10 results on '"Metal Oxide"'
Search Results
2. Elektrischer und thermoelektrischer Transport in den Metalloxiden ß-Ga2O3 und ZnGa2O4
- Author
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Boy, Johannes, Fischer, Saskia F., Riechert, Henning, and Grundmann, Marius
- Subjects
Physik ,Thermoelektrischer Transport ,Festkörperphysik ,Elektrischer Transport ,Metal Oxide ,Physics ,Experimentalphysik ,Solid State Physics ,ddc:530 ,Electric Transport ,Metalloxid ,530 Physik ,Thermoelectric Transport - Abstract
Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Charakterisierung der elektrischen und thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften zwischen T
- Published
- 2021
3. Advanced Cathode Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Based on Pt/ Metal Oxides: From Model Electrodes to Catalyst Systems
- Author
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Emiliana Fabbri, Alexandra Pătru, Annett Rabis, Rüdiger Kötz, and Thomas J. Schmidt
- Subjects
Antimony-doped tin oxide ,Catalysis ,Cathode stability ,Metal oxide ,Support material ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The development of stable catalyst systems for application at the cathode side of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) requires the substitution of the state-of-the-art carbon supports with materials showing high corrosion resistance in a strongly oxidizing environment. Metal oxides in their highest oxidation state can represent viable support materials for the next generation PEFC cathodes. In the present work a multilevel approach has been adopted to investigate the kinetics and the activity of Pt nanoparticles supported on SnO2-based metal oxides. Particularly, model electrodes made of SnO2 thin films supporting Pt nanoparticles, and porous catalyst systems made of Pt nanoparticles supported on Sb-doped SnO2 high surface area powders have been investigated. The present results indicate that SnO2-based supports do not modify the oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on the Pt nanoparticle surface, but rather lead to catalysts with enhanced specific activity compared to Pt/carbon systems. Different reasons for the enhancement in the specific activity are considered and discussed.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Metalloxide zur thermochemischen Hochtemperaturwärmespeicherung
- Author
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Block, Tina
- Subjects
Speicher ,Gas/Feststoff-Reaktion ,Thermochemisch ,Thermochemische Energiespeicherung ,Dewey Decimal Classification::600 | Technik::660 | Technische Chemie ,Thermochemical energy storage ,gas/solid-reaction ,ddc:660 ,Metalloxid ,metal oxide - Abstract
[no abstract]
- Published
- 2015
5. Thermochemical energy storage based on the reversible reaction of Mn2O3/Mn3O4: Material characterization and reaction kinetics
- Author
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Wokon, Michael, Bauer, Thomas, Linder, Marc, and Wörner, Antje
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redox reaction ,thermochemical energy storage ,reaction kinetics ,metal oxide ,manganese oxide - Published
- 2013
6. Neue heterogene Katalysatoren für die Umesterung von Propylencarbonat
- Author
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Pyrlik, Axel and Stahl, Wolfgang
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Heterogene Katalyse ,ddc:540 ,dimethyl carbonate ,environmentally friendly ,Umesterung ,Chemie ,Lösungsmittel ,metal oxide ,Propylencarbonat ,Katalysator ,Metalloxide ,solvent ,Dimethylcarbonat - Abstract
It could be shown, that the heterogeneous catalysis of the transesterification of PC to DMC is possible. The selectivity of this reaction is very high at temperatures below 200°C and no side products can be found in the reaction mixture (with exception for the intermediate products). However at temperatures above 200°C side products like ethers and decomposition products can be found. Acid catalysts as well as basic catalysts were tested whereas the basic catalysts mostly showed a higher activity. Especially the ion exchange resins demonstrated this behavior. While the acid resins needed temperatures of more than 100°C, the basic resins were already active at temperatures below -10°C. Unfortunately both types of resins suffer from serious disadvantages. The use of the acid resins led to the formation of PG oligomers, which are blocking the catalyst and need to be removed in a time-consuming procedure. The use of strongly basic resins on the other hand led to an ion exchange within the resins and resulting in an almost inactive weak basic catalyst with only carbonate anions. Most of the used mixed metal oxides showed an insufficient catalytic performance and sometimes even an inhibiting character. The reason for this inhibition might be explained by insufficient acid/basic strength of the catalysts. As an exception, most of the mixed oxides of the alkaline and alkaline earth metals showed a good catalytic activity and can be impregnated on highly dispersed carrier material. However, most of these catalysts suffered from leaching of the active component, which marks them ineffective as heterogeneous catalysts. Only the Lithium-Titanate catalyst revealed a high stability during the experiments. Therefore this catalyst was tested in different continuous experiments, ranging from gaseous phase catalysis over liquid phase catalysis to a reactive distillation. The first experiments showed that the gaseous phase is not suitable for this reaction. Due to the high boiling point of PC the temperature must either be extremely high, or the pressure needs to be reduced. Both ways did not lead to a high amount of product due to a very low residence time at the catalyst and a strong decomposition at higher temperatures. The liquid phase experiments on the other hand showed good yields at temperatures of 170°C and a WHSV of 0.4 h-1. The catalyst was very stable and did not deactivate within three month and the selectivity was very high (85% product and 15% intermediate product which can be transformed to the products). The only disadvantage of this reaction procedure was the thermodynamic equilibrium of the stoichiometric mixture. Due to its low value of around 21% at the given reaction parameters, a high amount of starting material need to be recycled. The reactive distillation was tested as a proof of concept. It could be shown, that in general it is possible to use this reaction procedure for this reaction. The WHSV is higher than in the liquid phase experiments and the overall yield can be improved beyond the thermodynamic equilibrium due to the constant removal of the products from the reaction mixture. Due to its complicated design, only a few experiments in a small column were carried out.
- Published
- 2012
7. In-Situ-Untersuchungen gassensitiver Prozesse an Metalloxidoberflächen mit infrarotspektroskopischen Methoden
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Pohle, Roland, Menzel, Dietrich (Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.), and Andres, Klaus (Prof. Dr.)
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infrared spectroscopy ,gas sensor ,metal oxide ,Infrarot-Spektroskopie ,Gassensor ,Metalloxid ,ddc:620 ,Ingenieurswissenschaften - Abstract
In dieser Arbeit wurden die für die gassensitiven Eigenschaften von Metalloxiden verantwortlichen Adsorptionsphänomene und Oberflächenreaktionen unter den Betriebsbedingungen der resistiven Gassensoren, d.h. Normaldruck und Umgebungsatmosphäre, untersucht. Die Wechselwirkung der gassensitiven Oxide AlVO4, Ga2O3 und WO3 mit Feuchte sowie Stickoxiden, H2, Ethen, Aceton und Ethanol wurde mit Infrarot-Emissions-Spektroskopie (IRES) und Diffuse-Reflektions-Fouriertransformations-Infrarotspektroskopie (DRIFTS) beobachtet. Gleichzeitig wurden die durch diese Gase hervorgerufenen Änderungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Metalloxide analysiert. Mit diesen Methoden konnte ein Modell für den Einfluss der Luftfeuchte auf die Leitfähigkeit von Metalloxid-Gassensoren bestätigt werden und bezüglich der Rolle von Feuchte bei der Detektion anderer Gase erweitert werden.
- Published
- 2007
8. Entwicklung und Charakterisierung von Halbleitergassensoren zur Online-Detektion der Aromaentwicklung bei Backprozessen
- Author
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Liepe, Jens-Michael, Schieberle, Peter (Prof. Dr.), and Nitz, Siegfried (Prof. Dr. Dr. habil.)
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flavour ,chemosensor ,electronic nose ,deep-frying ,poultry ,semiconductor gas sensor ,headspace-GC ,metal oxide ,HRGC/odorimetry ,online-detection ,sensorarray ,SOMMSA ,aroma extract dilution analysis ,ddc:540 ,Chemie ,Aroma ,Aromaextraktverdünnungsanalyse ,Chemosensor ,elektronische Nase ,frittieren ,Geflügel ,Halbleitergassensor ,Headspace-GC ,HRGC/Olfaktometrie ,Metalloxid ,Online-Detektion ,Sensorarray - Abstract
Durch die Kombination chemischer Analysenmethoden mit sensorischen Untersuchungen konnten erstmalig die geruchsaktiven Verbindungen von frittiertem Geflügel identifiziert und quantifiziert werden. Mit sensoraktiven Leitsubstanzen und durch Einsatz der HRGC/SOMMSA-Methode wurden Stoff-/Sensorkorrelationen ermittelt, die eine Optimierung neuer Sensormaterialien zur Detektion von Aromastoffen ermöglichten. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden in einem praxisnahen Versuchsaufbau zur Messung der Aromastoffbildung beim Braten von Geflügel erprobt. Durch die Variation der Betriebstemperaturen und die gezielte Auswahl geeigneter Metalloxidoberflächen ließen sich Halbleitergassensoren in ihrer Sensitivität/Selektivität derart modifizieren, dass sie in einem Sensor-Array ein sehr hohes Potential zur selektiven Aromastoffdetektion in Lebensmitteln aufwiesen und die Online-Detektion der Aromaentwicklung während der thermischen Lebensmittelverarbeitung ermöglichten. By the combination of methods of chemical analysis with methods of sensory analysis the odour-active substances of deep-fried poultry could be identified and quantified for the first time. Substances corresponding to characteristic sensor-active odours were tested with different sensors by the HRGCC/SOMMSA-method, resulting in correlations of substance/sensor; this allowed optimisation of sensor materials in order to detect aroma compounds. Results were used in a practical experimental setup with the objective of measuring the formation of aroma compounds during deep-frying of poultry. Variation of temperatures and selection of suitable metal oxide surfaces resulted in modification of the semiconductor gas sensors, with particular regard for sensitivity/selectivity in order to allow building a sensor array with a very high potential for "selective" aroma compound detection in food. Finally the online detection of formation of aroma compounds during thermal processing of food was achieved.
- Published
- 2007
9. Einfluss der Präparation auf die Sensitivität von Halbleiter-Gassensoren
- Author
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Mucha, Cathrin and Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Subjects
preparation ,core-shell-structure ,Kern-Schale-Struktur ,Halbleiter ,Präparation ,ddc:530 ,Gassensor ,Metalloxid ,semiconductor ,metal oxide ,gas sensor - Abstract
In dieser Arbeit werden Halbleitergassensoren untersucht. Dabei werden die morphologischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften durch gezielte Anpassung der Präparationsparameter beeinflusst. Die Struktur der Sensorschicht, mit und ohne Kern-Schale-Struktur, wird untersucht und Korndurchmesser im Bereich von 10nm erreicht. Dadurch können besonders empfindliche Gassensoren realisiert werden, um somit die Umweltbelastung durch Emission und toxische Altlasten zu reduzieren. Es werden die verschiedenen Zusammensetzungen, die Herstellungsmethoden und das Verfahren der Aufbringung der Paste (Aufträufeln und Siebdrucktechnik) auf Substrate beschrieben. Die Paste "Wasser" enthält Wasser und gemahlenes Zinndioxid sowie Glasfritte. Bei der Paste "ESL" ist gemahlenes Zinndioxid und Glasfritte enthalten, die Viskosität für das Drucken wird mit zusätzlichem Binder und Verdünner (der Firma ESL) eingestellt. In der Paste "Alu" wird gemahlenes Zinndioxid, Wasser und Aluminiumoxid gemischt. In weiteren Untersuchungen werdenProben aus Zinndioxid mittels Sol-Gel-Verfahren hergestellt. Diese werden teilweise mit Siliziumdioxid (cab-o-sil) gemischt. Des Weiteren werden Titandioxid-Proben untersucht. Als Kern-Schale-Struktur wird eine kommerzielle Mischung Titandioxid-Siliziumdioxid eingesetzt. Anschließend wird die Schicht zur Stabilisierung der Morphologie getempert. Zusätzlich werden kommerzielle Sensoren auf Basis von Zinndioxid und Wolframoxid untersucht, diese weisen teilweise eine Kern-Schale-Struktur auf. Die Sensoren werden in der Gasmischeranlage vermessen, um den Einfluss der Arbeitstemperatur und der Gase (Kohlenmonoxid, Wasserstoff und Ethanol) sowie der Feuchte auf den Sensorleitwert zu untersuchen. Außerdem werden die Proben auf ihre Morphologie und chemische Zusammensetzung mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM), Transmissionsmikroskop (TEM),Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX), Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD), Auger-Elektronen-Spektroskopie (AES) untersucht. Des Weiteren wird die Stickstoff-Physisorption und die Titration angewendet sowie die Schichtdicken gemessen. Die Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit bieten eine Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung einer siebdruckfähigen Paste mit stabilen kleinen Zinndioxid-Körnern und Gerüstmaterial. Es wurde eineMöglichkeit geschaffen Substrate zu bedrucken, um so eine bessere Reproduzierbarkeit als bei der manuellen Präparation zu erreichen. Dazu wird ein neues Substrat verwendet, welches bereits mit einer Kontaktierung versehen und das dennoch flach genug für den Druckvorgang ist. DieEigenschaften der Paste und die Parameter des Druckers werden angepasst. Durch Mahlen von Zinndioxid in einer Perlmühle wird die Schicht homogener und amorpher. Durch den Einsatz eines Mahlbechers aus Zirkonoxid statt aus Stahl kann der Abrieb reduziert werden, so dass kein zusätzliches Material unkontrolliert in die Paste gelangt. Dies würde eine Dotierung darstellen, die zusätzlich zur Sinterung das Kornwachstum beeinflussen kann. Der Gewichtsanteil des Gerüstmaterials ist aufgrund von Versuchen mit der Glasfritte und des Aluminiumoxids eingeschränkt. Die Streuung der Sensoren je nach Zusatz und Aufbringungsart wird untersucht. Optische und elektrische Untersuchungen an Eigenpräparationen und kommerziell erhältlichen Sensoren haben ergeben, dass kleine Körner oder Ummantelungen mit mittelgroßen Körnern noch keinen messbaren Perkolationseffekt zeigen. Besonders die kleinen Körner lagern sich auf dem Trägergerüst an. Auf die Möglichkeit der Perkolation bei Gassensoren wird in Kap. 5.4.2 näher eingegangen. Allein durch den Einsatz der hier verwendeten Mühle ist die Herstellung von Körnern in derGrößenordnung der Debyeschen Abschirmlänge von 10 nm nicht möglich. Deshalb wird ein spezielles Sol-Gel-Verfahren angewendet, um den Korndurchmesser um den Faktor 10 auf 7 nm nach dem Tempern zu reduzieren. Bei den Gasmischeruntersuchungen zeigt sich ein großer Einfluss der Feuchte auf den Grundleitwert der Sensoren und auf den Leitwert bei gleichzeitigem Angebot der Zielgase. Hierbei werden Sensoren auf Basis von Zinndioxid, Titandioxid, Wolframoxid und Galiumoxid untersucht, sie besitzen teilweise ein Kern-Schale-Struktur. Eine Übersicht über die Messgrößen der Sensorenund der Sensor-Herstellung ist im Kapitel 5.6 zu finden. Bei den Kern-Schale-Strukturen zeigt sich eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit auf Zielgase aufgrund von zusätzlichen Adsorptionsplätzen an der Grenzfläche. Die Modelle für die Wechselwirkung von Gasen mit Zinndioxid, Titandioxid und Titandioxid-Siliziumdioxid sind in 5.6 näher erläutert., This work presents research in the field of semiconductor gas sensors. Their morphological and electrical properties are strongly affected by the different production parameters. The structure of the sensitive layer of the sensor with and without a core-shell-structure is discussed and grain diameters around 10 nm are implemented. In this way very sensitive gas sensors can by realisedand consequently the environmental pollution by emission can be reduced by providing better monitoring and thus optimisation of combustion processes. This work describes different compositions of the paste, methods of production and procedures of application of the paste (dropping and screen printing) on substrates. The paste "Wasser" (German for water) is a composite of water, ground tin oxide and glass frit. The paste "ESL" contains ground tin oxide and glass frit and the viscosity for screen printing is adjusted with binder and thinner (company ESL). The paste "Alu" is mixed of ground tin oxide, water and aluminum oxide. The sol-gel-method is used to produce pastes with smaller grain sizes. Some are mixedwith silicon oxide (cab-o-sil). Furthermore, pastes based on titanium oxide are studied. The used titanium oxide-silicon oxide pastes showing a core-shell-structure are commercially available. The sensor s morphologicalstructure is stabilised by sintering. In addition commercial sensors based on tin oxide and wolfram oxide are studied. Some of them also show core-shell-structures. The measurements of the sensors are performed in a gas mixing system to determine the influence of several parameters on the sensor s conductivity. The scanned parameters are the working temperature, the type of the gas (carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ethyl alcohol) and the humidity. The morphology and chemical composition of samples are investigated with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Additionally, nitrogen-physisorption and the titration are used and the thickness of the sensitive layer is measured. This work provides a basis to develop a paste suitable for screen printing based on stable tiny tin oxide grains and framework material. A possibility is established for screen printing on substrates, in order to achieve a better reproducibility of the production parameters than with manual preparation, which strongly influences the final sensor properties. A new substrate is used which already provides contacts while still being flat enough for screen printing. The characteristics of the paste and the parameters of screen printing are adjusted. By milling of tin oxide in a perl mill the layer is more homogeneous and more amorphous. The use of a grinding beaker of zirconium oxide instead of steel reduces abrasion. Thereby, additionalmaterial does not enter the paste without control. This would represent a doping, which would influence the grain growth in addition to the sintering. The weight proportion of the framework material should be limited due to tests with glass frit and aluminum oxide. The variation of the sensors depending on additives and application method is measured. Optical and electrical determination of self-prepared sensors and commercial sensors show, that tiny grains or coatings with medium-sized grains do not show a percolation effect. Particularly, it is shown that small grains accumulate on the framework material. The possibility ofpercolation of gas sensors is discussed in section 5.4.2. The perl mill used in this work does not permit to produce grains in the dimension of the debye length of about 10 nm. Thereby, a special sol-gel-method is used to reduce the grain diameter by a factor 10 to 7 nm after sintering. The examination in the gas mixing system shows a huge influence of humidity on the base conductance and on the conductance with concurrent gas offering. Here, sensors based on tin oxide, titanium oxide, wolfram oxide and gallium oxide are measured, in parts with core-shellstructure. An overview of the measurements of the sensors and their production is found in section 5.6. Systems with core-shell-structure show an enhanced sensitivity on gas due to the additional adsorptions sites at the barrier layer. The models of gas interaction with tin oxide, titanium oxide and tin oxide-silicon oxide are described in section 5.6.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Investigation of tin oxide (SnOx) gas sensors based on monodisperse nanoparticle films
- Author
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Kennedy, Marcus and Fissan, Heinz
- Subjects
Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften » Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik ,thin films ,SnOx ,nanoparticles ,ddc:620 ,ddc:62 ,metal oxide ,size-dependent properties ,SnO2 ,gas sensor - Abstract
Tin oxide is one of the most important semiconducting materials for gas-sensing applications. The use of nanocrystalline particle films in gas-sensing devices significantly enhances the sensitivity of the devices due to the larger specific surface area and changes in the electrical properties. To understand the gas-sensing mechanism and to determine the influence of nanocrystallinity on the gas-sensing behaviour, it is important to carry out detailed electrical characterisation of the semiconductor material having well defined nanoparticle film structures. For this investigation, tin oxide (SnOx) nanoparticles were prepared using a gas phase synthesis set-up with SnO powder as the initial material. This set-up allowed the deposition of size-selected nanoparticles in the range of 10 to 35 nm and having a geometric standard deviation of sigma < 1.1, to form a nanoparticle film. To obtain information about the morphology, crystallographic structure and stoichiometry of the nanoparticles and nanoparticle films the well-known characterisation methods TEM, AES, STM, XRD and RBS were used. An automated measurement set-up was designed and fabricated for the measurement of the gas sensor characteristics and electrical parameters of nanostructured SnOx thin layers in controlled gas environments in a temperature range from room temperature to 300 °C. The set-up consisted of a gas environment chamber, a specially designed microhotplate and microhotplate holder together with a control, supply and electrical measurement equipment. Sensitivity and dynamic behaviour measurements were carried out by observing changes in the electrical conductance on exposure of gases, such as CO, CH4, C2H5OH, H2 and NO diluted in synthetic air. A systematic study was made to examine the material characteristics (particle size and chemical composition) as influenced by the process parameters of the synthesis set-up and the gas-sensing properties of SnOx layers. For the first time, it has been demonstrated conclusively that a decreasing particle size leads to an increased sensitivity and decreased response time. The effect is especially evident in the case of layers with particle size smaller than 20 nm. In addition, in-situ oxidised and post-annealed tin oxide nanoparticle films have higher sensitivity values and the maximum sensitivity shifts to lower operating temperature. The results of this work lead to a better understanding and improvement of tailored tin oxide gas sensors using monodisperse nanoparticles.
- Published
- 2004
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