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Anterior knee pain is a frequent symptom in young athletes. Symptomatic patellofemoral cartilage defects can occur after trauma, especially after patellar dislocation. Numerous cartilage repair methods are currently available. Due to co-pathologies, the outcome after patellofemoral cartilage repair is inferior to the treatment of cartilage defects of the tibiofemoral joint. Adequate addressing of coexisting pathologies is essential for treatment success. This review provides an overview of the different techniques of patellofemoral cartilage repair.Patellofemorale Knorpeldefekte sind eine mittlerweile sehr häufige Entität und oft Ursache des vorderen Knieschmerzes beim Sportler. Diese können nach akutem Trauma, insbesondere in Verbindung mit einer Patellaluxation, entstehen. Nichttraumatische Knorpelläsionen sind häufig Folge bestehender Grundpathologien des Patellofemoralgelenks, die jedoch insbesondere bei retropatellaren Knorpeldefekten häufig erst spät symptomatisch werden. Zur Therapie dieser Läsionen steht eine Vielzahl von regenerativen Knorpeltherapieverfahren zur Verfügung. Der Outcome nach Versorgung patellofemoraler Knorpeldefekte ist jedoch den Ergebnissen des Tibiofemoralgelenks oft unterlegen. Von entscheidender Bedeutung für den Therapierfolg ist neben der Wahl der optimalen Knorpelintervention die adäquate Adressierung der Begleitpathologie. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die verschiedenen Techniken der patellofemoralen Knorpeltherapie gegenübergestellt.

Treatment of circumscribed cartilage defects in the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP1) using autologous cartilage fragments.Full thickness cartilage defects (ICRS IV) or focal osteoarthritis in combination with hallux rigidus.Pre-existing ankylosis of the metatarsophalangeal joint; global osteoarthritis of the joint; advanced osteoarthritis of the sesamoidal articulation; osteonecrotic cysts in the head of the first metatarsal bone.Preparation of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Mobilization of the first metatarsal head. Harvesting of the cartilage fragments from the dorsal rim portion as part of the cheilectomy. Mincing the cartilage fragments with a 3.0 mm shaver in sterile conditions. Augmenting the cartilage fragments with autologous conditioned plasma (ACP). Preparing the defect area and creation of a "contained" defect. Replantation of the resulting minced cartilage mass into the defect of the articular surface on the first metatarsal head.Immobilization of the MTP1 for 48 h. Intensive physiotherapy for 3 months. Full weight bearing after reduced swelling.In 2020, 5 patients were treated with the method described and followed up for a period of 1 year. All patients were subjectively satisfied with the result of the operation. There were no relevant surgery-associated complications.OPERATIONSZIEL: Behandlung von umschriebenen Knorpeldefekten am Metatarsophalangealgelenk‑1 (MTP1) mittels autologen Knorpelfragmenten.Vollschichtige symptomatische Knorpeldefekte (ICRS Grad IV) oder fokale Degeneration bei Hallux rigidus.Allgemeine Kontraindikationen. Bereits bestehende Ankylose des Großzehengrundgelenkes. Globale Arthrose des Gelenkes. Fortgeschrittene Arthrose des Sesambeingleitlagers. Osteonekrosezysten im Kopf des 1. Metatarsale.Präparation des Großzehengrundgelenkes. Mobilisation des Metatarsale I und Entnahme der Knorpelfragmente aus dem später zu resezierenden dorsalen Gelenkanteil im Rahmen der Cheilektomie. Präparation des Defektbereiches und Schaffung eines „contained“ Defektes. Zerkleinern der Knorpelfragmente mit einem 3,0-mm-Shaver außerhalb des Operationsfeldes. Augmentieren der Knorpelfragmente mit autologem konditioniertem Plasma (ACP). Replantation der hieraus entstehenden pastösen Masse in den Knorpeldefekt am Metatarsale-I-Köpfchen.Ruhigstellung des MTP1 für 48 h. Intensive Physiotherapie für 3 Monate. Volle Lastaufnahme nach Abschwellen.Im Jahr 2020 wurden 5 Patienten mit der beschriebenen Methode behandelt und bis zu einem Zeitraum von 1 Jahr nachkontrolliert. Alle Patienten waren mit dem Ergebnis der Operation subjektiv sehr zufrieden. Es gab keine relevanten operationsassoziierten Komplikationen.

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an established two-step procedure for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee. Cartilage harvest from the affected knee joint represents the first step of this procedure and is essential for further in vitro expansion of autologous chondrocytes. Nevertheless, the cartilage biopsy process itself is underrepresented in the scientific literature and currently there is only a limited amount of data available addressing this process. Biopsy location as well as the technique itself and instruments used for cartilage collection are not well defined and only little standardisation can be found. The article describes the relevant aspects of the biopsy in the context of ACI with regard to the literature available. Follow-up studies to better define and standardise the cartilage biopsy process are thus required.

The aim of this study is the determination of physical activity in everyday life of handicapped persons due to cerebral palsy using standardised testing procedures.The subjects were examined according to the Conconi test on a treadmill at increasing speeds for their fitness. We used a continuous heart rate monitoring, 3-axis acceleration sensors, lactate measurements and pedography.Three groups of subjects could be differentiated. In one group, a rapid rise in heart rate even at lower walking speed was observed. In a second group of persons with poor motor coordination, the maximum walking speed was limited. Single subjects were not limited neither in their physical performance nor in their condition.In the physical therapy for patients with cerebral palsy one should not lose sight of possible cardiovascular limitations additional to the physical disabilities.

Although the neurological defects associated with cerebral palsy are not progressive, secondary musculoskeletal disorders due to growth and gravity are variable. In the clinical analysis of spastic foot deformities different mechanisms that produce a variety of deformities have to be analyzed. The goals of surgical treatment are correction of the deformity, reestablishment of stability of the foot and preservation of functionally important ranges of motion and muscle strength. The most common spastic foot deformities are equinus, planovalgus, equinovarus and calcaneus. For treatment soft tissue surgery, such as muscle lengthening and transfer together with bone surgery, such as osteotomy or arthrodesis are used and combinations of these methods are often required. Subsequently postoperative plasters are necessary followed by dynamic orthotic management.

Among human neoplasms, primary malignant bone tumors are fairly rare. They present an incidence rate of roughly 10 cases per 1 million inhabitants per year. During childhood (15 years), the percentage of malignant bone tumors amounts to 6% of all infantile malignancies. Only leukemia and lymphoma show a higher incidence in adolescence. Of all primary malignant bone tumors, 60% affect patients younger than 45 years and the peak incidence of all bone tumors occurs between 15 and 19 years. The most common primary malignant bone tumors are osteosarcoma (35%), chondrosarcoma (25%), and Ewing's sarcoma (16%). Less frequently (≤ 5%) occurring tumors are chordoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone, and fibrosarcoma of bone. Vascular primary malignant tumors of bone and adamantinoma are very rare. Staging of the lesion is essential for systemic therapeutic decision-making and includes complete imaging and histo-pathological confirmation of the suspected entity. In most cases, this is established by open- or image-guided biopsy. Based on this information, an interdisciplinary tumor board will determine the individual therapeutic approach. Endoprosthetic or biological reconstruction following wide tumor resection is the most common surgical therapy for primary malignant bone tumors. There is vital importance in a thorough postoperative follow-up and continous after-care by a competent tumor center which is permanentely in charge of therapy.

Since its introduction in 1994, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has become an established surgical treatment for symptomatic isolated cartilage defects of the knee. Success rates vary between 80 and 95% and the clinical outcome seems to depend on various individual factors. The aim of the present review article is to summarise factors that affect clinical outcome following ACI for treatment of symptomatic cartilage defects of the knee based upon the scientific literature available on this topic.The present publication represents a non-systematic review including publications which were considered relevant describing factors that influence clinical outcome following ACI for treatment of symptomatic full thickness cartilage defects of the knee. In order to identify relevant literature concerning complications following cartilage repair, medical databases including "medline", "ovid" and "web of science" were searched for the terms "autologous chondrocyte implantation", "autologous chondrocyte transplantation", "prognostic factor", "clinical outcome", "cartilage repair", "cartilage defect" and "cartilage regeneration". The literature search was performed in April 2010.Factors that influence clinical outcome following ACI for treatment of cartilage defects of the knee include patient-specific parameters on the one hand, such as body mass index, nicotine abusus, patients age, prior surgical treatment, duration of symptoms and more, and defect characteristics such as containment, defect location, defect size, number of defects treated, on the other hand. Furthermore, surgical technique, cell quality and rehabilitation seem to significantly influence the clinical outcome following autologous chondrocyte implantation. Among all factors identified as relevant for clinical outcome, some of these parameters are fixed and cannot be changed by either the surgeon nor the patient, while others can be influenced and even changed during the treatment and rehabilitation of a patient who underwent ACI.Knowledge of all relevant parameters that influence clinical outcome following ACI is essential in order to achieve an optimal clinical outcome in patients with cartilage defects of the knee. This paper presents a review of the scientific literature available which focuses on the questions as to what parameters influence the outcome of a patient following ACI for treatment of cartilage defects of the knee. No isolated factors could be identified that influence the outcome following ACI alone, but it seems that clinical outcome is influenced by many different parameters. These parameters should be considered carefully, at the time of decision about what kind of treatment is applied. Furthermore, the patient should be informed especially about those parameters which can be influenced by him-/herself in order to create good prerequisites for the surgical treatment.

Chondrocytes represent the most important cell source for engineering of cartilaginous tissues. Depending on the tissue type and the localization within the tissue, these cells may behave differently. Numerous studies have been done to compare articular, nasal, auricular, and costal chondrocytes in order to evaluate differences between knee and ankle joint cartilage and to investigate topographical variations within an articular joint. Moreover, the zonal structure of articular cartilage needs to be considered because it leads to phenotypical differences between chondrocytes of the superficial and the deeper zones. Several studies indicate, however, that even differentiated chondrocytes demonstrate a certain plasticity and strive to adapt their phenotypes to a new mechanical and biochemical environment. The aim of this review is to report on similarities and differences of chondrocytes from different tissues, zones, and topographical locations. In particular, an overview of recent results from comparative studies is presented, and possible consequences for the design of tissue engineering models are discussed.

Knowledge of rotator cuff tears, especially in young people, and their cause has been vastly expanded in recent years. This is reflected in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these lesions and the specific therapy. In contrast to the mostly degenerative tears in older people, the causes in young, active people differ: traumatic disruption, internal impingement due to instability (PSI, ASI), SLAP lesion, and microtraumatic causes may be found. Recently, connections between the different pathologies like internal impingement and the SLAP lesion were shown. For an accurate diagnosis and differentiation between the different pathologies an exact clinical examination and a high-quality MRI scan with intra-articular contrast enhancer is necessary. The final therapy should be planned based on the causative pathology; then good long-term results will be achieved and return to sports is likely. If there is no structural damage, conservative therapy should be initiated. If there is any structural damage, e.g., SLAP lesion or rotator cuff tear, surgical treatment is indicated. Besides a SLAP repair and rotator cuff suturing, care must be given not to miss an accompanying instability. These instabilities should also be corrected, e.g., with arthroscopic ventral capsular plication, otherwise results are worse.

Analysed were the results of all 48 patients with acute cholecystitis, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy between 1991 and 1995 in the department of general surgery, AKH, University of Vienna. In 18 cases it was necessary to convert to laparotomy. In a second step the results of these two groups of patients were compared with results of patients without acute cholecystitis, who elective underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In about 2/3 of the patients with acute cholecystitis laparoscopic cholecystectomy is possible. In these cases we found a mean postoperative hospital stay of 4.4 days, with a significant difference between those with drain (5.9 days) and those without (2.7 days). In cases of laparotomy the mean postoperative stay was 7.7 days, also significant longer. These patients consumed at the first postoperative day more than 1.5 times of opioid analgetics than those, who underwent laparoscopy with acute cholecystitis, laparoscopied patients without acute cholecystitis half of this. After the second postoperative day patients after laparotomy took 3 times of opioid analgetics than patients after laparoscopy, no matter if there was an acute cholecystitis or not. The rate of conversion to laparotomy sank with the increase of experience of a surgeon. Postoperative benefit of laparoscopic treatment, as less pain and shorter hospitalisation, can be saved even in cases of acute cholecystitis. So the management should primary be laparoscopic.