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Les dix derniers millénaires d’occupation humaine paléolithique ont laissé d’abondants témoignages le long du versant nord-pyrénéen. Si les fluctuations climatiques et leurs conséquences environnementales ont pu conditionner l’exploitation de certains territoires en altitude, le piémont semble en revanche avoir constitué un vaste espace favorable à l’implantation humaine entre des reliefs et vallées progressivement libérées des glaces, l’ouverture de la plaine aquitaine, les littoraux atlantiques et méditerranéens. À partir de travaux récemment aboutis ou en cours, et d’ensembles de sites clés révisés, nous proposons une synthèse sur les principales évolutions des équipements lithiques et osseux et sur des comportements originaux (économie littorale, consommation des petits gibiers) entre 21000 et 11000 cal BP. Les différents segments chronoculturels sont représentés de façon très inégale. Au-delà de ce constat, nous évoquerons les raisons possibles de cette situation contrastée (conservation des sites, état de la recherche ou réalité de peuplement). Il s’agira finalement de mieux comprendre ses variations internes et ses interactions avec le Bassin aquitain et le nord de la Péninsule ibérique mais également avec les rivages atlantiques et méditerranéens. ______________________________________________________________________________ From the start of the Magdalenian to the end of the Laborian, ten millennia of human occupation have provided abundant evidence along the north Pyrenean slope. Climatic fluctuations (from GS-2b to GS-1), glacial history and their environmental consequences may have influenced the exploitation of certain altitude territories. In contrast, the foothills seem to have constituted a favourable area between reliefs and valleys gradually freed from ice, the opening Aquitaine plain, the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Based on recently completed or ongoing work, and revised key sites or sets of sites, we propose here a synthesis to review the main changes in lithic and osseous equipment and original behaviours (coastal economy, use of small game) between 21000 and 11000 cal BP. However, the different moments of this evolution are represented in a very uneven way. Beyond that, we will discuss the possible reasons of the statement (conservation of the sites, state of research or settlement data). Among the privileged sectors, the Arudy basin is the scene of recent field operations and revaluations of collections. Other sites, such as Belvis, Gouërris, Troubat or Rhodes II, have benefited from PhD research (lithic and bone industries, archaeofauna, chronology, etc.). Data on the early Magdalenian period remain limited. With the exception of certain sites assigned to this period from dates C14 onwards, only the altitude site of Montlleó makes it possible to testify to an increase in altitude as early as post-Late Glacial Maximum period. The Early Middle Magdalenian, mainly documented by ancient excavations, which are difficult to re-evaluate from an archaeostratigraphic point of view, remains poorly understood in the Pyrenees. Nevertheless the presence of certain objects establish links with Aquitaine and the Cantabrian Sea. The Recent Middle and Upper Magdalenian are particularly well documented periods in the Pyrenees. These occupations illustrate, in particular, a development of occupations in the context of often decorated cave bottoms and the anthropization of valleys freed from ice with hunting camp to ibex. The Azilian region has significant regional economic variations with a decline of craftsmanship in the bone industry and a technical simplification of lithic production. The Laborian is documented by the revaluation of old series provides evidence of Aquitaine region influences but in stratigraphically complicated contexts. Beyond the question of the unity of the Pyrenean chain between Magdalenian and Laborien, it will finally be a question of better understanding its interactions with the Aquitaine basin and the north of the Iberian Peninsula but also to the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.

Entre los yacimientos excavados y estudiados por J. Altuna y su equipo, la cueva de Ekain presenta una secuencia estratigráfica (ALTUNA & MERINO, 1984) y un complejo parietal (ALTUNA & APELLANIZ, 1978) esenciales para la comprensión de la evolución del Magdaleniense en el País Vasco y de sus relaciones con Cantabria y los Pirineos. Situados cronologicamente entre las fases inferiores y medias del Magdaleniense, las producciones líticas del nivel VII de Ekain se resisten a integrarse en los esquemas que definen una y otra fase. Esta contribución aporta nuevos elementos al debate a partir de una aproximación comparativa de la organización de las producciones líticas de Ekain, en relación con las de otras series regionales clásicas y atípicas.

Based on experimental data from wheeling experiments, a web-based model for the simulation of stress and the evaluation of the soil compaction risk under agricultural machinery named Terranimo® has been developed. Terranimo® incorporates a model for prediction of contact area, shape and stress distribution in the tyre–soil interface from wheel load and readily-available tyre parameters and the topsoil strength. In Terranimo® pedotransfer functions are used to estimate soil strength from clay content and matric potential. Principally, by limiting the imposed stress to below soil strength, the risk of soil compaction and undesirable changes of soil structure – and hence soil functions – can be minimized.

A few weeks after the ECtHR first stepped into the ring for the fight against rule of law backsliding in Poland via its Xero Flor judgment, it has now dealt a new blow to the Polish judicial reforms. In its Broda and Bojara ruling, the issue at hand was not the composition of the Constitutional Court, but the termination of judges’ mandates as court (vice) president. In its judgment, the Court showed once more its commitment to the safeguarding of domestic judges and the procedural protection they should enjoy. Yet, one can wonder whether the judgment will really have an impact and if it is not too little too late.

On 3 February 2022, the European Court of Human Rights issued its judgment in Advance Pharma v Poland and addressed the question of whether an applicant is required to exhaust domestic remedies that suffer from systemic deficiencies for the first time. While the Court does not yet give a clear answer to this particularly sensitive issue, this case is another reminder of just how difficult it is for the Convention system to engage with countries that structurally impair their judicial system.

By now, the rule of law and the principle of judicial independence are a continuous presence in the ECJ’s case law. Most often, these cases concerned the situation in Poland or Hungary. The case of Repubblika, for a change, concerned Malta. In Repubblika, the Court has added Article 49 TEU to the list of EU law provisions that are invoked in the fight against rule of law backsliding.

For the last two years, the fight for safeguarding the principle of the rule of law in Poland has been dominated by the ECJ’s case law. During this, the Strasbourg Court has mostly been sitting in the bleachers. Yet, with its Xero Flor judgment of 7 May, it strapped on its gloves and stepped into the ring. It concluded that the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, in its current composition, cannot be seen as a tribunal established by law. The decision will undoubtedly have major political and legal consequences.