962 results on '"MAST cells"'
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2. Mastozytose – eine häufig unerkannte Erkrankung
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Muñoz, Melba and Siebenhaar, Frank
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- 2023
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3. Das Angioödem in der Notaufnahme.
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Bühler, Laura, Schmid, Bonaventura, Fabritius, Elisabeth, and Grauvogel, Tanja Daniela
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RESPIRATORY obstructions ,EMERGENCY medical services ,ALLERGIES ,BRADYKININ receptors ,ANGIONEUROTIC edema ,MAST cell disease ,URTICARIA - Abstract
Copyright of Medizinische Klinik: Intensivmedizin & Notfallmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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- View/download PDF
4. Mastzellaktivierungssyndrom (Teil 1): Die unbekannte Volkskrankheit.
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Sturm, Karina
- Subjects
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INFLAMMATION , *GLOBAL burden of disease , *MAST cell disease , *WORLD health , *MAST cells - Abstract
Imagine your body as a medieval castle protected by countless little knights, ensuring that no stranger ever breaches the castle's walls. These protectors are our mast cells. In a healthy individual, mast cells are crucial for defending against pathogens, regulating physiological processes, and managing inflammation. Like vigilant knights, they patrol the body and shield us from invaders. But what happens when these knights suddenly misunderstand their task, and instead of defending the castle walls, they start to loosen or dismantle them? Welcome to the world of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), the mysterious illness that affects more and more people and challenges medical professionals across the globe at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
5. Mastzellaktivierungssyndrom (Teil 2) Die unbekannte Volkskrankheit.
- Author
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Sturm, Karina
- Subjects
- *
INFLAMMATION prevention , *MAST cell disease , *IMMUNE system , *MAST cells - Abstract
Imagine your body as a medieval castle protected by countless little knights, ensuring that no stranger ever breaches the castle’s walls. These protectors are our mast cells. In a healthy individual, mast cells are crucial for defending against pathogens, regulating physiological processes, and managing inflammation. Like vigilant knights, they patrol the body and shield us from invaders. But what happens when these knights suddenly misunderstand their task, and instead of defending the castle walls, they start to loosen or dismantle them? Welcome to the world of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), the mysterious illness that affects more and more people and challenges medical professionals across the globe at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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- View/download PDF
6. Mastozytose
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Jäger, K. and Kinaciyan, T.
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- 2022
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7. [Mastocytosis-a frequently unrecognized disease].
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Muñoz M and Siebenhaar F
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- Child, Adult, Humans, Mast Cells, Skin, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit, Mastocytosis complications
- Abstract
Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by clonal expansion and accumulation of mast cells (MC) in various organs. Mastocytosis results from an activating mutation of the KIT surface receptor leading to an increased proliferation of MC. There are significant differences between children and adult patients with mastocytosis. Children mainly present the cutaneous form, whereas adults more often exhibit the systemic form of mastocytosis. Patients with mastocytosis may be asymptomatic or affected by a variety of symptoms. Treatment is primarily supportive and aims at symptom control. New approved targeted therapies such as midostaurin and avapritinib changed the treatment paradigm in advanced forms of the disease, and next-generation inhibitors currently in clinical trials are expected in the near future., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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8. Histaminrezeptoren bei chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankungen der Nase und Nasennebenhöhlen.
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Klimek, L., Casper, I., Wollenberg, B., Stauber, R., and Koennecke, M.
- Abstract
Copyright of HNO is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. [Peri-Operative Anaphylaxis - Antiquated Customs and News Towards the Culprits]
- Author
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Christiane, Bayerl
- Subjects
Humans ,Mast Cells ,Anaphylaxis ,Propofol ,Food Hypersensitivity - Abstract
Perioperative anaphylaxis occurs in about 1:6000 of all surgical procedures. Recently, the pathophysiology of anaphylactic reactions via mast cell related G-protein und complement-activated pseudo-allergy have been added to the "old" IgE mediated etiology. New culprits for anaphylactic reactions are chlorhexidine or gelatine as hemostypticum or blue surgical dyes to mark the situs. Biphasic anaphylactic reactions should be kept in mind. In the meantime, propofol use is allowed in egg and soybean allergic patients.Perioperative Anaphylaxien werden mit mindestens 1:6000 angegeben. Neue Kenntnisse der Pathophysiologie der anaphylaktischen Reaktionen beziehen die Auslösung über das Mastzell-related G-Protein und die Komplementaktivierungs-abhängige Pseudoallergie mit ein. Neu beschriebene Auslöser sind das Chlorhexidin oder Gelatine-Produkte, eingesetzt zur Blutstillung oder blaue Farbstoffe zur intraoperativen Markierung. Wachsamkeit ist in Hinblick auf biphasische Reaktionen geboten. Propofol darf mittlerweile bei Ei- und Sojaallergikern eingesetzt werden.
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- 2022
10. [Mastocytosis in children].
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Wassmer H and Hartmann K
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- Humans, Child, Mast Cells, Mastocytosis diagnosis, Urticaria Pigmentosa diagnosis, Mastocytosis, Systemic diagnosis, Mastocytosis, Cutaneous diagnosis
- Abstract
Mastocytosis in children is a rare disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of tissue mast cells. Mastocytosis in children presents with typical skin alterations that are classified as maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, or mastocytoma. Some patients also develop mast cell mediator symptoms, such as pruritus, flush, and anaphylaxis. In many children, the disease is characterized by a benign and usually self-limiting course; systemic mastocytosis with extracutaneous involvement and a chronic or progressive course is found only rarely. Therapeutically, H1 antihistamines are primarily used on an as-needed basis or as continuous treatment, depending on the severity. Children, parents and caregivers should be thoroughly educated about the clinical picture and possible trigger factors of mast cell mediator release. For children with extensive skin alterations and severe symptoms, the prescription of an epinephrine auto-injector is recommended for emergency treatment., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
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11. [Angioedema in the emergency department].
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Bühler L, Schmid B, Fabritius E, and Grauvogel TD
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- Humans, Bradykinin therapeutic use, Emergency Service, Hospital, Epinephrine therapeutic use, Angioedema therapy, Angioedema drug therapy
- Abstract
Acute angioedema is mostly found in the head and neck region. Therefore, it can be life threatening by potentially endangering air way patency. Pathophysiologically angioedemas can be divided into mast cell-mediated or bradykinin-mediated forms. Differentiation is essential due to the different therapeutic strategies. In cases of doubt, initial therapy with adrenalin, antihistamines, and glucocorticoids should be initiated. This initial emergency treatment is comparable to the treatment of allergic reactions. For diagnosed or suspected hereditary angioedema, specific treatments are available. For drug-associated forms, immediate and life-long cessation of the medication is crucial. In the emergency situation, diagnosis can only be based on medical history and clinical symptoms. Recognition of impending airway obstruction and securing the airway is of highest priority; final diagnosis must be confirmed later., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
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12. Potenzial der organotypischen Kultur der Haut sowie des Hauttumors als ein in-vivo-ähnliches Untersuchungsinstrument
- Author
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Kim, Jonghui
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squamous cell carcinoma ,skin ,organotypic culture ,mast cells ,Compound 21 ,histamine ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Einleitung: Organotypische Kulturen der Haut und des Plattenepithelkarzinoms (PEK) eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten, spezifische Fragestellungen unter in-vivo-ähnlichen Bedingungen zu analysieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Potenzial der organotypischen Kultur als Untersuchungsinstrument für die Haut und für Hauttumoren evaluiert, indem der Einfluss von Mastzellen, Histamin und des Angiotensin-II-Rezeptor-Typ-2-Agonisten Compound 21 (C21) auf Keratinozyten und PEK-Zellen in der organotypischen Kultur analysiert wurden. Methode: Für die Untersuchung wurden Keratinozyten, Fibroblasten und Mastzellen aus Hautgewebe isoliert. Als PEK-Zellen wurden die Zelllinien SCC12 und SCC13 analysiert. Die organotypische Kultur bestand aus drei Komponenten: einer azellulären Schicht aus Kollagen, einem Dermisäquivalent, das Fibroblasten und Mastzellen beinhaltete, und einer epithelisierten Schicht mit Keratinozyten bzw. SCC12- oder SCC13-Zellen. 6–8 Tage nach dem Air-Lifting wurde die Kultur histologisch bearbeitet. Ergebnisse: Die organotypischen Kulturen der Haut wurden sowohl mit Keratinozyten als auch mit PEK-Zellen mit und ohne Integration von Mastzellen erfolgreich etabliert. Dabei zeigten die Keratinozyten und PEK-Zellen in der organotypischen Kultur Wachstumsmuster, welche in der Monokultur nicht zu erkennen waren. Durch die Anwesenheit oder Aktivierung der Mastzellen ergaben sich keine Veränderungen bei den PEK-Zellen. Allerdings kam es nach Histamin-Gabe zu einer signifikant reduzierten Proliferation von SCC12- und SCC13-Zellen mit einer verminderten Expression des Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). C21 führte in beiden Zelllinien zu einer Reduktion der Proliferation sowie zu einer Induktion der Apoptose. Diese anti-proliferativen Effekte von Histamin und C21 traten in der Monokultur nicht auf. C21 wirkte auch anti-proliferativ und pro-apoptotisch auf Keratinozyten in der organotypischen Kultur. Diskussion: In der vorliegenden Arbeit gelang es erstmals, erfolgreich eine organotypische Kultur der Haut mit PEK- und Mastzellen zu etablieren. Die vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser organotypischen Kultur konnten repräsentativ durch die Analyse des Effekts von Mastzellen, Histamin und C21 demonstriert werden. PEK-Zellen verhielten sich in der organotypischen Kultur ‚in-vivo-ähnlicher’ als in einer Monokultur, was die Überlegenheit der organotypischen Kultur belegt. Die proliferationshemmende Wirkung von Histamin mit einer verminderten Expression von VEGFR2 erklärt die tumorprotektive Rolle von Mastzellen. Daher sollten VEGFR2-Antagonisten zur therapeutischen Anwendung weiterhin getestet werden. Die anti-proliferative und pro-apoptotische Wirkung von C21 auf PEK-Zellen und Keratinozyten in der organotypischen Kultur deutet auf ein therapeutisches Potenzial dieser Substanz bei Erkrankungen wie PEK oder Psoriasis hin., Introduction: The organotypic culture of skin and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) opens up a new opportunity to analyze specific questions under in vivo-like conditions. In the present work, the potential of organotypic culture as an investigational tool for the skin and cutaneous tumors was evaluated by analyzing the effects of mast cells and histamine as well as angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist Compound 21 (C21) on keratinocytes and SCC cells in the organotypic culture. Method: Keratinocytes, fibroblasts and mast cells were isolated from the skin tissue for investigation. Two cell lines SCC12 and SCC13 were analyzed as cells of SCC. The organotypic culture consists of three components: an acellular layer of collagen, a dermal equivalent containing fibroblasts and mast cells, and an epithelialized layer of keratinocytes and SCC12 or SCC13, respectively. In 6 to 8 days after the air-lifting, the culture was histologically processed. Results: The organotypic cultures of the skin with keratinocytes as well as with SCC cells with and without integration of the mast cells were successfully established. The keratinocytes and SCC cells showed growth patterns in the organotypic culture, which were not detected in the monoculture. The presence or activation of the mast cells did not result in any changes in the SCC cells. However, after administration of histamine, there was a significantly reduced proliferation of SCC12 and SCC13 with an underexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). C21 led to a reduction in proliferation and an induction of apoptosis in the two cell lines. These antiproliferative effects of histamine and C21 were not demonstrated in the monoculture. C21 also had an antiproliferative and apoptotic effect on keratinocytes in the organotypic culture. Discussion: It was possible for the first time to successfully establish an organotypic culture of the skin with SCC cells and mast cells. The diverse uses of this organotypical culture could be representatively demonstrated by analyzing the effect of mast cells, histamine and C21. SCC cells behaved more "in vivo-like" in the organotypic culture than in a monoculture, which demonstrates the superiority of the organotypic culture. The proliferation-inhibiting effect of histamine with a reduced expression of VEGFR2 explains the tumor-protective role of mast cells. Therefore, VEGFR2 antagonists should be tested for therapeutic use. The anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of C21 on SCC cells and keratinocytes in organotypic culture indicate a therapeutic potential of this substance in diseases such as SCC or psoriasis.
- Published
- 2021
13. Pathogenese der Prurigo nodularis.
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Raap, U. and Günther, C.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
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14. CME.
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Meyer, Martin, Schaer, Dominik, Harr, Thomas, and Vallelian, Florence
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ANAPHYLAXIS , *ALLERGIES , *DISEASE progression , *IMMUNOGLOBULIN E , *MAST cells , *BASOPHILS , *DIAGNOSIS - Published
- 2014
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15. [Stress and inflammatory bowel disease]
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Peter Christopher, Konturek, Kathrin, Konturek, and Yurdagül, Zopf
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ,Humans ,Mast Cells ,Intestinal Mucosa ,Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ,Permeability ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Different mechanisms have a negative impact on the course of inflammatory bowel disease. Important mechanisms include amongst others an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal dysbiosis, increased permeability of the intestinal barrier, increased release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain, activation of mast cells in the intestinal mucosa and inadequate central pain processing with the consequences of anxiety and depression. All of these factors can increase the inflammatory response in the intestine and lead to acute flare-ups. For this reason, appropriate stress management is extremely important for the success of therapy.
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- 2020
16. The effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on the distribution of immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract in food allergy
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Mayr, Marlene
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food allergy ,sphingolipids ,Anaphylaxie ,cell migration ,Sphingosin-1-Phosphat (S1P) ,Zellmigration ,mast cells ,Nahrungsmittelallergien ,intestinal barrier ,Sphingolipide ,eosinophil granulocytes ,anaphylaxis ,Mastzellen ,sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) ,Eosinophile Granulozyten ,Darmbarriere - Abstract
Sphingosin-1-Phosphat (S1P) ist ein wichtiger bioaktiver Mediator, der zahlreiche Funktionen in der Kontrolle der immunologischen Antwort erfüllt. S1P steuert nicht nur die Migration verschiedener Immunzellen, es ist auch an der Förderung einer allergischen Reaktion wie auch an der Regeneration von einer Anaphylaxie beteiligt. Neue Erkenntnisse aus der Allergieforschung zeigen, dass die intravenöse Gabe von S1P mit einer verminderten Permeabilität der Darmbarriere und einer reduzierten systemischen Reaktion nach der Allergenexposition assoziiert ist. Daher wurde in dieser Studie mithilfe eines Mausmodells durch histologische Färbemethoden untersucht, ob es bei einer vorliegenden Nahrungsmittelallergie durch die systemische Verabreichung von S1P vor Exposition gegenüber einem Allergen zu einer verminderten Einwanderung von Mastzellen und eosinophilen Granulozyten und zu einer Veränderung in der Bildung von Entzündungsherden kommt. Die Resultate zeigten, dass durch eine intravenöse S1P-Behandlung weniger Mastzellen und eosinophile Granulozyten in die Tunica mucosa des Magens und des Ileums während der Reaktion auf das Allergen migrierten. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass systemisch verabreichtes S1P für eine abgeschwächte systemische Reaktion sorgt und einen protektiven Effekt auf die Darmbarriere hat. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) is an important bioactive mediator that controls numerous mechanisms in the immune response. It is not only a key regulator in the migration of different immune cells, it is also involved in the promotion of allergic reactions and in the regeneration after anaphylaxis. The latest results in allergy research indicate that the systemic administration of S1P is associated with reduced permeability of the gut barrier and decreased systemic reaction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, whether intravenous administration of S1P leaded to diminished migration of mast cells and eosinophil granulocytes as well as changes in the formation of lymph follicles after allergen exposition. To evaluate the effect on the mouse model, histological staining methods were performed. The results show, that systemic administration of S1P leads to reduced migration of mast cells and eosinophil granulocytes to the Tunica mucosa of the stomach and the ileum during an allergic reaction. These findings indicate that systemically administered S1P enhances barrier integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelium and reduces clinical symptoms upon allergen exposure.
- Published
- 2020
17. [Peri-Operative Anaphylaxis - Antiquated Customs and News Towards the Culprits].
- Author
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Bayerl C
- Subjects
- Humans, Mast Cells, Anaphylaxis chemically induced, Food Hypersensitivity, Propofol
- Abstract
Perioperative anaphylaxis occurs in about 1:6000 of all surgical procedures. Recently, the pathophysiology of anaphylactic reactions via mast cell related G-protein und complement-activated pseudo-allergy have been added to the "old" IgE mediated etiology. New culprits for anaphylactic reactions are chlorhexidine or gelatine as hemostypticum or blue surgical dyes to mark the situs. Biphasic anaphylactic reactions should be kept in mind. In the meantime, propofol use is allowed in egg and soybean allergic patients., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Nachweis von Mastzellen mit VPAC2-Rezeptor-Protein in normaler Haut und bei Bullösem Pemphigoid mittels Immunhistochemie.
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Quarcoo, David, Bester, Carolin, Kloft, Beatrix, Ohle, Marc, Welker, Pia, and Fischer, Tanja C.
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BULLOUS pemphigoid ,MAST cells ,OLFACTORY receptors ,IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ,VASOACTIVE intestinal peptide - Abstract
The article discusses the discovery of bullous pemphigoid and mast cells with VPAC2 receptor protein in normal skin by means of immunohistochemistry. After focusing of mRNA of the VPAC2 receptor Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) in a previous NeuroMastERstudy, aimed to generate in situ protein data for localization of VPAC2 in bullous pemphigoid (BP). The expression of VPAC2 immunoreactivity found in following cells of BP skin including keratinocytes, cells of vessel walls, and eccrine.
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- 2011
- Full Text
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19. Leitlinien-Update 061/017 In-vitro-Allergiediagnostik1, 2 / In-vitro allergy diagnostics Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI), Ärzteverband deutscher Allergologen (ÄDA), Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Allergologie (GPA), Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG)
- Author
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Renz, Harald, Biedermann, Thomas, Bufe, Albrecht, Eberlein, Bernadette, Jappe, Uta, Ollert, Markus, Petersen, Arnd, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Raulf-Heimsoth, Monika, Saloga, Joachim, Werfel, Thomas, Worm, Margitta, and In-vitro-Allergiediagnostik (Arbeitsgruppe „In-vitro-Allergiediagnostik“) der Sektion Immunologie der DGAKI
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ALLERGY diagnosis ,ALLERGENS ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ,MAST cells ,EOSINOPHILS ,INFLAMMATORY mediators ,T cells ,BASIC proteins - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Laboratory Medicine / Laboratoriums Medizin is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Mastozytose.
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Konrad, F. M., Unertl, K. E., and Schroeder, T. H.
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- *
MAST cell disease , *ANESTHESIA , *HISTAMINE , *PROSTAGLANDINS , *HEPARIN , *GLUCOCORTICOIDS , *ANTIHISTAMINES - Abstract
Mastocytosis is a general term for a heterogeneous group of rare disorders. Many agents used in anaesthesia can trigger mast cell degranulation with release of histamine, prostaglandin, tryptase and heparin. Therefore, patients with mastocytosis are high-risk patients when undergoing anaesthesia. The management of these patients in anaesthesia will be discussed on the basis of the literature and illustrated with the discussion of three case reports. A premedication with antihistamines and a glucocorticoid is recommended. For induction of general anaesthesia propofol, etomidate, ketamine, a fentanyl-type opioid, cis-atracurium or pancuronium are recommended. Anaesthesia can be maintained either by a total intravenous technique or with a volatile anaesthetic such as sevoflurane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Mastzellreiches Aluminiumgranulom.
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Hansen, T., Klimek, L., Bittinger, F., Hansen, I., Capitani, F., Weber, A., Gatti, A., and Kirkpatrick, C.J.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Pathologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Urtikaria.
- Author
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Magerl, M. and Maurer, M.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. [Surgical interventions in patients with systemic mast cell activation disease : Recommendations for perioperative management]
- Author
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B, Sido, J, Homann, H-J, Hertfelder, T, Zienkiewicz, K-P, Christians, P, Schablin, M, Mücke, and G J, Molderings
- Subjects
Postoperative Complications ,Mastocytosis, Systemic ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Mast Cells - Abstract
Systemic mast cell activation disease (MCAD, prevalence 5-10%) is a multifactorial, polygenic disease with multisystemic symptoms that is characterized by an unregulated increased release of mast cell mediators and an accumulation of activated mast cells potentially in all organs and tissues. Due to the high prevalence of the disease, physicians involved in surgical, anesthesiological and interventional procedures are often unknowingly faced with MCAD patients experiencing unexpected preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative complications, if no mast cell-specific treatment regimens have been applied.The findings from a literature search, consensus recommendations of the various international expert groups and extensive own experience in the treatment of MCAD patients enable an empirical and evidence-based care of MCAD patients in association with invasive procedures.Due to the high prevalence of MCAD in the population, it can be assumed that patients with MCAD are correspondingly frequently represented in the surgical patient collective. When MCAD-specific peculiarities are preventively considered in the anesthesiological and surgical procedures in patients with proven or suspected mast cell disease, MCAD patients should not be classified as being at risk.
- Published
- 2019
24. Impact of Sensitization and Inflammation on the Interaction of Mast Cells With the Intestinal Epithelium in Rats
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Jasmin Becker, Daniela Ott, Martin Diener, and Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry
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lcsh:QP1-981 ,Physiology ,colitis ,inflammation ,intestinal secretion ,ddc:630 ,mast cells ,Agriculture ,claudins ,digestive system ,lcsh:Physiology ,digestive system diseases ,Original Research - Abstract
The density of intestinal mast cells has been reported to increase during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As mast cell mediators are known to increase the permeability of epithelial tight junctions, we hypothesized that antigen responses in sensitized animals might be enhanced under inflammatory conditions. This would contribute to a vicious circle by further enhancing the entry of luminal antigens into the colonic wall and thereby continuing the inadequate immune response during IBD. Therefore, one group of rats was sensitized against ovalbumin. In a second group of animals additionally a colitis was induced by rectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in ethanol. Specimens from distal colon and jejunum (as intestinal segment located distantly from the inflamed area) were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure tissue conductance, short-circuit current (Isc) induced by antigen exposure and paracellular permeability (fluorescein flux). This was paralleled by determination of mast cell markers and tight junction proteins with immunofluorescence and qPCR. In contrast to the initial hypothesis, antigen-induced Isc was not upregulated, but tended to be downregulated in the tissues from the colitis animals, both in colon and in jejunum. Only in the jejunum mast cell degranulation evoked an increase in fluorescein flux. Mast cell density was not altered significantly in the colon of the colitis animals. In the jejunum, sensitization induced a strong increase in mast cell density, which was unaffected by additional induction of colitis. Expression of sealing tight junction components claudin-3 and -4 were increased on the protein level in the sensitized animals in comparison to non-sensitized animals. Additional induction of colitis evoked a downregulation of claudin-3 in both intestinal segments and an upregulation of claudin-4 in the jejunum. Consequently, these data indicate segment differences in mast cell – epithelium interaction, but no enhancement of ion secretion in the TNBS/ethanol model of acute colitis after prior sensitization.
- Published
- 2019
25. Rolle der Mastzellen in der chronischen Prostatitis und dem chronischen Beckenschmerzsyndrom
- Author
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Schambeck, Rupert Michael and Klinik für Urologie, Kinderurologie und Andrologie
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chronisches Beckenschmerzsyndrom ,animal structures ,chronische Prostatitis ,CPPS ,Mastzellen ,mast cells ,ddc:610 ,chronic pelvic pain syndrom ,chronic prostatitis ,Medical sciences Medicine - Abstract
Die Mastzelle wird zunehmend als eine Entzündung initiierende und moduliernde Zelle beschrieben. So häufen sich die Hinweise, dass sie auch für die Entzündung- und Schmerzentwicklung der Chronischen Prostatitis und des Chronischen Beckenschmerzsyndromes (CP/CPPS) mit verantwortlich ist. Zudem wurden bei Patienten mit CP/CPPS erhöhte Östrogenspiegel im Seminalplasma festgestellt. Änderungen im Östrogenhaushalt ziehen Änderung der Genexpression und der epigenetischen Regulierung nach sich. Dies zeigte sich unter anderem in Mastzelllinien für die Gene BMP2 und BMP7, sowie in Brustkrebszelllinien für TGFB2 (Putnik et al. 2012). Änderungen der Epigenetik und der Expression bestimmter Gene wie ER1, ER2 und CXCR4 wurden auch bereits bei Patienten mit CP/CPPS nachgewiesen. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich bei Patienten mit CP/CPPS systemisch erhöhte Tryptasewerte als Mastzellmarker nachweisen lassen, und inwieweit diese einen möglichen Zusammenhang mit klinischen Entzündungsparametern, dem PSA und den Hormonen Testosteron und Östradiol zeigen. Epigenetisch wurde untersucht, inwieweit CP/CPPS Änderungen in den Methylierungen der CPIs der Gene BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 und TGFB2 bewirkt. Auch wurden die mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen von Östrogen behandelten Mastzelllinien HMC-1 und LAD2 auf Änderungen der Methylierungen der Promotorregionen dieser Gene hin untersucht. Es wurden Proben von 85 Patienten mit CP/CPPS sowie von 40 gesunden Kontrollen untersucht. Die Messung der Tryptasespiegel erfolgte im Blutplasma. Die Messung der Promotormethylierung erfolgte im EDTA-Blut und in den mit Östrogen vorbehandelten Mastzelllinien HMC-1 und LAD2 via Pyrosequenzierung. Systemisch ließen sich mit der gewählten Methode keine Unterschiede zwischen Patienten und Gesunden in den Tryptasespiegeln im Blut aufzeigen. Für Messungen im Exprimaturin war die gewählte Methode offensichtlich nicht sensitiv genug und die Versuche wurden deswegen nicht weitergeführt. Es wurden keine Zusammenhänge der Tryptasewerte und den klinischen Parametern gefunden. Es konnten jedoch epigenetische Signale systemisch nachgewiesen werden. Hier wurde auch geringen Unterschieden der Methylierungen zwischen Gesunden und Erkrankten aufgrund der systemischen Messungen erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt: So zeigten die fünften Stellen der untersuchten CPIs von BMP2 und BMP6 eine signifikant höhere Methylierung bei Erkrankten verglichen mit Gesunden. Auch die erste Stelle von BMP7 bei Patienten war signifikant höher methyliert als bei Gesunden. Dies deckt sich mit den in dieser Arbeitsgruppe gemessenen Expressionen der mit Östrogen behandelten Mastzelllinie HMC-1: BMP2 und BMP7 wurden hier minderexprimiert. Auch konnte für die Methylierungen der Mastzelllinie HMC-1 eine Korrelation mit der behandelnden Östrogenkonzentration gefunden werden. Auch für TGFB2 wurden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Gesunden und Erkrankten in den Methylierungen des untersuchten CPIs an den Stellen 1, 5 und 6 gefunden. Jedoch zeigen diese eine positive Korrelation mit dem Alter der Patienten und eine Altersabhängigkeit ist somit nicht auszuschließen. Mast Cells are increasingly seen as inflammation-triggering and -orchestrating immune cells. As well in CP/CPPS they are described as the possible link between acute and chronic inflammation of the prostate on the one hand and the development of the pain on the other hand. Furthermore, elevated estrogen levels in the seminal plasma of patients with CP/CPPS have been described recently. These changes in the estrogen household can result in variation of gen expression, as reported in mast cell lines (HMC-1, LAD2) for BMP2, BMP7, and in breast cancer lines for TGFB2. In addition epigenetic changes in form of changes in promotor methylation as well as its associated gene expression have been found in patients with CP/CPPS: Elevated estrogen levels have been found to accompany methylated and downregulated ER1 and ER2, as well as a downregulation of CXCR4. We aimed to detect elevated tryptase levels, a protein useable as mast cell marker, in the blood of patients with CP/CPPS and possible correlation with inflammation markers like CRP and leukocytes as well as PSA and hormones like testosterone and estradiol. Furthermore, we investigated if there are differences in promotor methylation of the genes BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and TGFB2 in patients with CP/CPPS, compared to the healthy control group, detectable. Since there have been found changes in expression of BMP2, BMP7 und TGFB2 in estrogen treated Mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 in this group, promotor methylation of these mast cell lines has been examined as well. 85 patients with chronic prostatitis and 40 healthy probands in total have been examined. Tryptase levels have been measured in plasma. Analysis of promotor methylation for BMP2, BMP6, BMP7 and TGFB2 has been performed in EDTA-blood from patients and voluteers as well as estrogen-treated mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 via pyrosequencing. There have been no differences detected in tryptase levels of patients with CP/CPPS and the healthy control group. Tryptase levels did not correlate neither with inflammation markers, nor PSA, nor the examined hormones estradiol and testosterone. Local measurements of tryptase in post prostatic massage urine have not been successful due to the lack of sensitivity of the chosen procedure of measurement. Epigenetic variation has been found for promotor methylation of BMP2 and BMP6 at CpGs no. 5 and BMP7 CpG no. 1. That finding fits to the predescribed downregulation of BMP2 and BMP7 of the estrogene pretreated mast cell line HMC-1. There has been a correlation of estrogen concentration and promotor methylation of BMP2 in HMC-1. Promotor methylation of CpGs no.1, 5 and 6 of TGFB2 showed differences in patients compared to the control group. There was however acorrelation with the age of the examined men, which could point to an age-related influence.
- Published
- 2019
26. Impact of Sensitization and Inflammation on the Interaction of Mast Cells With the Intestinal Epithelium in Rats
- Author
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Becker, Jasmin, Ott, Daniela, Diener, Martin, and Justus Liebig University Giessen
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colitis ,inflammation ,intestinal secretion ,ddc:630 ,mast cells ,claudins - Abstract
The density of intestinal mast cells has been reported to increase during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As mast cell mediators are known to increase the permeability of epithelial tight junctions, we hypothesized that antigen responses in sensitized animals might be enhanced under inflammatory conditions. This would contribute to a vicious circle by further enhancing the entry of luminal antigens into the colonic wall and thereby continuing the inadequate immune response during IBD. Therefore, one group of rats was sensitized against ovalbumin. In a second group of animals additionally a colitis was induced by rectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in ethanol. Specimens from distal colon and jejunum (as intestinal segment located distantly from the inflamed area) were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure tissue conductance, short-circuit current (Isc) induced by antigen exposure and paracellular permeability (fluorescein flux). This was paralleled by determination of mast cell markers and tight junction proteins with immunofluorescence and qPCR. In contrast to the initial hypothesis, antigen-induced Isc was not upregulated, but tended to be downregulated in the tissues from the colitis animals, both in colon and in jejunum. Only in the jejunum mast cell degranulation evoked an increase in fluorescein flux. Mast cell density was not altered significantly in the colon of the colitis animals. In the jejunum, sensitization induced a strong increase in mast cell density, which was unaffected by additional induction of colitis. Expression of sealing tight junction components claudin-3 and -4 were increased on the protein level in the sensitized animals in comparison to non-sensitized animals. Additional induction of colitis evoked a downregulation of claudin-3 in both intestinal segments and an upregulation of claudin-4 in the jejunum. Consequently, these data indicate segment differences in mast cell - epithelium interaction, but no enhancement of ion secretion in the TNBS/ethanol model of acute colitis after prior sensitization.
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- 2019
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27. Benigner Verlauf einer diffusen kutanen Mastozytose mit massiver Blasenbildung.
- Author
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Zink, A., Grosber, M., Schuch, A., Biedermann, T., and Brockow, K.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Zur funktionellen Bedeutung der histologischen Lymphknotenreaktionen.
- Author
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Meyer, Eva
- Abstract
Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Fatal visit to the general practitioner
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Vera, Sterzik, Vanessa, Wild, Weishaupt Julia, Thomas, Tatschner, Bernhard, Babel, and Michael, Bohnert
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Adult ,General Practice ,Status Asthmaticus ,Dipyrone ,Bronchi ,Pulmonary Edema ,Drug Hypersensitivity ,Esophagus ,Fatal Outcome ,Cause of Death ,Intubation, Intratracheal ,Humans ,Female ,Mast Cells ,Infusions, Intravenous ,Anaphylaxis ,Lung ,Referral and Consultation ,Tramadol - Abstract
A 31-year-old female asthmatic patient received an infusion of metamizole and tramadol for chronic pain at a GP surgery. After a few minutes, the patient developed breaing difficulties and died in spite of resuscitation measures. The general practitioner was suspected of medical malpractice. Medico-legal investigations confirmed the assumption that death was caused by anaphylacitic shock. In spite of temporary intubation into the oesophagus no evidence of medical malpractice was found, however.
- Published
- 2018
30. [Mutual influence of immune system and bones]
- Author
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T, Kamradt, M, Amling, B, Dankbar, A, Dudeck, M, Gunzer, A, Ignatius, G, Krönke, K, Kubatzky, T, Pap, I, Prinz, G, Schett, T, Schinke, J, Tuckermann, and A, Waisman
- Subjects
Osteoclasts ,Arthritis, Experimental ,Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies ,Bone and Bones ,Autoimmune Diseases ,Arthritis, Rheumatoid ,Mice ,Immune System ,Animals ,Cytokines ,Humans ,Osteoporosis ,Vimentin ,Mast Cells - Published
- 2018
31. Alkalische Phosphatasen in Mastzellen, Blut- und Lymphgefäßen der Rattenzunge.
- Author
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Vetter, Wilhelm
- Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Über die Entstehung von Mastzellgranula.
- Author
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Vollrath, L. and Wahlin, T.
- Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift Für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Mastzelldegranulierendes Peptid (MCD-Peptid) aus Bienengift: Isolierung, biochemische und pharmakologische Eigenschaften.
- Author
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Breithaupt, H. and Habermann, E.
- Abstract
Copyright of Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv für Pharmakologie und Experimentelle Pathologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1968
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- View/download PDF
34. Chirurgie subkutaner Mastzelltumoren beim Hund: Prognosefaktoren und Outcome.
- Author
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Betz DS
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Mast Cells, Prognosis, Dog Diseases, Neoplasms veterinary
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
- Published
- 2021
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35. Untersuchung zur erkrankungsabhängigen Varianz der Serum-Mastzelltryptase
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Buning, Lena Katharina, Peter, Ralf-Uwe, and Tisch, Matthias
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Dermatologie ,Mastzelltryptase und Alter ,Mast cells ,Tryptase ,Tryptases ,Dermatology ,Serum-Mastzelltryptase ,Mastzelle - Abstract
Die Mastzelltryptase ist eine Serinprotease, welche fast ausschließlich in der ubiquitär vorhandenen Mastzelle vorkommt, sodass man sagen kann, ihre Höhe korreliert mit der der Mastzellen. Material und Methode: 4185 erhobene Patientendaten in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 auf Höhe ihrer Serum-Trytasewerte und ICD-10 verschlüsselten Diagnosen sowie das Alter. Ergebnisse: Es zeigten sich Erkrankungen mit durchschnittlich erhöhten Serum-Tryptasewerten sowie ein altersabhängiger Anstieg der Serum-Tryptasewerte. Diskussion: Bei der Frage, ob die Abnahme der Serum-Tryptasewerte routinemäßig durchgeführt werden soll, um so frühzeitig Risikopatienten für anaphylaktische Reaktionen identifizieren zu können, konnten unsere Daten die Forderung einiger Arbeitsgruppen unterstützen, dies zu tun. Zusammenfassung: die Serum-Tryptase stellt ein allgemein deutlich unterschätzter wichtiger Prognosefaktor für mögliche anaphylaktische Reaktionen auf verschiedenste Allergene dar und zeigt gerade im Bereich der onkologischen Erkrankungen häufig überdurchschnittlich erhöhte Werte.
- Published
- 2016
36. [Stress and inflammatory bowel disease].
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Konturek PC, Konturek K, and Zopf Y
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- Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Mast Cells, Permeability, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases psychology, Stress, Psychological
- Abstract
Different mechanisms have a negative impact on the course of inflammatory bowel disease. Important mechanisms include amongst others an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal dysbiosis, increased permeability of the intestinal barrier, increased release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain, activation of mast cells in the intestinal mucosa and inadequate central pain processing with the consequences of anxiety and depression. All of these factors can increase the inflammatory response in the intestine and lead to acute flare-ups. For this reason, appropriate stress management is extremely important for the success of therapy.
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- 2020
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37. Urtikaria: „From bench to bedside“
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Magerl, M. and Maurer, M.
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- 2007
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38. [Mast cell activation disease: a concise practical guide for diagnostic workup and therapeutic options]
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G J, Molderings, J, Homann, S, Brettner, M, Raithel, and T, Frieling
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Adult ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Infant, Newborn ,Ascorbic Acid ,Ranitidine ,Combined Modality Therapy ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ,Early Diagnosis ,Mastocytosis, Systemic ,Bone Marrow ,Pregnancy ,Histamine H1 Antagonists ,Humans ,Female ,Mast Cells ,RNA, Messenger ,Ketotifen ,Child ,Algorithms - Abstract
In the present paper clinical phenotypes, pathogenetic relationships, and diagnostic algorithms as well as therapeutic concepts of/for systemic mast cell activation disease are reviewed. The reader should be able to recognize and diagnose a systemic mast cell activation disease, as well as to counsel a personalized drug therapy. In the case of chronic multisystem polymorbidity systemic mast cell activation disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis at an early stage. In most cases, specific, little invasive investigations allow diagnosing the disease and, hence, an appropriate therapy can be initiated.
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- 2014
39. [Surgical interventions in patients with systemic mast cell activation disease : Recommendations for perioperative management].
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Sido B, Homann J, Hertfelder HJ, Zienkiewicz T, Christians KP, Schablin P, Mücke M, and Molderings GJ
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- Humans, Mast Cells, Postoperative Complications, Prevalence, Mastocytosis, Systemic surgery
- Abstract
Background: Systemic mast cell activation disease (MCAD, prevalence 5-10%) is a multifactorial, polygenic disease with multisystemic symptoms that is characterized by an unregulated increased release of mast cell mediators and an accumulation of activated mast cells potentially in all organs and tissues. Due to the high prevalence of the disease, physicians involved in surgical, anesthesiological and interventional procedures are often unknowingly faced with MCAD patients experiencing unexpected preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative complications, if no mast cell-specific treatment regimens have been applied., Objective: The findings from a literature search, consensus recommendations of the various international expert groups and extensive own experience in the treatment of MCAD patients enable an empirical and evidence-based care of MCAD patients in association with invasive procedures., Results and Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of MCAD in the population, it can be assumed that patients with MCAD are correspondingly frequently represented in the surgical patient collective. When MCAD-specific peculiarities are preventively considered in the anesthesiological and surgical procedures in patients with proven or suspected mast cell disease, MCAD patients should not be classified as being at risk.
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- 2019
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40. [Histamine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses].
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Klimek L, Casper I, Wollenberg B, Stauber R, and Koennecke M
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- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Receptors, Histamine H4, Inflammation immunology, Inflammation metabolism, Nose, Paranasal Sinuses metabolism, Receptors, Histamine metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Release of histamine from mast cells and basophils in inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses has been demonstrated in allergic and non-allergic processes., Methods: A selective literature search was conducted in PubMed and Medline, and publications in German-language journals were additionally analyzed., Results: The histamine receptors H
1 -H4 play a role in otorhinolaryngologic inflammatory diseases. To date, the histamine receptor subtype 4 (H4 R), which is functionally expressed by immune cells in chronic inflammatory diseases, has received little attention. Stimulation of H4 R influences the release of cytokines and chemokines as well as the migration behavior of immune cells. In animal models blockade of H4 R reduced inflammation symptoms and pruritus., Conclusions: H4 R plays a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and may represent an interesting future therapeutic target.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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41. Untersuchungen zur Induktion der Mastzell-Differenzierung durch den Zellkontakt zu Fibroblasten
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Leist, Mandy, Maurer, Marcus, Hamann, Alf, and Volk, Hans-Dieter
- Subjects
WF 9910 ,32 Biologie ,Differenzierung ,kit ,Fibroblasten ,mast cells ,differentiation ,adhesion ,stem cell factor ,ddc:570 ,fibroblasts ,570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie ,Mastzellen ,Adhäsion ,Stammzellfaktor - Abstract
Die Mechanismen der Mastzell(MZ)-Homöostase in peripheren Geweben sind weitgehend unbekannt. Die Regulation der MZ-Zahlen schließt wahrscheinlich die lokale Proliferation der Gewebe-MZ sowie die Rekrutierung und Differenzierung von MZ-Vorläuferzellen ein, wobei das Gewebe den MZ-Phänotyp beeinflusst. Fibroblasten (Fb) induzieren die Proliferation und Differenzierung unreifer Knochenmark-generierter MZ (BMCMC) zu Bindegewebs-MZ (CTMC). Da BMCMC an Fb adhärieren, wurde untersucht ob dieser direkte Zellkontakt für die Fb-induzierte Proliferation und die Differenzierung zu CTMC entscheidend ist. Cokultur-Experimente mit BMCMC und Fb zeigten, dass die verstärkte Proliferation, der erhöhte Histamingehalt und die Induktion der Expression der MZ Protease 4 (MCPT-4) mRNA (beides Marker der CTMC) vom direkten Zellkontakt abhängen. Adhäsionsversuche mit blockierenden Antikörpern demonstrierten, dass die Interaktion von alpha4beta7 Integrin auf den BMCMC mit Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1), auf den Fb, an der Adhäsion beteiligt ist, die Proliferation und Differenzierung der MZ selbst jedoch nicht auslöst. Interessanterweise zeigten BMCMC die Kit, den Rezeptor für den wichtigen MZ-Wachstumsfaktor Stammzellfaktor (SCF), nicht exprimieren, ebenfalls die kontaktabhängigen Fb-induzierte Veränderungen, wenngleich im geringeren Ausmaß. Eine genomweite Expressionsanalyse wies schließlich die kontaktabhängige Hochregulation der Expression weiterer Gene, die mit dem Phänotyp der CTMC assoziiert sind, nach. Des Weiteren konnte die Verringerung der Expression bestimmter Gene gezeigt werden, die von unreifen MZ oder MZ-Vorläufern exprimiert werden. Insgesamt zeigen die Daten der hier vorliegenden Arbeit, dass für die durch Fb ausgelöste umfassenden Differenzierung und Ausreifung von unreifen MZ zu CTMC, eine teilweise durch VCAM-1/alpha4beta7 vermittelte direkte Zell-Zell-Interaktion notwendig ist, bei der sowohl Kit-abhängige, als auch Kit-unabhängige Signalwege involviert sind. The precise mechanisms of mast cell (MC) homeostasis in peripheral tissues are largely unknown. Regulation of MC numbers is assumed to involve the proliferation of local MCs and the recruitment and subsequent differentiation of MC precursors, whereas the tissues determine the MC phenotype. Fibroblasts (Fb) induce proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow-derived cultured MCs (BMCMCs) towards connective tissue type MCs (CTMCs). Since BMCMCs exhibit adhesion to Fbs, it had been analyzed, whether this direct cell-to-cell crosstalk is mandatory for the differentiation towards CTMCs. It was found that Fb-cocultured immature MCs exhibit increased proliferation and histamine content and the induced expression of mast cell protease 4 (mcpt4) mRNA, both markers for mature CTMC, and that these changes required a directed cell-to-cell interaction. Adhesion Assays using blocking mAbs revealed that the interaction of alpha4beta7 integrin on BMCMCs with Fb-expressed Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) is largely responsible for the adhesion, which itself didn’t induce proliferation and differentiation of MCs. Most notably, MCs deficient for Kit, the receptor for the MC growth factor stem cell factor (SCF), also showed a significant Fb-induced increase in histamine content, mcpt4 expression, and proliferation, albeit to a lesser extent than wildtype BMCMCs. Whole genome expression analysis showed contact-dependently upregulated expression of several genes associated with CTMC phenotype and functions. Furthermore, downregulation of genes associated with MC progenitors had been shown. Collectively, the data show that the Fb-induced substantial differentiation of immature MCs towards CTMCs requires a partly VCAM-1/alpha4beta7-mediated cell-to-cell interaction and involves both Kit-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.
- Published
- 2013
42. [Mast cell activation syndrome]
- Author
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K, Brockow
- Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential ,Histamine Antagonists ,Humans ,Tryptases ,Mast Cells ,Syndrome ,Anaphylaxis ,Mastocytosis - Abstract
The description of a monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome in patients with anaphylaxis, who fulfill one or two minor-criteria of mastocytosis, has led to a search for new unrecognized mast cell activation syndromes.New classification of mast cell diseases including well-known diseases is provided in order to be able to better recognize and describe new entities.The term mast cell activation has been defined by verifiable scientific objective and subjective criteria, and known and idiopathic mast cell activation syndromes have been classified.Mast cell activation cannot be defined by symptoms alone, as different diseases and conditions, including those with contribution of different cell types and somatization disorders may lead to similar symptoms. For this reason the preclinical checkpoint mast cell activation was defined to require typical symptoms in combination with demonstration of mast cell mediator release in (an acute) episode(s) as well as with a good response to mast cell mediator-directed therapy. Mast cell activation syndromes were classified in primary (e.g. mastocytosis), secondary (e.g. IgE-mediated allergy) and idiopathic forms.Only through a deeper understanding of mast cell diseases, can new previously unrecognized idiopathic mast cell activation syndrome entities be described and analyzed.
- Published
- 2013
43. [Exercise-induced anaphylaxis]
- Author
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K, Wylon, S, Hompes, and M, Worm
- Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential ,Double-Blind Method ,Antibody Specificity ,Humans ,Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ,Mast Cells ,Allergens ,Immunoglobulin E ,Intradermal Tests ,Anaphylaxis ,Exercise ,Algorithms - Abstract
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a mast cell dependent reaction, which is induced by allergen exposure in combination with physical activity. Typically, the reaction occurs within 2 hours after allergen exposure followed by physical activity. Not only food allergens but all kinds of allergens including drugs can induce this form of anaphylaxis. The clinical symptoms of exercise-induced anaphylaxis are the same as in any other type of anaphylaxis. Thus not only the skin and mucosa but also other organ systems like the lungs, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract can be affected. The diagnostic work up should cover a detailed clinical history including the assessment of symptoms and possible trigger factors including suspected allergens. Besides classical allergy diagnostics like skin prick tests and specific IgE determination, tryptase should be measured for the differential diagnosis to exclude mast cell dependent diseases. The diagnosis of exercise-induced anaphylaxis is made by the means of a double-blind placebo-controlled provocation test. Both, a sufficient amount of allergen and of physical activity must be achieved for a valid test. After the diagnosis is made, patients should be extensively counseled and provided with an emergency kit including an epinephrine auto injector.
- Published
- 2013
44. Zur Interaktion von Genotyp und Ernährung bei Darmkrebs
- Author
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Behrends, Thomas, Schomburg, Lutz, Kloas, Werner, and Seemann, Petra
- Subjects
XH 7200 ,colon cancer ,ddc:570 ,Selen ,Selenoprotein P ,32 Biologie ,570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie ,Mastzellen ,mast cells ,Darmkrebs ,selenium - Abstract
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, sowohl die Auswirkungen einer veränderten Selenversorgung über die Nahrung als auch die Rolle des zentralen Transport- und Speicherproteins für Selen (Selenoprotein P, SepP) auf die intestinale Tumorigenese tierexperimentell zu untersuchen. Eine gestörte SepP-Expression, führte zur Ausbildung größerer Tumore. Durch eine Steigerung der Selenversorgung über die Nahrung eine signifikante Reduktion von Tumoranzahl und Gesamttumorfläche erzielt werden. Hierzu wurde den Tieren ab Tag 21 das Vierfache der empfohlenen Tagesdosis (RDA) für Selen verabreicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zudem, dass die Auswirkungen einer verminderten SepP-Expression durch eine nutritive Se-Supplementation kompensiert werden können. Der Verlust eines SepP-Allels war mit einer gesteigerten Infiltration von Mastzellen ins Tumorgewebe und höheren Il6-Spiegeln im Serum assoziiert. Auch waren die Tumore dieser Versuchsgruppen schlechter differenziert. Diese Resultate weisen auf eine modulatorische Wirkung von SepP auf die krebsbedingte Immunantwort hin und unterstreichen eine zentrale Rolle dieses Selenoproteins in Bezug auf anti-kanzerogene Wirkmechanismen von Selen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen somit erstmals die Abhängigkeit protektiver Selen-vermittelter Effekte von einer optimalen SepP-Expression und die präventiven Fähigkeiten einer gesteigerten Selenzufuhr zur Kompensation eines nachteiligen Genotyps. Somit können gerade Menschen, die z.B. aufgrund ihrer genetischen Prädisposition ein erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko aufweisen von einer gesteigerten präventiven Supplementation profitieren. Dennoch zeigen Vorarbeiten und die Ergebnisse zu den transgenen Versuchstieren, dass es gerade in Bezug auf eine therapeutische Anwendung unabdingbar ist, ein wachstumsförderndes Potential einer solchen Intervention nach erfolgter Tumorinitiation auszuschließen. Hierzu muss in weitergehenden Studien noch eine geeignete Strategie entwickelt und getestet werden. The aim of this work was to evaluate to which extend the gene expression of the central transport and storage protein for selenium (Selenoprotein P, SepP) is required to mediate health promoting effects and if these effects can be modulated by selenium supplementation. SepP+/--mice were crossed with Apcmin/+-mice to elucidate the potential disadvantage of a decreased SepP-expression. A third mouse strain, expressing human SEPP in liver, was used to study the beneficial effects of additional circulating human SEPP. Two diets with different selenium content were used to obtain better insights into how SepP-expression influences intestinal tumorigenesis. The loss of one SepP-allele resulted in the development of larger tumors. Overall tumor-count and -area could be reduced by increasing nutritional selenium concentrations. Increased tumorigenesis could thus be compensated for raising nutritional Se concentrations. Interestingly, the additional expression of human SEPP did not elicit any cancer-preventive action. An increased number of mast cells was found in tumorous tissue of SepP+/--mice. This was accompanied by a lower differentiation state and higher Il6 concentrations in serum of heterozygous mice. The results indicate that the SepP genotype is modulating the immune response and highlight the central role of SepP in mediating the anti-cancerogenic effects of Se. We are the first to show that protective effects of Se are related to the expression of SepP and that the negative outcome of a reduced expression can be alleviated by raising nutritional Se supply. Individuals with a higher risk for colorectal cancer may thus benefit from supplementation strategies. Nevertheless the data obtained from transgenic mice and the results of previous studies indicate that therapeutic administration of Se should be handled with care. Especially the potential danger of supplemental Se promoting tumor growth in advanced stages should be addressed in further investigations.
- Published
- 2013
45. Auswirkungen des histologischen Grades und des c-kit-Mutationsstatus auf das Proteinexpressionsprofil kaniner kutaner Mastzelltumoren
- Author
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Schlieben, Patricia
- Subjects
proteomics ,mast cells ,tumours ,Canis ,Cancer ,mass spectrometry - Abstract
Die am häufigsten diagnostizierte Neoplasie der Haut des Hundes ist der kutane Mastzelltumor (MZT). Entsprechend seinem histologischen Zellbild und dem verwendeten Grading-System werden zwei bzw. drei unterschiedliche histologische Grade differenziert. Während Grad 1 bzw. low-grade MZT durch gut differenzierte monomorphe Tumorzellen charakterisiert sind und weder zur Metastasierung noch zur Rezidivbildung neigen, enthalten Grad 3 bzw. high- grade MZT entdifferenzierte, pleomorphe Mastzellen, die häufig metastasieren und rezidivieren. Obwohl Mastzelltumoren, ähnlich wie Mammatumoren, seit längerer Zeit im Mittelpunkt der Forschung stehen, sind molekularbiologische Details, die zu diesem offensichtlichen unterschiedlichen klinischen Verhalten führen, weitgehend unbekannt. Große Hoffnung wurde auf den Stammzellfaktor- Rezeptor KIT und sein Protoonkogen c-kit gelegt, dessen Aktivierung in normalen Mastzellen die Zellproliferation und -reifung sowie die Migration und Degranulation von Zellen steigert. Die Identifikation von aktivierenden Mutationen, wie etwa die Tandemduplikation im Exon 11, ließen dementsprechend einen großen Einfluss auf die Proliferation und Progression von kaninen Mastzelltumoren vermuten. Der direkte Einfluss der c-kit-Mutation auf das Proteinexpressionsprofil mutierter MZT-Zellen wurde bislang jedoch noch nicht analysiert. Darüber hinaus wurden bis heute nur bei circa 12 % aller MZT, bzw. 40 % der Grad 3 MZT entsprechende Mutationen identifiziert. Dies wiederum führt zu der Frage, welche anderen molekularbiologischen Veränderungen das aggressive klinische Verhalten der höhergradigen MZT verursachen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden deshalb die Proteinexpressionsmuster kaniner kutaner MZT mit unterschiedlichem histologischen Grad (je n=5) bzw. unterschiedlichem c-kit- Mutationsstatus (je n=3) mittels zweidimensionaler differenzieller Gelelektrophorese verglichen und differenziell exprimierte Proteine im Anschluss mittels Massenspektrometrie identifiziert. Tumoren mit unterschiedlichem histologischen Grad unterschieden sich in der Expression von 13 Proteinen. Dabei handelte es sich vorrangig um Stressproteine, mit Zellmotilität assoziierte Proteine und Mastzell-typische Differenzierungsproteine. Eine Validierung der Ergebnisse mit Hilfe weiterer biochemischer Methoden und größerer Fallzahlen wird im Weiteren zeigen, ob das aggressive klinische Verhalten höhergradiger MZT möglicherweise durch die veränderten Expressionsprofile dieser Proteine erklärbar sein könnte. In der Mutationsanalyse, dem zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit, konnten 15 verschiedene, signifikant differenziell exprimierte Proteine identifiziert werden. Entgegen der Arbeitshypothese fanden sich jedoch keine Proliferations- assoziierten Proteine im differenziellen Proteom. Diese Ergebnisse untermauern die Vermutung, dass der Nachweis der c-kit-Mutation, im Gegensatz zum histologischen Grad, von geringer Relevanz für die Prognose des klinischen Verhaltens kaniner kutaner Mastzelltumoren ist., Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT) are one of the most common skin tumors in dogs. According to their histological appearance and the applied grading- system two or three different histological grades have to be distinguished. Grade 1 or low-grade MCT are characterized by well differentiated monomorphic tumor cells which neither tend to metastasize nor recur. Grade 3 or high-grade MCT are composed of dedifferentiated pleomorphic mast cells which often recur or even metastasize to distant organs. Although mast cell tumors are in the focus of research worldwide molecular details which provide the basis for this different clinical behavior are in most aspects unknown. Studies about KIT, the receptor for stem cell factor, and its proto-oncogene c-kit revealed promising results, as the identification of an activating internal tandem duplication in exon 11 lead to the assumption that KIT activity is of major relevance to MCT proliferation and progression. Impact of c-kit-mutations on the protein expression profile of mutated MCT cells is however unknown. Since recent studies identified c-kit-mutations in only 12 % of all MCT and 40 % of grade 3 MCT, other molecular alterations have to be responsible for the aggressive clinical behavior of grade 3 MCT. Therefore, the present study compared the protein expression patterns of grade 1 and grade 3 MCT (each n=5) and of MCT with or without c-kit-mutation (each n=3) by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry subsequently. Tumors of distinct histological grade differed in the expression of 13 proteins. Most of them are associated with stress resistance, cell motility and mast cell differentiation. Further studies are needed now to evaluate if these modified expressions patterns are responsible for the aggressive clinical behavior of grade 3 MCT. The comparison of c-kit-mutated and non-mutated MCT revealed 15 significantly differentially expressed proteins. Contrary to the second hypothesis no proteins with an association to increased proliferation activity were detectable. These results substantiate the assumption that activating mutations in the proto-oncogene c-kit are of less relevance for clinical behavior than the histological grade.
- Published
- 2013
46. [Mastocytosis and eosinophilic leukemia: diagnostics and classification]
- Author
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K, Sotlar, P, Valent, and H-P, Horny
- Subjects
Biopsy, Needle ,Leukemia, Mast-Cell ,Choristoma ,Prognosis ,Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases ,Immunophenotyping ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Eosinophils ,Mastocytosis, Systemic ,Bone Marrow ,Cytogenetic Analysis ,Hypereosinophilic Syndrome ,Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor ,Mast Cells ,Mastocytosis - Abstract
Mastocytosis and myeloid eosinophilic neoplasms are rare diseases of the bone marrow and are often a diagnostic challenge for hematopathologists. In mastocytosis, compact mast cell infiltrates represent the main diagnostic criterion and for myeloid eosinophilic neoplasms, eosinophilic granulocytes dominate the histological picture. Both disease groups include phenotypically and prognostically very different entities which are each defined by WHO criteria. For systemic mastocytosis (SM), a differentiation between indolent and aggressive or even leukemic forms is of prognostic importance. In indolent variants of SM, a local and/or systemic, usually reactive increase in eosinophilic granulocytes (SM-eo) is often observed. In contrast, an increase in neoplastic eosinophils is often observed in advanced SM, predominantly in diseases designated SM with associated non-mastocytic hematological neoplasms (SM-AHNMD), e.g. in SM with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (SM-CEL). Apart from mastocytoses, immunophenotypically aberrant tissue mast cells are only observed in certain rare forms of myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia, in particular in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-eo) with cytogenic anomalies in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of eosinophilic leukemias, however, fulfils the morphological and clinical requirements in a limited way only and needs an update.
- Published
- 2012
47. Hantaviren und das intrinsische antivirale Interferon System
- Author
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Rang, Andreas
- Subjects
RIG-I ,antiviral state ,mast cells ,toll like receptors ,defective viral particles ,TLR3 ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Infolge einer Infektion mit Hantaviren sterben bis zu 15% der mit hämorrhagischem Fieber mit renalem Syndrom und bis zu 40% der mit Hantaviralen Cardiopulmonalen Syndrom erkrankten Patienten. Die Pathogenitätsmechanismen die zu diesen Syndromen führen und Virulenzfaktoren der Hantaviren sind nur ansatzweise charakterisiert. Die erfolgreiche primäre Infektion nach der Virusaufnahme ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Pathogenese. In dieser Phase der Infektion vermehren sich pathogene Hantaviren in vitro deutlich effizienter als nicht pathogene. Im Rahmen der Studie wurden virale und zelluläre Faktoren identifiziert und charakterisiert, die für die Etablierung der primären Infektion und folglich auch für die Virulenz der Viren in vivo eine wichtige Rolle spielen. In einem ersten Schritt der Studie wurde eine Fokusaufreinigungsmethode für nicht zytolytische Viren entwickelt. Diese Methode erlaubt die Klonierung von Hantaviren und auf diese Weise auch die Entfernung von defekten interferierenden Viruspartikeln. Defekte Partikel können die Effizient der Virusvermehrung und auch angeborene Immunreaktionen modulieren. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie konnte außerdem gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung von Referenzviren mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen defekter Viruspartikel einen starken Einfluss auf die Quantifizierung Virus- neutralisierender Antikörper hat. Dieser Befund unterstreicht zusätzlich die Bedeutung der etablierten Fokusaufreinigungsmethode. Diese Methode bildet eine wichtige und solide Grundlage für den funktionellen Vergleich pathogener und nicht-pathogener Referenzviren. Um die Interaktion zwischen Hantaviren und dem angeborenen Immunsystem zu charakterisieren, wurde die Wirkung von Interferon- alpha (IFN) und Interferon-gamma (IFN) auf das hochpathogene HTNV bestimmt. Obwohl diese IFN-Typen teilweise unterschiedliche Gene induzieren, wurde HTNV durch beide IFNe mit der gleichen Effizienz gehemmt. Die Ergebnisse führten zu der Hypothese, dass die Hemmung von HTNV durch Gene vermittelt wird, die sowohl durch IFN als auch IFN moduliert werden. Frühere Studien hatten gezeigt, dass MxA per se ausreichend ist, um eine HTNV-Infektion in vitro zu verhindern. Im Gegensatz zu diesen Befunden, ergaben unsere Untersuchungen keine Hinweise auf einen Beitrag von MxA an der Hemmung von HTNV in IFN-behandelten Zellen. Die Effizienz der Hemmung von HTNV war unverändert, ungeachtet ob MxA gebildet wurde oder nicht. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass redundante Mechanismen existieren, die für die antivirale Wirkung und die effiziente IFN-vermittelte Hemmung entscheidend sind. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die oben skizzierte Hypothese, dass die entscheidenden antiviralen Effektoren gegen HTNV sowohl durch IFN als auch durch IFN induziert werden sollten. Testsysteme für die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die zu HFRS oder HCPS führen, sind nur ansatzweise entwickelt. Um Hinweise auf diese Mechanismen zu erhalten, wurde die Wechselwirkung zwischen Wirt und Virus - auf der einen Seite mit dem pathogenen HTNV und auf der anderen Seite mit dem nicht pathogenen PHV verglichen. Im Rahmen dieser Vergleichsstudie konnte festgestellt werden, dass pathogene und nicht pathogene Hantaviren angeborene Immunreaktionen über die Ubiquitin-Ligase TRAF3 auslösen. Weiterhin konnte erstmalig gezeigt werden, dass hoch-pathogene Hantaviren angeborene Immunreaktionen über TLR3 auslösen können. Auf Grundlage der differenziellen Virus-Wirt-Interaktion wurde folgendes Modell aufgestellt: Die durch nicht pathogene Hantaviren frühzeitig ausgelösten angeborenen antiviralen Immunreaktionen blockieren die Infektion vollständig. Pathogene Hantaviren hingegen lösen die antivirale Immunreaktion zu spät aus, sodass die Entwicklung einer primären und systemischen Infektion ermöglicht wird. In Folge der anhaltenden Virusproduktion, kommt es zu einer Entzündungsreaktion, die Effektorzellen des angeborenen und des erworbenen Immunsystems rekrutiert und aktiviert. Diese durch die Infektion ausgelöste systemische Immunreaktion könnte für die Pathogenese entscheidend sein. Reverse Genetik System sind bisher für Hantaviren nicht ethabliert. Die Herstellung und Isolierung von Reassortanten nach einer Ko-Infektion mit mehreren Viren ist gegenwärtig der einzige Weg, mit dessen Hilfe definierte Hantavirusvarianten hergestellt werden können. Um Virulenzfaktoren eindeutig zu identifizieren, wurden Reassortanten zwischen einem pathogenen und einem nicht pathogenen Hantavirus hergestellt. Die funktionelle Analyse dieser Reassortanten im Vergleich zu den parentalen Viren zeigte, dass die S-RNA, die für das Nukleokapsidprotein und die L-RNA, die für die RNA-abhängige RNA Polymerase kodieren, entscheidend sind für die Virusspezies-spezifische Virus-Wirt-Interaktion. Abgesehen von den immunogenen Eigenschaften der Glykoproteine des pathogenen PUUV, zeigte die hergestellte Reassortante denselben Phänotyp, wie das nicht pathogene parentale PHV. Um zu testen, ob diese Reassortante als Lebend-Impfstoff zum Schutz vor einer PUUV Infektion geeignet sein könnte sind weitere Studien erforderlich. Über diesen Aspekt hinaus, erlauben die erzielten Ergebnisse eine fokussierte Charakterisierung der molekularen Wirkmechanismen, die für die differenzielle Aktivierung antiviraler Immunreaktionen verantwortlich sind. Hantaviren vermehren sich primär in Endothelzellen können aber auch in alveolar Makrophagen und Dentritischen Zellen replizieren. Wie die Viren sich nach der primären Infektion im Wirt ausbreiten ist gegenwärtig nicht bekannt. Über die Migration infizierter dendritischer Zellen könnte das Virus in die Lymphknoten gelangen und von dort die systemische Infektion auslösen. Während der systemischen Infektion kommt es teilweise zu irreversiblen Schockzuständen, die i. d. R. tödlich verlaufen. Erstmalig konnten wir zeigen, dass in situ gereifte humane Mastzellen mit Hantaviren infiziert und durch die Infektion aktiviert werden können. Diese Ergebnisse begründen die Hypothese, dass auch Mastzellen im Zuge der systemischen Infektion infiziert werden und durch die Sezernierung von Entzündungsmediatoren an der Ausprägung der Symptomatik beteiligt sein könnten. Die therapeutische Stabilisierung von Mastzellen in dieser kritischen Phase der Infektion könnte geeignet sein, die Ausprägung irreversibler Schockzustände und letale Krankheitsverläufe zu verhindern. In dieser Arbeit sind Studien zusammengefasst, auf deren Grundlage konkrete Hypothesen zur Virulenz und Pathogenese der Hantaviren im Menschen aufgestellt werden konnten. Eine Fortführung der Untersuchungen, angelehnt an diese Hypothesen, kann zur Entwicklung neuer Hantavirus-Impfstoffe und zur Verbesserung der Behandlungsoptionen für infizierte Patienten führen., Hantavirus infection can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome with case fatality ratios up to 15% and 40%, respectively. The virulence factors and mechanisms responsible for these syndromes are not known. Successful primary infection after uptake of the virus is crucial for development of syndromes. During primary infection pathogenic hantaviruses propagate with higher efficiency compared to non pathogenic in type I interferon (IFN) -competent cells. In the presented study viral and cellular factors important for establishment of primary infection were identified. These factors might be important also for the virulence of hantaviruses in humans. Initially a focus purification method was established for non cytolytic viruses. This method allows removing of defective interfering virus particles and cloning of infectious hantaviruses. Defective particles can modulate the efficiency of virus propagation and innate immune reactions. Furthermore, different amounts of defective particles present in reference virus material can have a significant influence on quantification of neutralizing antibodies. This finding underscores the importance of the established focus purification method, which is an important and solid basis for the functional analysis of pathogenic and non-pathogenic hantaviruses. To characterize the interaction of hantaviruses and the innate immune system the effect of IFN and IFN on the pathogenic Hantaan virus (HTNV) was determined. IFNs induce a huge set of different genes and at least some of these genes are induced both by IFN and IFN. Replication of HTNV was blocked with the same efficiency. This finding suggest that the observed inhibition is mediated by genes which are induced by both IFNs. Previous studies indicated that the IFN-inducible MxA protein can prevent HTNV infection in vitro. In our studies MxA was not decisive for IFN-induced inhibition of HTNV. Irrespectively whether MxA was expressed or not, the antiviral efficiency was not impaired. This result implies that redundant mechanisms contribute to prevent HTNV propagation. This interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that decisive antiviral effectors are induced both by IFN and IFN. Experimental systems to analyze the mechanisms responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome are not available. We analysed the interaction of the host cell with pathogenic and non pathogenic hantaviruses in vitro to get an idea about the mechanism which might be decisive for the virulence in vitro. This study revealed that pathogenic and non pathogenic hantaviruses elicit innate responses via recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase TRAF3. Furthermore, the study revealed that pathogenic hantaviruses can be recognized by TLR3. Based on this finding it was proposed that early activation of antiviral responses by non pathogenic hantaviruses prevent infection completely. However, pathogenic hantaviruses induce antiviral immune reactions in a retarded manner which might allow establishment of primary infection, propagation, and dissemination in vivo. Systemic infection might cause inflammatory immune reactions and recruitment of effector cells of the innate and acquired immune system. Thus, modulation of the immediate antiviral immune response seems to be a key factor for the virulence of hantaviruses in humans. Reverse genetic systems are not available for hantaviruses. Isolation of reassortants after coinfection of cells with different viruses currently is the only way to produce defined hantavirus variants. To identify virulence factors reassortants between pathogenic and non pathogenic hantaviruses were produced. Functional analysis of these reassortants in line with the parental viruses demonstrated that the S-RNA, coding for the nucleocapsid protein and the L-RNA, coding for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, determine the observed virus species specific virus host interaction. The produced reassortant revealed the immunogenic properties of the pathogenic Puumal hantavirus but all other characteristic features of the non pathogenic Prospect Hill hantavirus. Further studies are required to test whether the reassortant might be used as attenuated vaccine against an infection with Puumala virus. Furthermore, these results allow a focused characterisation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differential activation of antiviral immune reactions. Hantaviruses primarily replicate in endothelial cells, but also alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells have been reported to support viral replication. How viruses disseminate after primary infection is unclear. With infected macrophages and dendritic cells the virus might be transported to lymph nodes and spread further to establish a systemic infection. During systemic infection irreversible shock is observed in server cases which generally lead to death of the patient. Our data demonstrate that hantaviruses can infect and activate in situ maturated human mast cells. These results lead to the hypothesis that mast cell can be infected during systemic infection and secretion of inflammatory mediators could contribute to the observed symptoms. If true stabilisation of mast cells in this critical phase of the infection might be an option to prevent shock and the lethal course of the disease. Taken together, this study provides the basis for a concrete hypothesis which can explain hantavirus species specific virulence and pathogenesis in humans. Based on the developed model further studies might lead to development of novel hantavirus vaccines and novel options to treat infected patients
- Published
- 2012
48. Die Rolle der Mastzellen im vaskulären Remodelling bei Lungenhochdruck infolge von Linksherzerkrankung
- Author
-
Hoffmann, Julia
- Subjects
pulmonary hypertension ,mast cells ,vascular remodelling - Abstract
In Analysen der funktionellen Genomik bei pulmonaler Hypertonie (PH) und assoziierter Prozesse des Gefäßremodellings zeigten sich Mastzellen als potentielle Ziele für neue Behandlungsstrategien für PH. Mastzellen spielen bekanntermaßen eine Rolle in der Pathophysiologie von Lungenkrebs und Asthma. Ihre Bedeutung für das Gefäßremodelling und die PH ist jedoch bisher weitgehend unklar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Rolle der Mastzellen in experimentellen PH-Modellen infolge einer Linksherzerkrankung und einer pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie mit Hilfe zweier verschiedener Ansätze untersucht. PH mit Linksherzinsuffizienz wurde bei Ratten durch suprakoronares Banding der Aorta neun Wochen vor Beginn der Untersuchungen induziert. Die funktionelle Bedeutung von Mastzellen wurde bei Ratten, die den Mastzellstabilisator Ketotifen (1 mg/kg KG/Tag oral) verabreicht bekamen und bei mastzelldefizienten Ws/Ws Ratten untersucht. Zur Bestätigung der Hypothese, dass Mastzellen eine gleichwertige Bedeutung bei der Entwicklung einer pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie (PAH) haben, wurden diese Strategien in einem Monocrotalin-induzierten (60 mg/kg KG intraperitoneal) PAH-Modell untersucht. Genom- und Proteomanalysen bestätigten eine Hochregulierung von Mastzellgenen und -proteinen, einschließlich Mastzellchymase, Mastzelltryptase und Mastzellpeptidase. Histologische Untersuchungen ergaben eine erhöhte Mastzellzahl in AO-Ratten. Bei Ratten, die Ketotifen erhalten hatten und bei mastzelldefizienten Ws/Ws-Ratten mit AO wurden PH, Gefäßremodelling und rechtsventrikuläre Hypertrophie gemindert, wie hämodynamische Bestimmungen, Histostereologie, Mastzellfärbung und Echokardiographie zeigten. Ein vergleichbarer protektiver Effekt von Ketotifen bzw. Cromoglycinsäure wurde bei Ratten mit Monocrotalin-induzierter PH beobachtet. Die erhobenen Daten zeigen eine entscheidende Bedeutung von Mastzellen bei der PH verschiedener Klassen. Demnach stellen Mastzellen bzw. Mastzellmediatoren neue und vielversprechende Behandlungsstrategien bei der PH dar., Analyses of functional genomics in PH and associated vascular Remodelling processes identified mast cells as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies. Mast cells have been implicated in the pathophysiology of lung cancer and asthma but their role in vascular Remodelling and PH remains unclear. Here, we tested the role of mast cells in experimental models of PH owing to left heart disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension using two different approaches. PH with left heart disease was induced in rats by supracoronary aortic banding 9 weeks prior to investigations. A functional role of mast cells was analyzed in rats treated with the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen (1 mg/kg bw/day, orally) and in mast cell deficient Ws/Ws rats. To test the hypothesis that mast cells are equally important in the development of PAH, we tested these strategies in a model of pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by monocrotaline (60 mg/kg bw, intraperitonally). Genomic as well as proteomic analyses confirmed an upregulation of mast cell genes and proteins including mast cell chymase, tryptase and peptidase 2, and histological analyses demonstrated an elevated number of mast cells in AO rats. In rats treated with ketotifen or in mast cell deficient Ws/Ws rats with AO, pulmonary hypertension, vascular remodelling and right ventricular hypertrophy were attenuated as demonstrated by hemodynamic measurements, histostereology, mast cell staining and echocardiography. A similar protective effect of ketotifen was evident in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH. The present data identify a critical role of mast cells in PH belonging to different PH classes. Hence, mast cells and/or mast cell mediators present novel promising therapeutic strategies in PH.
- Published
- 2012
49. [Skin tests for diagnostics of allergic immediate-type reactions. Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology]
- Author
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F, Ruëff, K-C, Bergmann, K, Brockow, T, Fuchs, A, Grübl, K, Jung, L, Klimek, H, Müsken, O, Pfaar, B, Przybilla, H, Sitter, and W, Wehrmann
- Subjects
Adult ,Hypersensitivity, Immediate ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Infant ,Allergens ,Immunoglobulin E ,Intradermal Tests ,Middle Aged ,Patch Tests ,Dermatitis, Atopic ,Antibody Specificity ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Child, Preschool ,Respiratory Hypersensitivity ,Humans ,Mast Cells ,Child ,Anaphylaxis ,Aged - Abstract
Skin tests in patients with IgE-mediated immediate type allergy are performed with the intention to establish a contact between allergens and skin mast cells. The latter carry specific IgE antibodies on their surface. If mast cells get activated, mediators (mainly histamine) are released which induce a visible skin reaction (wheal and erythema).[nl]Skin tests are indicated, if an immediate type allergic disease is suspected. Systemic anaphylactic reactions at skin testing are very rare. However, it is necessary to take them into account and to provide emergency treatment. Relative contraindications comprise skin diseases in the test area, poor general condition and insufficiently treated severe asthma. If tests are used, which have a higher risk for a systemic anaphylactic reaction, pregnancy or beta-blocker therapy, are further contraindications.[nl]Skin test application does not depend on patient age. However, in pre-school age tests are reluctantly performed. It is essential to consider the half-life of drugs which may interfere with the test result, and which have to be discontinued early enough before testing. After anaphylactic reactions there may be a refractory period. Therefore, tests should not be done within the first week after such reactions. Skin prick tests are the procedures of first choice, intradermal tests are more sensitive than prick tests. Skin tests are performed at the flexor side of the forearm. As intradermal tests are more inconvenient, testing can be also done at a less susceptible site of the body (upper back).[nl]It is recommended to use standardized test extracts. However, if standardised extracts are not available or do not yield suitable test results, one may switch to other preparations. If the patient shows a positive reaction to a non-standardized substance, control tests should be performed in healthy subjects in order to exclude an unspecific reaction.[nl]The reaction is read after 15 to 20 min. Skin tests are regarded positive if the mean wheal diameter is ≥ 3 mm at the prick test, and ≥ 5 mm at the intradermal test.[nl]Skin test results may be negative although patients are allergic. If a skin test is positive, one will have to distinguish reactions, which are clinically relevant, from those, which are not. History and/or challenge tests help to clarify the relevance of a sensitization. Usually, a clinically irrelevant sensitization does not lead to practical consequences.
- Published
- 2011
50. Mastocytosis - an update
- Author
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Ulrich, Amon, Karin, Hartmann, Hans-Peter, Horny, and Anna, Nowak
- Subjects
Adult ,Biopsy ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Infant ,Interferon-alpha ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Exons ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ,Chronic Disease ,Cladribine ,Humans ,Immunologic Factors ,Mast Cells ,Child ,Codon ,Mastocytosis ,Skin - Abstract
Mastocytosis (MC) encompasses a range of disorders characterized by a clonal, pathological accumulation of mast cells having a somatic activating mutation of the tyrosine kinase receptor Kit (exon 17, codon 816; D816V) in more than 90 % of adult patients. The mutation is much less common in children. Skin and bone marrow are most often affected. Symptoms and clinical course are very heterogeneous due to a variable degree of local or systemic mediator release or organ dysfunction as a result of mast cell infiltrates. Pruritus, wheals, flushing and gastrointestinal symptoms are often reported. The majority of pediatric patients experience spontaneous remission of MC. Adults usually have chronic disease, rarely transforming into an aggressive or lethal type. Indolent systemic MC with involvement of skin and bone is the most common type. In MC the risk for anaphylactic reactions following an insect sting (and other causes of mast cell activation) is increased significantly. Diagnostic hallmarks are biopsies from skin and bone marrow using tryptase antibodies for staining as well as serum tryptase levels. At present a curative treatment for MC is not available. Systemic histamine H(1) receptor antagonists are widely used. Aggressive types of MC respond partially to IFN-alpha or cladribine. A variety of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors is still under critical evaluation for systemic treatment of MC. After introduction of the WHO classification for MC and the development a German MC guideline, as well as the foundation of national and international competence networks for MC, a significantly improved quality of medical care for MC patients can be expected for the future.
- Published
- 2010
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