Search

Water soluble exogenous compounds are commonly excreted by the kidneys, but most of the exogenous substances are lipid soluble and have therefore first to be metabolized in the liver to water soluble compounds. Depending upon the nature of the chemical compound, the metabolism in the liver leads either to detoxification or toxification. Alcohol belongs to the most important substances which may cause severe liver injury. Alterations of the liver due to hydrocarbons as well as carcinogens, mycotoxins and thorium dioxide are relatively rare. Compounds such as analgesic and antiarrhythmic drugs, antibiotics, oral antidiabetic agents, antihypertensive and antirheumatic agents, chemotherapeutic drugs, hormones, laxatives, psychotropic drugs, thyreostatic and antineoplastic agents may also cause liver injury. For establishing the diagnosis, a detailed past history is required especially with respect to alcohol and drug consumption as well as regarding occupational exposure towards toxic compounds. Although the determination of liver enzyme activities in the serum may give some indication for liver cell injury, the histological examination of the liver by needle biopsy is required for the diagnosis. The therapy consists of the exclusion of the toxic compound and, if possible, of an increased elimination of the ingested toxins.