay is a prolegomenon and begins by examining the ways in which Roman archconfraternities served as paradigms. Then it establishes a chronology of the earliest groups and their cardinal protectors, elucidating the protector’s crucial role, his interwoven networks of jurisdiction, and expectations of his generous patronage of the arts.

The present paper intends to draw attention to the additions to the codex Berlin, Staatsbibliothek– Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ms. Lat. Fol. 462, entered by the Milanese judge Passaguerra with his own hand. The focus is especially on the last folium, on the recto side of which a hitherto unknown letter from Innocent III dated 8 November 1203 is copied, while the verso side contains a short treatise, entitled De feudis. The historical context of these texts and their entry into the manuscript help to throw light on the history of the commune of Milan during the first decades of the 13th century, with respect to its relations to the Papacy and the Empire, as well as in regard to the city's society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this essay is to underline how the history of Papacy had a deep impact in the progressive conformation of Latin Canon Law, considering the notorious case study of the uncertain initial reaction against Lutheran Theses and Protestant Reformation during the Sixteenth Century. The main issue in that period seemed to be the strong conflict between the Church and the ruling European Dynasties, but this tenacious antagonism probably made jurists and theologian scholars less careful about internal controversies in the doctrine of Christendom.

The early years of the thirteenth century saw a series of minorities which would have significant and lasting results in the history of their particular realms (Frederick II in Sicily; Henry III in England; Louis IX in France) but none more so than that of James I in Aragon. James’s survival and the subsequent development of his kingdom were in no small measure down to the efforts of Pope Innocent III and his legate in Spain the great canonist, Peter of Benevento, the importance of whose intervention was acknowledged both by James in his autobiography and by Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada. The manner of papal intervention tells us much about the papacy’s major concerns at the moment when its authority was at its height.

One of the most important aspects of the foreign policy concerning Pope Innocent III was his relationship with the Empire; as great jurist and expert in theology himself, he began a movement by which he was considered guardian and defender of the souls of all Christendom, while the lay princes were only the way of physical defense of his subjects. He reserved the right to intervene in politics in Christian lands, and respecting the capacity of Electors (three of which were in turn princes of the Church) he stated his right to ratify that choice (or not), as the Empire itself came in principle and by their own motivation, from the Church. Thus, after the death of Henry VI in 1197, Innocent III imposed his great authority to establish himself as referee and judge of the pretenders to the throne. The subsequent conflict between the already usurper Otto IV and Philip Augustus of France (Battle of Bouvines, 1214), definitely transformed the relations between Papacy and Empire, leaving deep footprints in the German lands and a political and institutional setting that we propose to demarcate with the illustrative example of the counts of Mörs.

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