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It is the task of libraries to contribute as efficiently as possible to satisfy the needs of society and science for qualified information. Creating the structural, organisational, and other prerequisites for this requires financial expenditure from the public sector. This is only possible if the tasks of libraries are recognised by society and politicians, and public officials are persuaded to create the legal and financial conditions. The author's experiences in Freiburg i. Br., Karlsruhe, and Göttingen and in the national and international library associations are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FiFo Berichte is the property of University of Cologne, FiFo Institute for Public Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Verwaltung und Management: Zeitschrift für Moderne Verwaltung (VM) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Mitteilungen is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of KritV, CritQ, RCrit. Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft / Critical Quarterly for Legislation & Law / Revue critique trimestrielle de jurisprudence et de législation is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the presence and activities of Green parties in governments of Central and Eastern Europe. In recent years, many ecologist parties and movements gained considerable electoral and general political success, especially in developed democracies of Western Europe. However, their ideological counterparts in new democracies tend to remain out of power and often out of parliament, albeit with a few notable exceptions. In this study, success of the Greens in CEE is operationalised through their impact on public spending and direct investments allocated to environmental protection. The hypothesis regarding the Greens’ impact on spending is tested within the regression models, along with other potential predictors of government expenditure. The research results demonstrate a low significance of Greens in government participation and also their impact on budgetary allocation, contributing to the debate about the Green politics’ position in the context of social and political cleavages in post-socialist societies.

In Bibliotheken werden immer mehr Aufgaben digitalisiert und Dienste digital angeboten. Teilweise starre Strukturen werden durch die digitale Transformation aufgebrochen. In der Folge ist eine stärkere und flexible Kollaboration zwischen den Mitarbeitenden und Stakeholdern erforderlich. Um diese Veränderungen mit geeigneten Werkzeugen zu unterstützen, wurde geprüft, wie Git, GitLab und GitHub hierzu beitragen können. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Einsatz von Git und GitLab zu einer erheblich besseren Kollaboration innerhalb der IT-Abteilung geführt hat. GitHub wird derzeit für die öffentliche Bereitstellung von Eigenentwicklungen genutzt und soll zukünftig für die interinstitutionelle kollaborative Entwicklung zum Einsatz kommen. Ferner werden die verwendeten Werkzeuge mit Fortschreiten der digitalen Transformation auch in anderen Bereichen von Bibliotheken zum Einsatz kommen. In libraries, digitized data and services offered online are on the increase. Rigid structures are gradually worn down by digital transformation. As a result, increased and more flexible collaboration between employees and stakeholders is required. These changes will need to be flanked by suitable tools, and we examined how the software Git, GitLab and GitHub might contribute to the development. We found that the use of Git and GitLab leads to significantly better collaborative practices within the IT department. GitHub is currently used for public provision of in-house developments and will, in the future, be used for inter-institutional collaborative development. Moreover, the tools will see increased usage in other areas of libraries as the digital transformation progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bibliotheken werden immer mehr Aufgaben digitalisiert und Dienste digital angeboten. Teilweise starre Strukturen werden durch die digitale Transformation aufgebrochen. In der Folge ist eine stärkere und flexible Kollaboration zwischen den Mitarbeitenden und Stakeholdern erforderlich. Um diese Veränderungen mit geeigneten Werkzeugen zu unterstützen, wurde geprüft, wie Git, GitLab und GitHub hierzu beitragen können. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Einsatz von Git und GitLab zu einer erheblich besseren Kollaboration innerhalb der IT-Abteilung geführt hat. GitHub wird derzeit für die öffentliche Bereitstellung von Eigenentwicklungen genutzt und soll zukünftig für die interinstitutionelle kollaborative Entwicklung zum Einsatz kommen. Ferner werden die verwendeten Werkzeuge mit Fortschreiten der digitalen Transformation auch in anderen Bereichen von Bibliotheken zum Einsatz kommen. In libraries, digitized data and services offered online are on the increase. Rigid structures are gradually worn down by digital transformation. As a result, increased and more flexible collaboration between employees and stakeholders is required. These changes will need to be flanked by suitable tools, and we examined how the software Git, GitLab and GitHub might contribute to the development. We found that the use of Git and GitLab leads to significantly better collaborative practices within the IT department. GitHub is currently used for public provision of in-house developments and will, in the future, be used for inter-institutional collaborative development. Moreover, the tools will see increased usage in other areas of libraries as the digital transformation progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Voluntaris: Journal of Volunteer Services & Civic Engagement / Zeitschrift für Freiwilligendienste und Zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Verkehrswissenschaft is the property of Verkehrs-Verlag J. Fischer GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Mitteilungen is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Colombian government presented to Congress, the National Development Plan (PND) 2018-2022 "Pact for Colombia, Pact for Equity," which was approved by Law 1955 of 2019. The reflections and proposals included in this paper refer to the main components of the PND, the reforms proposed, the Multi-Annual Program of Investments that accompanies it, as well as to its apparent omissions. The paper does not intend to cover all the topics in the PND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports that German economy has been suffering from the consequences of the corona pandemic in economic output, as reported by the Institute of German Economics in the first quarter of 2022. Topics include Government spending and exports at cushioned the economy measures caused problems in production processes; and increase in costs due to limited consumption options and cautious customers in the second quarter of 2020 with decline in real gross domestic product.

In modern economies, the public authority entrusted to manage the public affairs of the community is the state. In fulfilling their objectives the public decision makers assume a number of tasks according to the doctrines embraced by the government. The government results as an outcome of the election process and thus, faithful to its own doctrine is more or less invasive in the economy provides more or less protection and public goods therefore increasing or decreasing its spending according to its needs. The final outcome pursued by the state is the welfare of its citizens. Eventually, the way this goal is achieved as well as the perception the society has regarding the way the state performs is a matter of choice the state makes in order to fulfill its tasks. Traditionally, the main roles assumed by the state are: the distributive role, the regulation role, the stabilising and the assurance role.

The article focuses on the Hungarian government's efforts to reduce the bloated administrative apparatus by implementing extensive cutbacks. Topics include plans to dismiss civil servants and employees, including workers, primarily in the heavy industry and construction sectors; and how state expenditures, including investments, need to be significantly reduced, indicating that the people's democratic system is unable to ensure full employment.

Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Political Science Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Considering Germany's large amount of explicit and implicit public debt, its newly introduced and very ambitious constitutional "debt brake" as well as the not yet exactly measurable extent of its obligations under the European Stability Mechanism, the consolidation of public finances will be the most important topic in financial politics over the next years. So far, the academic discussion has concentrated mainly on the legislator's possibilities to reduce public spending (especially in public welfare) and to raise tax revenue. This article takes a different perspective and asks for the administration's opportunities to contribute to budget consolidation. In the first part of the study, the author looks at ways to reduce the executive branch's costs. He analyses the extent to which administrative discretion, privatization, public procurement decisions, management of property and solvency, and public-private-partnerships should be used to achieve this target. This includes a close look at possible negative consequences. The importance of a system of risk management for the avoiding costs is emphasized. The second part of the article shows possible ways for the administration to increase its income. On the one hand, it deals with classic forms of public fundraising such as taxes, other public charges and fines. On the other hand, ways of earning money through financial investments, selling public assets (including sale-and-lease-back-procedures and cross-border-leasing), and other economic activities on the private market are discussed. The article's third part covers general organizational and budgetary requirements for the administration's contribution to budget consolidation. Arguments against the concept of a "new public management" are also analyzed. Towards the end of the essay, the significance of an adequate "human resource management" is emphasized. The author also stresses that citizens - who are expected to bear a higher load today in the interest of future generations - should be included directly into the process of consolidating public finances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sozialer Sinn is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We compare German institutions of tertiary education (universities and polytechnics) with respect to the cost of and the returns to their educational degrees. Based on cost data from two different sources we find that on average the expenditures of universities are lower than those of polytechnics when we consider expenditures per potential enrollee and per student enrolled during the regular education period. We apply data from the German Socio-economic Panel (2001–2007) to estimate the private returns to tertiary education and find higher returns to university than polytechnic training. These results are robust to a variety of alternative procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift fur Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At various times, U.S.-Presidents have desired line-item veto authority to help control spending and reduce deficit spending. President Bill Clinton became the first to cancel pro- visions of appropriations bills when the Line Item Veto Act took effect on January 1, 1997. Between the effective date and June 25, 1998 - the day the Supreme Court ruled the line- item veto unconstitutional - Clinton had vetoed 82 line-items in eleven different legislative acts. He used this new authority to achieve programmatic and partisan goals, but it had no effect on overall spending and deficits. Above all, the line-item veto disrupts the existing system of checks and balances. It significantly alters the federal budget process by giving the president the unilateral power to change the text of duly enacted statutes. Such line-item vetoes are the functional equivalent of partial repeals of acts of Congress, but there is no provision in the Constitution that authorizes the president to enact, to amend or to repeal statutes. The ways in which President Clinton chose to exercise the line-item veto may have important implications for the use of this power by future presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a very brief presentation the author acknowledges the reasons behind the renovation of the historical towns in the old West Germany followed by the legal foundation, efforts and public financing and the results that came from that process. It is in this context that some municipalities played a central role in the conservation efforts by emphasizing their political action in the functional revitalization of their cities and the resulting economic growth. To finish the author makes reference to similar processes in the old East Germany after the reunification, a process that was largely funded by the subsidies from the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the smallness of subsidiary jurisdictions as a third dimension of centrality, besides vertical centrality and fragmentation (horizontal centrality). A panel analysis concerning all 26 Swiss cantons (from 1990 to 2003) shows that public expenditure per capita increases with the number of inhabitants of a canton. This holds for the aggregate expenditure level and for six expenditure categories of the Government Finance Statistics. The positive elasticity of per capita expenditure with respect to population size can be understood as an indicator for increasing government failure in jurisdictions with bigger population size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Swiss Political Science Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Schmollers Jahrbuch is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Germany the sustainability of fiscal policy is determined to a substantial part by the federal states (Bundeslaender). Their portion of the public debt amounts to nearly 40 percent. Econometric tests show that the fiscal policy of the federal states taken collectively is not sustainable. The requirement for fiscal sustainability is fulfilled only by two western Laender, Hesse and North-Rhine Westphalia, and one eastern Land (Saxony). Furthermore, it is shown that the constitutional “golden rule” stipulating that borrowing should not exceed investment expenditures does not ensure the solvency of the states. This holds for theoretical reasons but also because there is a lack of clarity and enforceability. Finally, it is argued that the commitment of subnational governments to sustainable public finances could be strengthened by invigorating state-level tax and expenditure autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the fiscal adjustments necessary in East Germany to ensure that the East German state and local government sector runs a sustainable fiscal policy in the next decades and maintains a high level of public investment expenditures. The latter is of special importance in East Germany because in some areas the public infrastructure capital stock in East Germany is still deficient as compared to West German standards. In addition, regional development policy still uses capital subsidies to attract mobile business capital to East Germany. These subsidies are co-financed by the East German state governments, the federal government as well as the EU. We derive a sustainable time path of primary expenditures in East Germany and estimate the volume of investment expenditures that can be financed without violating fundamental sustainability restrictions. In addition, we inspect the fiscal federalism perspective of public investment taking into account the specific institutional settings in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a panel of west German states ( ) for the period 1985 to 2002 we analyse potential effects of demographic change and political constellations on higher education spending, as suggested by recent literature on the political economy of the determination of public expenditures. We find empirical evidence for the hypothesis of a negative relationship between demographic aging and higher spending on public education. In contrast to the hypothesis of the classical partisan theory that implies higher public expenditures under leftist parties, we find that governments under conservative parties or a coalition between social democrats and conservatives spend more on public higher education than governments run by the social-democratic party alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of demographic change on the level and the structure of federal, state and local government expenditures in Germany up to the year 2020 by using estimates of the age structure sensitivity of spending in almost 30 functions. Special attention is given to differences between East and West Germany. Whereas East German state and local governments can expect significant savings from shrinking population size and from shifts in the age structure, subnational government budgets in the West are only slightly affected. Federal government spending will increase due to the rise in spending on the elderly. The results suggest that significant adjustments of public budgets at the expenditure side are necessary in order to cope with the fiscal challenges of demographic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing disarray of the German budgetary situation can no longer be ignored. In as much as sub-sovereign entities as Berlin, Saarland, Bremen are or will be claiming substantial subsidies in the Constitutional Court, the academic establishment begins to ponder upon the institutional design of public spending in Germany in general and the institutional challenge of fiscal emergency in the Länder (sub-sovereign entities) in particular. The proposals, however impractical as most of them are, lead to a key question: Can the management of the budget and fiscal policy in general any longer be left in the hands of politicians or do we need - not only in case of fiscal emergency – a new constitutional organ which for the whole state sets rules for public spending and is authorized to intervene in regional and national fiscal emergencies? The proposals submitted by the Academic Advisory Council of the Ministry of Finance are neither new nor original. But they have the merit to kick off – late but not too late – a fundamental debate on the institutional framework of German budget policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]