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Rodzice, jako pierwsi wychowawcy i nauczyciele dziecka są zobowiązani do zagłębiania się w podstawy teorii i praktyki pedagogicznej, do której należy również prawidłowy rozwój mowy dziecka. Współcześnie ze względu na postępującą cyfryzację świata, internat stanowi jedno z popularniejszych źródeł porozumiewania się i zdobywania wiedzy. Takim szczególnym miejscem dla rodziców stają się rodzicielskie fora internetowe, które stanowią prężnie działającą przestrzeń do dyskusji między rodzicami, przekazującymi sobie informacje o własnych doświadczeniach rodzicielskich, w tym treściom z zakresu logopedii. W artykule zostaną przedstawione badania dotyczące analizy rodzicielskich for internetowych z zakresie dyskusji o rozwoju mowy dziecka. Obszar ten tak bogaty w informacje badawcze, stał się podstawą do poznania sposobów komunikowania się rodziców, przekazywania informacji, zadawania pytań i udzielania odpowiedzi, ich korzystny bądź niekorzystny wpływ na rozpowszechnianie wiedzy logopedycznej, jak również poznać kulturę wypowiedzi i przestrzegania zasad netykiety użytkowników korzystających z rodzicielskich forów internetowych. Zgromadzony materiał badawczy, dotyczący dyskusji opierających się na wiedzy logopedycznej na rodzicielskich forach internetowych przedstawiony został w formie cytowanych rzeczywistych wypowiedzi użytkowników, nie poddanych żadnej obróbce stylistycznej i językowej.

The beginnings of Soba, the capital of the medieval Kingdom of Alwa, are usually dated to the 5th–6th centuries AD. Despite the consensus on the date, the question of what the city looked like during the initial period of its existence is still under discussion. The data on the early settlement at Soba is fragmentary. The results of recent excavations in the 2019–2020 season, including new radiocarbon datings, have provided additional information. Remains of early medieval brick architecture in Area CW and an early dating of Mound OS have been cross-referenced with archival data, leading the authors to hypothesize about the beginnings of Soba as a polycentric city with several areas featuring permanent buildings (of stone and/or brick) and vast areas dominated by frequently changing wooden architecture.

The Application of the Law of Succession of the Code civil by the Judiciary of the Free City of Kraków – the Sawiczewscy Case The aim of this paper is to present the in-depth study of the only one piece of the adjudication activity of the judiciary in the Free City of Cracow (1815–1846) – the Sawiczewscy case. Named after its subject, the division of the estate of well-known Cracow’s pharmacist and university professor Józef Sawiczewski, the case is the example of rich source of material for the researcher in the field of the application of the French law of succession in the Republic of Cracow. In its first part the article describes the case proceedings including written pleadings lodged by the parties, rulings of the Cracow’s courts: the Tribunal of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, the Court of Third Instance and also the opinion of the Professors and Doctors of the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University. Due to that detailed analysis, the process of the interpretation of the Code civil regulations by the Cracow’s lawyers can be fully understood and properly evaluated. The comparative base for that evaluation is presented in the second part of the paper, which outlined the nineteenth century French interpretation of institutions of the law of succession applied in the case, i.e. the restitutions (rapports) and the disposable proportion (quotité disponible). As regards this base the outcomes are unsatisfactory since the members of the judiciary of the Free City of Kraków failed to meet not only the original intent but also the contemporary French understanding of the law of succession of the Code civil. * Artykuł został przygotowany w ramach projektu badawczego Narodowego Centrum Nauki nr 2017/27/B/HS5/01308.

Interdyscyplinarność logopedii i czerpanie wiedzy z osiągnięć medycyny, językoznawstwa, psychologii i pedagogiki pozwala spojrzeć na składnię – przedmiot zainteresowania językoznawstwa i logopedii – z nowej, neurosyntaktycznej i neurostrukturalnej perspektywy. W ujęciu tradycyjnym składnia, jako element składowy kompetencji językowej, a więc bytu mentalnego, jest podsystemem języka pozwalającym na łączenie mniejszych elementów w ciągi, którymi rządzą określone reguły gramatyczne. Metodyka terapii logopedycznej dostarcza terapeutom strategii, za pomocą których mogą oni programować i odbudowywać kompetencję składniową. Na kanwie badań neurostrukturalnych możliwe stało się wyróżnienie niektórych obszarów mózgu, które odpowiedzialne są za przetwarzanie składni, co implikuje zupełnie nowe podejście terapeutyczne w nauce o zaburzeniach mowy.

In 2015, during archaeological research conducted around the church in Gniew (Pomerania Province), a small fragment of a metal plate was found. After it was cleaned as part of restoration it turned out to be a cross. The excavation was located outside, near the chancel wall. Research conducted there confirmed the conclusions drawn in previous years, i.e. that the church grounds had been used as a graveyard. The fact that the graveyard had been used for a long time was proved by numerous burials, overlapping grave pits and ossuaries, meaning places where human remains were gathered after earlier burials in the graveyard and the church had been emptied. Devotional items, including medals, crucifixes, scapulars, and prayer ropes, have been long connected with the Christian tradition. The fact that they are found during excavations in churches and graveyards may indicate that they were popular in Late Middle Ages and in the Modern Era. Unfortunately, the cross has not been preserved whole. It is difficult to determine whether the missing loop and two fragments of the horizontal bar were damaged when it was used by its owner or as a result of corrosion taking place after it had been deposited in the ground. The first written sources concerning the medal itself come from an information leaflet dated to 1664. It depicts Saint Benedict in a gesture of benediction and a medal with a characteristic cross and letters. One of the most important works on the Saint Benedict Medal is the work by Prosper Guèranger from 1862. Saint Benedict medals and crucifixes are also known from many inventories of artefacts compiled during research conducted in graveyards, mostly from the Modern Era. Saint Benedict crosses in a form resembling a knight’s cross were found in, among others, Maniowy in Podhale, Gliwice, Lubiń near Kościan, Wrocław, and Częstochowa. Despite the three and a half centuries that have passed since the first information about the medal appeared, and the six centuries since the first mention of its symbolism, it is still very popular among Christians. Most probably, information about the miracles happening thanks to it are no longer the main reason why it is worn but it can be a kind of an amulet protecting against evil. Despite rather scarce literature on Saint Benedict devotional items found at archaeological sites, one should expect that as research progresses, doubts about the manufacturing places or more detailed relationships between the appearance of crosses and medals will be dispelled.

During archaeological research carried out from 2009 to 2016 in the Church of St. Nicholas in Gniew, a set of three metal buckles was found. Then, in 2017, excavations were conducted in crypts of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Piaseczno, in the Gniew District. Two other pairs of buckles were uncovered at this site. All the buckles found differ considerably. Thanks to this, one can get an impression that apart from holding the shoe on the foot, they also served decorative purposes. One can distinguish two main types of buckles: those made of iron and those made of a copper alloy. The latter, considering ornaments, could be more valuable than their iron counterparts. Regardless of the alloy used, manufacturing techniques differed, some of which were those used in the case of buckles from Gniew and Piaseczno: wire forging, cutting out of thick metal sheet, and folding thin metal sheet. On account of their jewellery-like character, this small collection of buckles discussed could be bequeathed, while most grave shoes were only fastened with tailor’s pins or put on the feet of the dead without fastening. This practice particularly concerned shoes with textile uppers, which mostly meant women’s shoes. It may suggest that the items in question were rather owned by men. The buckles described could be thus elements of the everyday attire. Issues connected with a formal and typological interpretation of the buckles found indicate interpretive problems faced by archaeologists dealing with these aspects of costume studies. Modern shoes, due to the scarcity of artefacts in archaeological collections, remain mysterious and puzzling objects.

Research conducted in churches provides more and more information about the funeral culture in the Baroque. The basic elements of a funeral were wooden coffins, in which bodies were buried. They were prepared for the funeral in different ways. The simplest were ordinary boxes made of planed boards. What draws attention, however, are those with additional elements on the outside. This child’s coffin found in the central nave between the chancel and the first pillar was decorated with artificial flowers made of wire imitating golden wire. These flowers drew the attention of the research team to the unique ornamentation of the coffin. The next stage of the work involved cleaning the studs found (three types), and then analysing the unusual structures on their underside. This revealed two types of cloth stuck to metal. All the information gathered allowed to prepare three variants of the appearance of the coffin with the year 1779 studded with one of the stud types. Considering the above, it was concluded that the child’s burial was rich, and that the coffin decorations were exceptionally sumptuous.

Już od wczesnego dzieciństwa, pod wpływem wielu czynników, kształtuje się u dziecka system wartości. Jednym z tych czynników jest literatura dziecięca, tworzona z myślą o dzieciach i dla nich, jako ta, która podaje pewne wzorce moralnego postępowania. W niniejszej pracy omówiona została kwestia kształtowania systemu wartości dziecka w młodszym wieku szkolnym poprzez dzieła literackie z odwagą w tle. Przedmiotem analizy jakościowej stały się: A. Lindgren, Bracia Lwie serce i C.S. Lewis Opowieści z Narni, które należą do klasyki literatury dziecięcej. Wybór powyższych książek wynikał głównie z chęci poznania sposobów wykorzystania powieści w edukacji dziecka w młodszym wieku szkolnym. Główny wątek artykułu został poprzedzony syntetycznym przeglądem literatury przedmiotu, w którym scharakteryzowano pojęcia literatury dziecięcej oraz literatury dla dzieci, wartości w życiu dziecka oraz rozwoju i funkcjonowania dziecka w późnym dzieciństwie. Analiza jakościowa wyżej wymienionych dzieł literackich dowiodła, że budowanie świata wartości dzieci w młodszym wieku szkolnym jest możliwe dzięki literaturze tworzonej z myślą o nich.

At the sources of polish logopedic terminology: towards anagnostic resesarch The paper is a preliminary presentation of the concept of a research project Diachronic Aspects of Polish Logopedic Terminology, carried out by members of the Department of Polish Language of the Pedagogical University in Cracow. The multiauthored study briefly characterizes the beginnings of speech therapy as an independent scientific discipline, and the directions of its development in the past 50 years. It draws attention to the deficiencies and inconsistencies in the usage and understanding of specialist terms in contemporary logopedics, while setting as the primary goal of the enterprise an attempt to standardize Polish terminology related to speech disorders. The basis for this should be the etymology of the terms in question, as well as excerpts from medical and anatomical lexicons and source materials which employ the vocabulary that became the foundation of the logopedic jargon.

DISAPPEARING SUBJECT – SUBJECTIVITY IN JACQUES LACAN’S PSYCHOANALYSIS Summary In the paper, author would like to describe conceptions of the subject in Lacanian psychoanalysis. It is not only question of existence of unconscious and its influence on the conscious ego, but also problem of linguistic dimension of the unconscious. In Lacanian psychoanalysis, unconsious is structured like a language, nevertheless language/Symbolic is limited. We can’t say everything, there is always something outside the Symbolic. It is, of course, famous Lacanian Real – core of our being. Author presents not only Lacan’s view on subject, but also evolution of this topic and questions concerning subjectivity beyond alienation in Symbolic.

Willow herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. syn. Epilobium angustifolium L.) from Onagraceae family is a valuable medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of urogenital disorders including BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy). The raw material is a rich source of polyphenols as well as steroids, triterpenoids and fatty acids. The extracts show pharmacological activities: anti-androgen, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and analgesic properties. Due to frequent interspecific hybridization, plants collected in the wild display a diverse and variable content of active compounds. This poses a challenge in obtaining high quality and homogenous raw material. Application of the in vitro cultures and micropropagation techniques may offer a solution for alternative methods of cultivation. This work presents preliminary results of the implementation of Ch. angustifolium in vitro cultures to obtain raw material for the first time. Sterile seedlings were donors of explants, which were used for induction of multi-shoots culture according to a modified Turker’s protocol. Six different genotypes (lines) originating from root explants were chosen for clonal propagation. Efficiency of the elaborated method was 16 – 20 shoots per explants. Finally, over 3000 acclimatized plants were obtained and used for field crops.

CEL NAUKOWY: W artykule podjęto próbę oceny przedsiębiorczości studentów oraz dostrzeganej przez nich roli kształcenia uniwersyteckiego w zakresie pobu­dzania postaw przedsiębiorczych jako determinanty konkurencyjności gospodarki. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Zawarte wnioski zostały oparte na prze­glądzie dorobku nauki, danych ze źródeł wtórnych, w tym w szczególności Global Competitiveness Index oraz Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, a także poparte wynikami badania ankietowego, przeprowadzonego wśród studentów Uniwersy­tetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie. PROCES WYWODU: Wywód oparto na analizie literatury przedmiotu, ale prze­de wszystkim na analizie własnych badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie (ostateczna próba badaw­cza obejmowała 101 studentów). WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Relatywnie wysoki odsetek badanych studen­tów deklaruje chęć założenia w przyszłości własnej działalności gospodarczej. Jednakże dokonana przez nich ocena studiów w zakresie pobudzania przedsię­biorczych postaw i dostarczania specjalistycznej wiedzy ułatwiającej zakładanie własnego biznesu jest dosyć krytyczna. Studenci największą wartość z podję­tych studiów dostrzegają w dyplomie uczelni i uważają, że w procesie edukacji akademickiej nie otrzymali wystarczającej wiedzy do rozpoczęcia i prowadzenia działalności biznesowej. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Obecna oferta programowa oraz system kształcenia nie sprzyjają rozwojowi postaw przedsiębiorczych wśród

The paper tries to answer the question whether John Paul II was an apologist of Christianity. Moving along scholastic methodology, the paper progress along three stages, exploring a negative statement ( videtur quod non ), justifying a positive assertion ( sed contra ), to formulate a conclusion ( ergo ). Through this methodology the paper argues that Pope John Paul II was the defender of Christianity. This methodology allows thorough study of the highlights of the pontificate of this Great Pope and on the basis of counter-points to bring out a more clear answer to the research question.

One of the important tasks of pope John Paul II ponti fi cate was interreligious dialogue. Twenty-seven years lasting ponti fi cate, was full in that matter of extremely important words and many still important spectacular gestures. The article reminds those more and those less known pope’s gestures, and it is an attempt of interpretation. The brave gestures of the Pope speak stronger than words, are better remembered and are a constant inspiration to those, who take up the task of interreligious dialogue.

congress report

congress report

Declaration of the Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the Kiev-Halicz Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Archbishop Metropolitan of Przemyśl of the Latins Józef Michalik, the President of Polish Bishops Conference, Archbishop Metropolitan of Lviv of the Latins Mieczysław Mokrzycki, the President of Roman-Catholic Ukrainian Bishops Conference, Archbishop Metropolitan of Przemyśl-Warsaw of the Byzantine-Ukrainian Church Jan Martyniak

tribute, Gerd Alberti

congress report

The article presents an example of research in a micro-comparative perspective. It describes the complex of beliefs associated with mythical beings called xihuimeh, held by indigenous Nahuas from Sierra Zongolica, Mexico. The xihuimeh are described by some as guardians of community. Others depict them as malevolent witches. Variants of these beliefs are found among Nahuas inhabiting other regions of Mexico. They include mythical beings such as dwarfs, atmospheric phenomena, animal guardians, etc. All of these dilferent features attributed to xihuimeh overlap the characteristics of naguales. Thus the xihuimeh complex proves to be a distinctive variation in pattern of nagualism - a Mesoamerican belief system associated with parallel beings and human-to-animal transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]