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Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung condition with a complex clinical picture. The diagnosis is not easy to make because COPD can develop insidiously and remain unnoticed for a long time. Therefore, general practitioners play a central role in the early detection of the disease. Suspected COPD can be confirmed by special examinations in collaboration with pulmonologists. The new GOLD guideline defines three COPD risk groups (A-B-E) which should guide the personalized treatment concept. A short- or long-acting bronchodilator (SAMA/SABA or LAMA/LABA) is recommended for group A, and a dual long-acting bronchodilator therapy (LABA+LAMA) is recommended for group B and E. In case of blood eosinophilia (≥300 cells/µl) and/or recent hospitalization for COPD exacerbation, triple therapy (LABA+LAMA+ICS) is recommended. General practitioners are important in implementing non-pharmacological measures (smoking cessation, regular exercise, vaccinations, patient selfmanagement education). However, this also underlines the high demands of the implementation of the GOLD guideline in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unplanned rehospitalizations represent a major burden for patients, their relatives and the healthcare system. Since the introduction of the SwissDRG in 2012, financial incentives for hospitals have been promoted to forestall readmissions. Not every patient is at risk for rehospitalization. Affected patients can be identified by predictors from various areas in order to implement adequate interventions and avoid readmissions. Predictors can be directly related to patients as in the case of polypharmacy, multiple comorbidities or related to gender, but also provider-related and system-related. Early follow-up visits or a pre-discharge medication review are cited as effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For general practitioners there have been important novelties in the treatment of asthma due to recent modifications of the international guidelines from Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Step 1 no longer recommends the use of short-acting β2-agonists (SABA) without concomitant inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as a controller because of the lack of efficacy and for safety reasons. Instead, low dose ICS-formoterol as needed is recommended. GINA step 5 recommends targeted biologic therapies like interleukin antibodies in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma. Asthma patients presenting simultaneously with symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should receive treatment containing ICS. Independent of the current corona pandemic, GINA recommendations stay in place. Recent data on prescriptions of SABA and oral corticosteroids (OCS) in Switzerland indicate that they still play an important role in asthma management and that GINA recommendations have not yet been sufficiently implemented into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For patients with difficult-to-control, severe bronchial asthma, highly effective, targeted treatment options are available in addition to inhaled medication. In the presence of eosinophilia, inhibition of the interleukin-5 (IL-5) axis with specific monoclonal antibodies promises to be an effective alternative to continuous systemic steroid therapy with few side effects. This review summarizes the data on benralizumab, a specific antibody against the IL-5 receptor alpha preventing receptor stimulation by IL-5 and activating a NK-cell mediated cytotoxic reaction with apoptosis of eosinophils. The s.c.-application of benralizumab leads within days to a virtually complete depletion of blood eosinophils with consecutive improvement in lung function and stabilization of asthma. For selected severe asthmatics, this is a promising therapy option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For patients with difficult-to-control, severe bronchial asthma, highly effective, targeted treatment options are available in addition to inhaled medication. In the presence of eosinophilia, inhibition of the interleukin-5 (IL<5) axis with specific monoclonal antibodies promises to be an effective alternative to continuous systemic steroid therapy with few side effects. This review summarizes the data on benralizumab, a specific antibody against the IL-5 receptor alpha preventing receptor stimulation by IL-5 and activating a NK-cell mediated cytotoxic reaction with apoptosis of eosinophils. The s.c.-application of benralizumab leads within days to a virtually complete depletion of blood eosinophils with consecutive improvement in lung function and stabilization of asthma. For selected severe asthmatics, this is a promising therapy option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Advanced emphysema and asthma constitute major health burden worldwide and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological options are limited. Researches are being carried out aiming to modify the natural course of both the diseases. Lung volume reduction surgeries are performed in advanced emphysema but are associated with significant morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. Various minimally invasive bronchoscopic methods have been developed with the goal of achieving clinical benefits of volume reduction surgery but lower complications. Bronchial thermoplasty is a bronchoscopic method of delivering controlled heat in the airways to reduce airway smooth muscle mass, thereby reducing bronchoconstriction in patients with severe asthma who remain uncontrolled despite optimal medical therapy. Various randomised controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of various endoscopic treatments like valves, coils, use of sclerosants and targeted lung denervation for severe emphysema and bronchial thermoplasty in severe asthma. The current review summaries the clinical trial evidence available for lung volume reduction in emphysema and thermoplasty in asthma and provide guidance for optimal patient selection for various therapies available.

European and North-American guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of arterial hypertension refer to hypertensive crisis as an acute and critical increase of blood pressure>180/120 mmHg. Presence of acute hypertensive target organ damage, such as stroke, myocardial infarction or heart failure, in this situation defines a “hypertensive emergency”. In these patients, immediate lowering of blood pressure (about 25% within one to two hours) in an intensive care setting is mandatory to prevent further progression of target organ damage. In contrast to hypertensive emergencies, hypertensive urgencies are characterized by an acute and critical increase in blood pressure without signs or symptoms of acute hypertensive target organ damage. In these patients, blood pressure should be lowered within 24 to 48 hours in order to avoid hypertensive target organ damage. In general, hospitalization is not required, and oral antihypertensive therapy usually is sufficient. However, further and continuing outpatient care has to be ensured.

Arterial hypertension remains the most important risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. In view of an increasing prevalence with older age and an increasingly aging population, the treatment of elderly patients with arterial hypertension will become increasingly important in daily practice. Arterial hypertension in the elderly differs in many aspects from arterial hypertension in younger patients. For example, isolated systolic hypertension is the predominant form of arterial hypertension in the elderly. In comparison to younger patients, treatment of hypertension in the elderly is less well investigated. However, available data suggest that lowering of blood pressure in the elderly and very elderly reduces the risk of heart failure, stroke, and even mortality. The best evidence for the treatment of hypertension in the elderly exists for diuretics and calcium antagonists. However, the primary choice of antihypertensive therapy should be guided by the presence of existing cardiovascular and/or renal comorbidities.

Therapy-resistant hypertension is a frequent finding in clinical practice. It is associated with a significantly increased risk for cardiovascular and renal events. Causes include but are not limited to erroneous blood pressure measurements, compliance issues, blood pressure increasing co-medication, and secondary hypertension. During the last years, several medical and interventional therapeutic approaches have been described and introduced into clinical practice. The goal of this paper is to summarize the clinically relevant diagnostic and therapeutic aspects related to therapy-resistant hypertension and to give an overview on the rational approach to this clinical problem.

Asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease are chronic pulmonary diseases which have a high prevalence world-wide. Both conditions can deteriorate acutely and potentially put patients into life-threatening situations. Management of an acute exacerbation starts in the emergency consultation-setting and ends only once the longterm management has been thoroughly assessed and optimised in order to prevent future exacerbations. Exacerbation frequency is strongly associated with long-term morbidity and mortality in both diseases. Recent data have shown that short-course systemic steroids (5 days) for the treatment of an acute exacerbation of COPD are as successful as long-course treatments (14 days) in preventing exacerbations during the subsequent 6 months. Similarly the targeted use of antibiotics is discussed in this review.

We report a case of a 63 year old woman with progressive small red spots that can not be diminished with pressure. They appeared on the feet first and spread out to the legs, trunk and arms. This was accompanied with non-bloody diarrhoea and the laboratory diagnostics showed minor impairment of the kidney. The biopsy of the skin showed deposits of immunoglobulin A and C3 complement in the stratum papillare of the small vessels and a necrosis of the wall, which made the diagnosis of the Schönlein-Henoch purpura clear. It was accompanied by a systemic participation of the gastrointestinal tract. The quick reversible renal insufficiency was rather interpreted as a prerenal cause, than as an origin of the Schönlein-Henoch purpura. We further discussed the diagnostic methods, the aetiology and the possible therapy options.

Computed tomography (CT) is an important and increasingly employed tool for investigating acute and chronic thoracic symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath and chest pain. The differential diagnosis is large - from cardiac diseases, parenchymal lung dieseases, pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection through to neurological, spinal and musculoskeletal conditions. Incidental findings are not unusual and include solitary pulmonary nodules, atelectasis, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, mediastinal cysts, aortic aneurysm and asymptomatic aortic dissection. These indicental findings in the thoracic CT scan as well as their further investigation are discussed in this overview.

Inadequate adherence to therapy is not an uncommon problem in the management of chronic asthma. Insufficient information, unmet expectations and medication side effects are all important factors that contribute to poor adherence to therapy. In addition to optimal patient education, the use of asthma action plans (and thereby the transfer of responsibility of disease management to the patients themselves), it is important to devise an individually-tailored asthma-treatment programme which is independent of disease severity and level of control. Depending on the patient's expectation and abilities, as simple a treatment plan as possible should be devised and applied. Regular medical follow up should then focus on patient expectation, understanding of their condition and inhalation technique so that appropriate action can be taken and therapy adjustments made. Ultimately this translates into successful and cost effective asthma management.

Assessment of dyspnea can be a challenging task even for experienced physicians. Dyspnea can be caused by multiple reasons in up to one third of the cases. By history taking and physical examinations only, airway obstruction can be missed as well as over-diagnosed. Therefore, spirometry is an important tool in the assessment of dyspnea. Spirometry should be performed in a high standard quality respecting the international quality criteria, thus spirometry can be interpreted securely and provide the asked information.