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Chronic pain is a common non-motor symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).To facilitate the diagnosis of pain in PD, we developed a new classification system the Parkinson's disease pain classification system (PD-PCS) and translated the corresponding validated questionnaire into German.A causal relationship of the respective pain syndrome with PD can be determined by four questions before assigning it hierarchically into one of three pain categories (neuropathic, nociceptive and nociplastic).In the initial validation study 77% of the patients (122/159) had PD-associated pain comprising 87 (55%) with nociceptive, 36 (22%) with nociplastic and 24 (16%) with neuropathic pain. The study revealed a high validity of the questionnaire and a moderate intrarater and interrater reliability. The questionnaire has been adapted into German and employed in 30 patients.The PD-PCS questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to determine the relationship of a pain syndrome with PD before classifying it according to the underlying category, facilitating further diagnostics and treatment.HINTERGRUND: Chronische Schmerzen sind ein häufiges nichtmotorisches Symptom beim Patienten mit M. Parkinson.Da die Zuordnung von Schmerzen bei Parkinson-Patienten nicht einfach ist, haben wir eine neue Parkinson-Schmerzklassifikation (PSK) mit einem zugehörigen Fragebogen validiert und nun ins Deutsche übersetzt.Zunächst kann der Zusammenhang von Schmerzen mit der Parkinson-Erkrankung anhand von vier Fragen festgestellt werden, bevor die weitere hierarchisch aufgebaute Unterteilung in eine von drei Schmerzkategorien erfolgt (neuropathisch, nozizeptiv und noziplastisch).Bei 77 % der Patienten (122/159) der initialen Validierungsstudie lagen Parkinson-assoziierte Schmerzen vor, wobei bei 87 (55 %) Patienten nozizeptive, bei 36 (22 %) noziplastische und bei 24 Patienten (16 %) neuropathische Schmerzen vorlagen. Die Studie zeigte eine hohe Validität des Schmerzfragebogens bei einer moderaten Intra- und Interraterreliabilität. Die deutsche Version des Fragebogens wurde nach Anpassungen bei 30 Patienten angewendet.Der PSK-Fragebogen ist ein valides und reliables Werkzeug, um Parkinson-assoziierten Schmerz von nicht-Parkinson-assoziiertem Schmerz zu unterscheiden und die Schmerzen einer Kategorie zuzuordnen, was die weitere Diagnostik und Therapie erleichtert.

Die Transformation der antiken Stadt im Frühmittelalter ist in der aktuellen europäischen Forschung ein Thema von entscheidender Bedeutung, dem man sich aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und von unterschiedlichen Forschungstraditionen her angenähert hat, die den Teilnehmern an der Diskussion bekannt sein dürften. In Bezug auf Hispanien steht jede Diskussion über den städtischen Raum mit dem Prozess der Islamisierung und mit der Entstehung des frühen al-Andalus in Verbindung und diese ist wie...

This article examines the significance of the Cardinal-Infan-te Ferdinand of Austria’s Joyeuse Entrée into Ghent. He made a number of triumphal entries all around the territory as governor of the Nether-lands after his victory in Nördlingen. One of the most brilliant of these entries took place in the city of Ghent, on January 26th, 1635. This entry is fully described about in the book, Serenissimi Principis Ferdinandi Hispaniarum Infantis S.R.E. Cardinalis Triumphalis introitus in Flan-driae Metropolim Gandavum. The author was the Jesuit Guilielmo Be-cano. It was printed in Antwerp in 1636 by the printing press of Ioannis Meursi. In it, Ferdinand is linked to classical characters from mythology, while his great-grandfather Emperor Charles v, his is presented as the young ruler’s Speculum Principis.

espanolEn este articulo se pretende 1) actualizar la base documental de hachas de jade ibericas exponiendo los resultados de la caracterizacion de cinco hachas procedentes de la Meseta Norte Espanola (espectroscopia Raman y UV-VIS-NIR) y 2) contrastar la hipotesis sobre el intercambio direccional entre Bretana (hachas repulidas de jade) y el Occidente de la Peninsula Iberica (adornos de variscita) durante el V y IV milenios a.C Los analisis arqueometricos apuntan a un origen alpino de las hachas en estudio. Sin embargo, distintos argumentos arqueologicos –que incluyen aspectos tipologicos y cronologicos de la distribucion de hachas, adornos de variscita y otros artefactos– asi como un analisis estadistico de correlacion espacial entre la distribucion de las hachas de jade y minas y adornos de variscita, nos facultan a rechazar dicha hipotesis: no consideramos que haya existido un intercambio directo de hachas de jade bretonas por adornos de variscita del occidente peninsular sino, mas bien, una distribucion de tipo “down-the-line/prestige chain”. EnglishThe focus of this paper is to update the Iberian jade axe database with new unpublished data and the archaeometric characterisation (Raman and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy) of five jade axes of the Spanish Northern Meseta. This data will be used to test the hypothesis published by other authors which suggests that during the 5th and 4th millennia BCE there was a directional exchange of sociotechnic artefacts between Brittany, France (repolished alpine jade axes), and the Western Iberian Peninsula (ornaments of variscite mined in Zamora and Huelva). Archaeometric data shows a supra-peninsular exchange for axes based on the alpine origin of the jade. Besides this, previously untangled archaeological questions such as 1) Breton and Western Iberian jade axes and variscite ornaments typologies 2) exchange dynamics of other sociotechnic artefacts in Central Iberia and 3) the correlation of the distribution of jade axes, variscite sources and variscite beads, are analysed together. In our opinion, the data available suggest that, instead of a “directional trade” exchange, green sociotechnic objects –jade and variscite- reflect a decentralised “down-the-line/prestige chain” model. euskaraArtikulu honen helburua da: 1) jade-aizkora iberiarren dokumentu-basea eguneratzea, Espainia Iparraldeko Goi-ordokiko bost aizkoraren ezaugarrien emaitzak azalduz (Raman espektroskopia eta UV-VIS-NIR) eta 2) K.a. V eta IV. milurtekoetan Bretainiaren (jade-aizkora txukunduak) eta Iberiar Penintsulako Mendebaldearen (bariszitazko apaingarriak) arteko norabide-trukeari buruzko hipotesiak alderatzea. Azterketa arkeometrikoen arabera, aztertutako aizkorek jatorri alpetarra dute. Baina zenbait argudio arkeologiko (horien artean aizkoren banaketaren alderdi tipologikoak eta kronologikoak, bariszitazko apaingarriak eta beste gailu batzuk) eta jade-aizkoren eta meatzeen eta bariszitazko apaingarrien banaketaren arteko korrelazio espazialaren azterketa estatistikoak hipotesi hori baztertzera garamatzate. Ez dugu uste zuzeneko trukerik izan denik Bretainiako jade-aizkoren eta penintsulako mendebaldeko bariszitazko apaingarrien artean, baizik eta “down-the-line/prestige chain” motako banaketa bat.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) with simultaneous data transmission through coupled magnetic resonators is investigated in this paper. The development of this system is dedicated to serve as a basis for applications in the field of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), for example tracking vital parameters remotely, charge and control sensors and so on. Due to these different scenarios we consider, it is important to have a system which is reliable under the circumstance of changing positioning of the receiving device. State of the art radio systems would be able to handle this. Nevertheless, energy harvesting from far field sources is not sufficient to power the devices additionally on mid-range distances. For this reason, coupled magnetic resonant circuits are proposed as a promising alternative, although suffering from more complex positioning dependency. Based on measurements on a simple prototype system, an equivalent circuit description is used to model the transmission system dependent on different transmission distances and impedance matching conditions. Additionally, the simulation model is used to extract system parameters such as coupling coefficients, coil resistance and self-capacitance, which cannot be calculated in a simple and reliable way. Furthermore, a mathematical channel model based on the schematic model has been built in MATLAB©. It is used to point out the problems occurring in a transmission system with variable transmission distance, especially the change of the passband's centre frequency and its bandwidth. Existing solutions dealing with this distance dependent behaviour, namely the change of the transmission frequency dependent on distance and the addition of losses to the resonators to increase the bandwidth, are considered as not inventive. First, changing the transmission frequency increases the complexity in the data transmission system and would use a disproportional total bandwidth compared to the actually available bandwidth. Additionally, adding losses causes a decrease in the energy transmission efficiency. Based on these facts, we consider a system that changes the channel itself by tuning the resonant coils in a way that the passband is always at a fixed frequency. This would overcome the previously described issues, and additionally could allow for the possibility to run several independent transmission systems in parallel without disturbing each other.

The health sector uses clinical guidelines as instruments for helping decision making. We are interested in the development of a ubiquitous decision support system (UDSS) for clinical guidelines in order to help the medical staff in their decisions and in order to record a trace of the application of the guidelines. For the development of such a system in a Model-Driven Development (MDD) setting, we propose the use of class diagrams of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) with stereotypes and extensible Markup Language (XML) schemas. When both languages, UML and XML, have to share a common modelling space, the necessity of transforming UML models into XML schémas arises. However, to our knowledge, previous transformation proposals do not consider the case in which some profiles have been applied to the UML model. For this reason, in this paper we propose a set of rules for translating stereotyped UML class diagrams into XML schémas, storing a trace of the application of the guideline. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.