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Aus spektral hoch aufgelösten Messungen im ultravioletten (UV) und infraroten (IR) Spektralbereich können mittels einer Tikhonov Regularisierung vertikale Ozonprofile in der Stratosphäre und Troposphäre invertiert werden. Der neu geschaffene Retrieval-Algorithmus TOPAS (Tikhonov regularized Ozone Profile retrievAl with SCIATRAN) ermöglicht die kombinierte Auswertung beider Spektralbereiche und enthält einen neuen und verbesserten Ansatz der Re-Kalibrierung der UV Messungen. In der Stratosphäre liefern die UV Messungen des Instruments TROPOMI auf dem Satelliten S5P sehr genaue Ozonwerte, aber in der Troposphäre ist ihr Informationsgehalt begrenzt. Daher wurden zusätzliche IR Messungen von CrIS auf Suomi-NPP verwendet. Die Kombination beider Spektralbereiche erhöht den Informationsgehalt des Ozonprofilretrievals in der oberen Troposphäre und in der unteren Stratosphäre. In diese Arbeit werden die Ozonprofile in der Stratosphäre und in der Troposphäre mit anderen satellitengestützten Ozonprofilen, Ozonsonden und troposphärischen und stratopshärischen Lidarsystemen validiert und die Ergebnisse präsentiert.

Technical advances in the field of spinal interventional neuroradiology allow the application of a wide range of targeted, minimally invasive treatment options including targeted spinal ozone therapy for back pain. This article provides an overview of the biochemical, molecular, immunologic, and pharmaceutical mechanisms and delivery techniques of targeted ozone therapy.Computed tomography (CT), conventional X‑ray (fluoroscopy).Computed tomography-guided interventions (epidural, periradicular, facet joint, and intradiscal) have the highest place value and have historically prevailed. Fluoroscopy-guided procedures may also be used.Ozone therapy provides promising results. The article is intended to provide information on the basics of the technique(s).KLINISCHES/METHODISCHES PROBLEM: Technische Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der spinalen interventionellen Neuroradiologie ermöglichen es, eine breite Palette an gezielten, minimal-invasiven Behandlungsoptionen einschließlich der spinalen Ozontherapie beim Rückenschmerz anzuwenden. Dieser Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht der biochemischen, molekularen, immunologischen und pharmazeutischen Mechanismen sowie Applikationstechniken der gezielten Ozontherapie.Zum Einsatz kommen die Computertomographie (CT) sowie konventionelle Röntgenaufnahmen (Durchleuchtung). LEISTUNGSFäHIGKEIT: Die CT-gesteuerten Interventionen (epidural, periradikuläre, Facettengelenk und intradiskal) haben den höchsten Stellenwert und haben sich historisch durchgesetzt. Durchleuchtungsgesteuerte Verfahren können ebenfalls eingesetzt werden.Die Ozontherapie liefert vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Der Beitrag soll dazu dienen, Informationen über die Grundlagen dieser Technik(en) zu vermitteln.

We use height‐resolved and total column satellite observations and 3‐D chemical transport model simulations to study stratospheric ozone variations during 1998–2017 as ozone‐depleting substances decline. In 2017 extrapolar lower stratospheric ozone displayed a strong positive anomaly following much lower values in 2016. This points to large interannual variability rather than an ongoing downward trend, as reported recently by Ball et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐18‐1379‐2018). The observed ozone variations are well captured by the chemical transport model throughout the stratosphere and are largely driven by meteorology. Model sensitivity experiments show that the contribution of past trends in short‐lived chlorine species to the ozone changes is small. Similarly, the potential impact of modest trends in natural brominated short‐lived species is small. These results confirm the important role that atmospheric dynamics plays in controlling ozone in the extrapolar lower stratosphere on multiannual time scales and the continued importance of monitoring ozone profiles as the stratosphere changes.

Air traffic is important to our society and guarantees mobility especially for long distances. Air traffic is also contributing to climate warming via emissions of CO2 and various non-CO2 effects, such as contrail-cirrus or increase in ozone concentrations. Here we investigate the climate impact of a future aircraft design, a multi fuel blended wing body (MF-BWB), conceptually designed within the EU-project AHEAD. We re-calculate the parameters for the contrail formation criterion, since this aircraft has very different characteristics compared to conventional technologies and show that contrail formation potentially already occurs at lower altitudes than for conventional aircraft. The geometry of the contrails, however, is similar to conventional aircraft, as detailed Large-Eddy-Simulations show. The global contrail-cirrus coverage and related radiative forcing is investigated with a climate model including a contrail-cirrus parameterisation and shows an increase in contrail-cirrus radiative forcing compared to conventional technologies, if the number of emitted particles is equal to conventional technologies. However, there are strong indications that the AHEAD engines would have a substantial reduction in the emission of soot particles and there are strong indications that this leads to a substantial reduction in the contrail-cirrus radiative forcing. An overall climate impact assessment with a climate-chemistry response model shows that the climate impact is likely to be reduced by 20% to 25% compared to a future aircraft with conventional technologies. We further tested the sensitivity of this result with respect to different future scenarios for the use of bio fuels, improvements of the fuel efficiency for conventional aircraft and the impact of the number of emitted soot particles on the radiative forcing. Only the latter has the potential to significantly impact our findings and needs further investigation. Our findings show that the development of new and climate compatible aircraft designs requires the inclusion of climate impact assessments already at an early stage, i.e. pre-design level.

Air traffic guarantees mobility and serves the needs of society to travel over long distances in a decent time. But aviation also contributes to climate change. Here, we present various mitigation options, based on technological and operational measures and present a framework to compare the different mitigation options by taking into account aspects, such as changes in operational costs, climate impact reduction, eco-efficiency, possible starting point of the mitigation option and the investment costs. We show that it is not possible to directly rank these options because of the different requirements and framework conditions. Instead, we introduce two different presentations that take into account these different aspects and serve as a framework for intercomparison.

Novel airborne in situ measurements of inorganic chlorine, nitrogen oxide species, and ozone were performed inside the lower Antarctic polar vortex and at its edge in September 2012. We focus on one flight during the Transport and Composition of the LMS/Earth System Model Validation (TACTS/ESMVal) campaign with the German research aircraft HALO (High-Altitude LOng range research aircraft), reaching latitudes of 65°S and potential temperatures up to 405 K. Using the early winter correlations of reactive trace gases with N2O from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), we find high depletion of chlorine reservoir gases up to ∼40% (0.8 ppbv) at 12 km to 14 km altitude in the vortex and 0.4 ppbv at the edge in subsided stratospheric air with mean ages up to 4.5 years. We observe denitrification of up to 4 ppbv, while ozone was depleted by 1.2 ppmv at potential temperatures as low as 380 K. The advanced instrumentation aboard HALO enables high-resolution measurements with implications for the oxidation capacity of the lowermost stratosphere.

Identifying ozone profile shape is a critical yet challenging job for the accurate reconstruction of vertical distributions of atmospheric ozone that is relevant to climate change and air quality. Motivated by the need to develop an approach to reliably and efficiently estimate vertical information of ozone and inspired by the success of machine learning techniques, this work proposes a new algorithm for deriving ozone profile shapes from ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra that are recorded by satellite instruments, e.g. GOME series and the future Sentinel missions. The proposed algorithm formulates this particular inverse problem in a classification framework rather than a conventional inversion one and places an emphasis on effectively characterizing various profile shapes based on machine learning techniques. Furthermore, a comparison of the ozone profiles from real GOME-2 data estimated by our algorithm and the classical retrieval algorithm (Optimal Estimation Method) is performed.

Researchers have been examining the biological function(s) of isoprene in isoprene-emitting (IE) species for two decades. There is overwhelming evidence that leaf-internal isoprene increases the thermotolerance of plants and protects them against oxidative stress, thus mitigating a wide range of abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms of abiotic stress mitigation by isoprene are still under debate. Here, we assessed the impact of isoprene on the emission of nitric oxide (NO) and the S-nitroso-proteome of IE and non-isoprene-emitting (NE) gray poplar (Populus × canescens) after acute ozone fumigation. The short-term oxidative stress induced a rapid and strong emission of NO in NE compared with IE genotypes. Whereas IE and NE plants exhibited under nonstressful conditions only slight differences in their S-nitrosylation pattern, the in vivo S-nitroso-proteome of the NE genotype was more susceptible to ozone-induced changes compared with the IE plants. The results suggest that the nitrosative pressure (NO burst) is higher in NE plants, underlining the proposed molecular dialogue between isoprene and the free radical NO. Proteins belonging to the photosynthetic light and dark reactions, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein metabolism, and redox regulation exhibited increased S-nitrosylation in NE samples compared with IE plants upon oxidative stress. Because the posttranslational modification of proteins via S-nitrosylation often impacts enzymatic activities, our data suggest that isoprene indirectly regulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the control of the S-nitrosylation level of ROS-metabolizing enzymes, thus modulating the extent and velocity at which the ROS and NO signaling molecules are generated within a plant cell.

Unique in situ measurements of CO, O3, SO2, CH4, NO, NOx, NOy, VOC, CN, and rBC were carried out with the German Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)-Falcon aircraft in the central U.S. thunderstorms during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment in summer 2012. Fresh and aged anvil outflow (9–12 km) from supercells, mesoscale convective systems, mesoscale convective complexes, and squall lines were probed over Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. For three case studies (30 May and 8 and 12 June) a combination of trace species, radar, lightning, and satellite information, as well as model results, were used to analyze and design schematics of major trace gas transport pathways within and in the vicinity of the probed thunderstorms.

Das Ziel dieser Promotion ist die Entwicklung eines interaktiven und numerisch-effizienten stratosphärischen Ozonchemiemodells für die extrapolaren Breiten globaler Klimamodelle. In Klimamodellen wird die Ozonschicht auf Grund des hohen Rechenaufwands zur Berechnung der vollständigen Ozonchemie häufig durch "vorgeschriebene Ozonfelder", d.h. Klimatologien, realisiert. Diese Methode berücksichtigt nicht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen atmosphärischer Dynamik und Ozonchemie und vernachlässigt die interannuale Variabilität der Ozonschicht, sowie die Interaktion zwischen Klimaänderungen und Ozonschicht. Diverse Studien [Calvo et al., 2015, Gillett und Thompson, 2003, Thompson und Solomon, 2002] belegen, dass eine ungenügende Repräsentation der Ozonschicht negativen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse der Klimasimulation hat. Bereits existierende schnelle Ozonschemata [Cariolle und Teyssedre, 2007, McLinden et al., 2000] taylor-entwickeln Ozonänderungsraten linear um Referenzzustände des Ozonmischungsverhältnis, der Temperatur und der lokalen Ozonsäule. In Klimaänderungsszenarien abseits der Referenzzustände erzeugen diese Modelle keine befriedigende Darstellung der Ozonschicht. Das SWIFT-Modell nutzt einen anderen Ansatz, bei dem das vollständige chemische Reaktionssystem eines stratosphärischen Chemiemodells berücksichtigt wiFrd und somit auch nicht- lineare Zusammenhänge und die Variabilität der ozonzerstörenden Spezies. Das SWIFT-Modell besteht aus einem polaren und einem extrapolaren Modul. Das polare Modul berechnet polarwirbel-gemittelte Ozonverlustraten auf Grundlage eines gekoppelten Differentialgleichungssystems mit freien Koeffizienten, die durch Simulationen eines vollständigen Chemiemodells bestimmt werden [Wohltmann et al., 2016]. Der extrapolare Teil des SWIFT-Modells, den diese Dissertation vorstellt, approximiert die Ozonänderungsraten des vollständigen Chemiemodells durch algebraische Funktionen. Im vollständigen Modell sind die Ozonänderungsraten eine Funktion von etwa 55 Anfangs- und Randbedingungen (z.B. diverse chemische Spezies und atmosphärische Parameter), die eine 55-dimensionale Hyperfläche erzeugen. Die Form der Hyperfläche wird durch die numerische Ausgabe mehrerer Simulationen mit dem vollständigen Modell charakterisiert. Durch geeignete Linearkombinationen der 55 unabhängigen Variablen lässt sich deren Anzahl auf die folgenden neun Variablen reduzieren: geographische Breite, Druckhöhe, Temperatur, lokale Ozonsäule, das Ozonmischungsverhältnis und die Mischungsverhältnisse der ozonzerstörenden chemischen Familien (Cly, Bry, NOy und HOy). Diese neun Variablen beschreiben die Form der 55-dimensionalen Hyperfläche ausreichend genau. Ein 9-dimensionales Polynom vierten Grades wird in einem automatisierten Verfahren an die 9-dimensionale Funktion approximiert. Pro Monat wird ein globalgültiges Polynom zur Berechnung der jeweiligen Ozonänderungsraten über 24 Stunden bestimmt. Das vollständige Modell, an dessen Ergebnissen die Polynome bestimmt werden, ist das Chemie- und Transportmodell ATLAS. Zwei ATLAS-Simulationen aus unterschiedlichen Dekaden und von jeweils 2,5 Jahren Dauer bilden die Datengrundlage (Trainingsdaten) der Approximation. Die Berücksichtigung möglichst viel stratosphärischer Variabilität in den Trainingsdaten (z.B. QBO- Phasen, Variabilität der Polarwirbel) ist ein entscheidender Aspekt für die Robustheit des SWIFT-Modells. Die systematischen Abweichungen zwischen ATLAS und SWIFT verursachen in den zentralen Bereichen des 9-dimensionalen Parameterraums weniger als 0,5 % Veränderung der Ozonmischungsverhältnisse pro Tag. In den Randbereichen des Parameterraums können sie bis zu 4 %/Tag betragen. Die maximalen Fehler entstehen insbesondere dort wo die Dichte der Trainingsdaten gering ist, d.h. für sehr seltene atmosphärische Zustände. Starke Gradienten der Ozonänderungsraten und Nicht-Linearitäten sind hingegen keine signifikanten Fehlerquellen. Simulationen mit dem extrapolaren SWIFT- Modul, integriert in das ATLAS-CTM, zeigen, dass sich die systematischen Fehler nicht akkumulieren und SWIFT über einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren eine stabile Ozonschicht simuliert, die der Ozonschicht im vollständigen ATLAS-CTM sehr nahe kommt. Die interannuale Variabilität der Stratosphäre und die durch planetare Wellen verursachten horizontalen Gradienten der Ozonverteilung werden von SWIFT gut wiedergegeben. Abweichungen zwischen stratosphärischen Ozonsäulen aus ATLAS und SWIFT betragen im Schnitt weniger als +/-15 DU. Im Vergleich zu existierenden schnellen Ozonschemata erreicht SWIFT-extrapolar insbesondere in den mittleren und hohen Breiten eine Verbesserung. Die numerische Effizienz des Moduls wird durch den geringen Rechenaufwand zur Auswertung von algebraischen Polynomen mit 30 - 100 Termen gewährleistet. Damit ist SWIFT etwa um einen Faktor 10^4 schneller als das Chemiemodell im ATLAS-CTM., The goal of this PhD-thesis was the development of a fast yet accurate chemistry scheme for an interactive calculation of the extrapolar stratospheric ozone layer. The SWIFT-model is mainly intended for use in Global Climate Models (GCMs). For computing-time reasons GCMs often do not employ full stratospheric chemistry modules, but use prescribed ozone instead. This method does not consider the interaction between atmospheric dynamics and the ozone layer and can neither resolve the inter-annual variability of the ozone layer nor respond to climatological trends. Various studies [Calvo et al., 2015, Gillett and Thompson, 2003, Thompson and Solomon, 2002] have pointed out these insufficiencies. Existing fast ozone schemes, as in [Cariolle und Teyssedre, 2007] and [McLinden et al., 2000], use a Taylor expansion of the first order to expand the rate of change of ozone about reference conditions of ozone mixing ratio, temperature and the locale ozone column and thus can not sufficiently adept to climate change scenarios, differing from the reference conditions. The SWIFT-model, in contrast, considers the full chemical system of a stratospheric chemistry model, including non-linearities and fluctuations of ozone depleting species, to determine the rate of change of ozone. The SWIFT-model consists of two modules, a polar and an extrapolar module. The polar module calculates vortex- averaged ozone loss by solving a set of coupled differential equations for the key species in polar ozone chemistry. Coefficients of the equation system are determined by simulations with a full chemistry model [Wohltmann et al., 2016]. This dissertation presents the extrapolar SWIFT-module, where we use algebraic functions to approximate the rate of change of ozone of the full model. In the full model, 55 initial and boundary conditions (e.g. various chemical species and atmospheric parameters) determine the function of rate of change of ozone, creating a 55-dimensional hypersurface. The numerical output of several simulations with the full model characterize the shape of the hypersurface. Using linear combinations of these variables, we can reduce the parameter space to the following nine dimensions: latitude, pressure, temperature, local ozone column, mixing ratio of ozone and of the ozone depleting families (Cly, Bry, NOy and HOy). These nine variables sufficiently describe the shape of the 55-dimensional hypersurface. An automated procedure fits 9-dimensional polynomials of degree four to the reduced function. One global polynomial per month is determined which calculates the rate of change of ozone over 24 h. The full model used to fit the polynomials is the chemistry- and transport-model ATLAS. Two 2.5-years ATLAS-simulations from separate decades constitute the fitting-dataset. A key aspect for the robustness of the SWIFT-model is the incorporation of a wide range of stratospheric variability in the fitting-datasets. The systematic error between ATLAS and SWIFT causes the ozone mixing ratios to drift by less than 0.5 % per day in the central regions of the 9-dimensional parameter space. Higher errors are located in the boundary regions, where the sampling density of the fitting-dataset is low, i.e. for rarely occurring atmospheric conditions. Here, the errors can rise to 4 % per day. However, steep ozone gradients and non-linearities in the rate of change function are not the sources of significant errors. The extrapolar SWIFT-module has been integrated into the ATLAS-CTM as an optional chemistry scheme. Simulations with SWIFT in ATLAS have proven that the systematic error does not accumulate in the course of a run. In a 10 year simulation SWIFT has continuously produced a stable annual cycle, with inter-annual variations of the ozone layer well comparable to the full ATLAS-CTM. Horizontal gradients in the ozone distribution due to planetary waves, are well resolved by SWIFT. The average deviations between partial ozone columns in ATLAS and SWIFT are less than +/-15 DU. Especially in the mid- and high-latitudes the extrapolar SWIFT-module yields better results than existing fast ozone schemes. The application of SWIFT requires the calculation of polynomials with 30 - 100 terms. Nowadays, computers can solve such polynomials at thousands of grid points in seconds. Therefore SWIFT provides the desired numerical efficiency and computes the ozone layer 10^4 times faster than the chemistry model in the ATLAS-CTM.