Search

Horsemeat consumption has been one of the most intriguing questions about ancient dietary practices. Zooarchaeological materials from the Late Bronze Age in Estonia (850â500 BCE) contain high proportions of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) compared to subsequent periods, leading to debates about the cultural­-economic features of eating horsemeat during this period. One of the assemblages rich in horse remains is from the Iru fortified settlement in northern Estonia, first studied by Kalju Paaver in the 1960s. This article revisits the Iru zooarchaeological material with the aim of clarifying the significance of horsemeat con sumption among Iru people and expanding the discussion about the Bronze Age horse culture in prehistoric Estonia. Several findings confirmed the consumption of horsemeat. First, the taxonomic analysis showed a high proportion of horse specimens among livestock remains, contextually interpreted as kitchen and food refuse. Second, despite the horse specimens coming mainly from the cranium (teeth) and body parts with low meat yield (distal elements of the limbs), the evidence of butchering, especially for elements representing meaty body parts, attests to various food procurement activities. Third, the presence of juvenile specimens in the material refers to the culling of young animals, even though there is no direct evidence of utilising juvenile meat. The study results are discussed in the frame of contemporaneous material from Estonia and elsewhere, touching upon the extent of horsemeat consumption, the tools used for butchering, and the possible origins of the Bronze Age horse culture in Estonia.

The ecologically valuable and unique natural and cultural landscapes of protected areas are popular nature tourism destinations. From a spatial perspective, travellers visit protected areas by moving from their place of origin to the destination for a temporary stay. This paper analyses the travel distances of day visitors and overnight guests to German national parks and biosphere reserves. National parks position themselves as both regional and national destinations. In contrast, biosphere reserve tourism is more regionally concentrated due to the proximity of biosphere reserves to urban centres, which are the primary places of origin for visitors. On average, visitors travel 278.6 km by car to visit a national park, taking 172.1 minutes (02:52 hours). Opting for public transport increases the average travel distance to 312.5 km, with a travel time of 284.5 minutes (04:43 hours). Visitors to German biosphere reserves travel 208.7 km by car, requiring 134.7 minutes (02:15 hours). When using public transport to visit biosphere reserves, the average distance increases to 234.0 km, with a travel time of 239.1 minutes (03:59 hours). The automated, GIS-supported distance analyses offer an innovative approach for assessing nature tourism catchment areas and the accessibility of protected areas, serving as a basis for effective spatial planning, development, and regional marketing.

Die Leibniz-Wolffsche Tradition hat im Bereich der Geschichte der Philosophie an Bedeutung gewonnen.[1] Zu dieser Tradition zählen neben den Namensgebern, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz und Christian Wolff, die Vertreter der deutschen Schulmetaphysik des 18. Jahrhunderts und die Leibnizianer wie Moses Mendelssohn oder Johann August Eberhard.[2] Zu der deutschen Schulmetaphysik des 18. Jahrhunderts gehören neben Wolff die „Wolffianer“, bspw. Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Johann Christoph Gottsched, Georg Friedrich Meier oder Hermann Samuel Reimarus, während Leibniz und (zumeist) auch Mendelssohn nicht zur deutschen Schulmetaphysik gezählt werden (Heimsoeth, 1967, Krijnen, 2017, Wundt, 1964).[3]Indes ist Leibniz auch für Wolff und die Wolffianer eine Schlüsselfigur gewesen. [1] Seit dem Ende des zweiten Weltkriegs hat die Erforschung der Leibniz-Wolffschen Tradition in den 1960er und den 1970er Jahren einen ersten Höhepunkt erreicht (vgl. bspw. Arndt, 1971, Bissinger, 1970, École, 1973, 1979). In dieser Einleitung werden vor allem Arbeiten erwähnt, die nach der Jahrtausendwende erschienen sind, um auf diese Weise das aktuelle Interesse an der Leibniz-Wolffschen Tradition zu verdeutlichen. [2] Von der deutschen Schulmetaphysik des 18. Jahrhunderts ist die deutsche Schulmetaphysik des 17. Jahrhunderts zu unterscheiden. Zur deutschen Schulmetaphysik des 17. Jahrhunderts siehe Wundt (1939). [3] Gideon Stiening zählt Mendelssohn jedoch zur deutschen Schulmetaphysik (Stiening, 2014, S. 55).

Phragmosis, or the use of specially modified body parts and associated behaviors to block an opening as defense against predators, is a commonly observed phenomenon in certain ants and termites that block entrances of their subterranean nests with large, flat heads. It has been reported in some beetles and other insects and even in some frogs. Common features of phragmosis in caddisfly larvae include a hard and usually flat body surface, with or without stout spines, and the behavior of fitting that body surface tightly in the opening of its case. A different defensive strategy occurs in snails and case-making larvae of camptosomate leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae and Lamprosomatinae) that protect themselves from predators by securing the openings of their shells or cases firmly against the substrate, a behavior we call “cathaptosis.” Common features of cathaptosis in caddisfly larvae include a case with its vulnerable opening oriented parallel with the substrate and accompanied by behavior that grips the substrate, fixing the case opening firmly against it when threatened. We suggest that these defensive strategies have evolved multiple times in Trichoptera, especially in case-making larvae. We demonstrate some examples and provide tentative lists of caddisflies whose larvae may have evolved these defensive strategies.

The analysis of battery materials regarding their microstructure provides key insights on their performance in the target application, e.g., in terms of electrical conductivity, durability, or resistance to destructive exothermic reactions upon damage. Typically, high resolution scans on a large fields-of-view are required for this purpose, which implies rapidly increasing dataset sizes. This work introduces a big data analytics approach integrating segmentation and quantification techniques, which are scaling with large high-resolution computed tomography data, in order to generate rich computed tomography data. Subsequent visualizations support the final decision making. Representative results of this method are demonstrated on a commercially available 18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery cell.

This article presents the results of a multi-proxy study conducted on a triple burial found at a settlement site at Pärnu Road 41, Tallinn, Estonia, dating to 405â360 cal BC (Pre-Roman Iron Age). Through archaeological and chemical analyses, including AMS dating, archaeobotany, osteology, stable isotope analysis, lipid analysis, metallography and XRF analysis, this study proves valuable insights into the provenance, diet, and burial practices of the woman and children buried in the grave at Pärnu Road 41. The stable isotope analysis of strontium, carbon and nitrogen suggests that the individuals were of local origin and did not travel long distances during their lifetime. It is likely that the diet of the woman was mainly based on terrestrial protein, which is also supported by lipid analysis performed of pot sherds. These results correspond with the dietary stable isotope values of individuals from Estonia dated to the second half of the Bronze Age and the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Based on the find context of carbonized grains, the partial burning of the female skeleton and the fire pit built contemporaneously above the grave, it is likely that grains and fire could have played an important role in inhumation burials. However, because of the scarcity of inhumation burials in pit graves, it is unclear whether or not the triple burial at Pärnu Road 41 represents a widespread burial practice alongside the stone graves typical of this period. Moreover, it is possible that the observed rituals are linked to foreign customs, as the buried individuals may have had familial ties to immigrants from different regions of eastern Europe, as indicated by a unique bronze bell-pendant found in the grave. This study also introduces the discovery of the earliest known iron smithing site in Estonia. Spherical magnetic droplets found within the burial soil were proven to be hammer scales, formed as a by-product of iron working. The appearance of hammer scales in the soil of a burial dated to the 4th century BC challenges the previously established timeline of iron working in the region.

Der Sammelband "Global Contestations of Gender Rights" versammelt interdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf die weltweite autoritäre Anfechtung geschlechtsbezogener Rechte im globalen Kontext. Der Sammelband weist dabei drei Stärken auf: Erstens löst er den eigenen Anspruch auf Interdisziplinarität, Intersektionalität und Globalität vollumfänglich ein. Zweitens bietet er einen qualifizierten Überblick über die empirischen und theoretischen Hintergründe und die Entwicklung des globalen autoritären Backlashes. Drittens entwickelt sich über verschiedene Beiträge hinweg eine Diskussion, welche die ambivalente Stellung von Menschenrechten und dem ihnen zugrundeliegenden universalistischen Anspruch im Kontext der globalen Anfechtung geschlechterbezogener Rechte untersucht.

Furnace and Fugue is a digital edition of Michael Maier’s (1568-1622) opus magnum, the emblem book Atalanta fugiens (1617/18) in which Latin and German texts are paired with images and musical fugues in an enigmatic way to engage users of the book in deep meditation on alchemical subjects. The digital edition of the text itself, including an English translation based on a 17th century manuscript, is accompanied by a number of scholarly essays. A main feature is the MEI player, which includes a piano roll visualisation that allows users to experience the musicological makeup of Atalanta fugiens even without a background in music theory. The edition is a beautifully designed “haute couture” edition, intended to provide an example for the future of digital scholarly publishing. The project has used digital editing effectively to enable the multimedia experience that Michael Maier had likely envisioned for Atalanta fugiens. but which was previously inaccessible to most users of the book.

Erosion during potential future glaciations, especially the incision of deep tunnel valleys, is a major challenge for the long-term safety of a radioactive waste repository. Tunnel valleys are a common feature of formerly glaciated sedimentary basins and were incised by pressurised subglacial meltwater. Besides glaciological conditions, tunnel-valley formation depends strongly on the erodibility and hydraulic conductivity of the substratum. In northern Germany, tunnel valleys formed during the Pleistocene glaciations are widespread and may attain depths of almost 600 m. The Pleistocene record may provide an indication for the potential regional distribution and maximum depth of future glaciogenic erosion. We present a new overview map of the maximum depth of Pleistocene erosion in northern Germany. Depth zones were extracted from the existing data and maps provided by the state geological surveys. Based on the mapped depth zones, the potential for future tunnel-valley formation can be assessed. The map may serve as a base to define a spatially variable additional depth that should be added to the minimum depth of a repository required by legislation.

Die Entscheidung, ob eine Leistung in kleinen Gemeinden ausgelagert oder in Eigenerstellung erbracht werden soll, erfolgt vor allem unter dem Druck zur Effizienzsteigerung und gleichzeitigen Einsparungen der Kosten in den Verwaltungen, sich wandelnden Anforderungen und Erwartungen, einem steigenden Bedürfnis nach Professionalisierung sowie zunehmender Komplexität der zu bearbeitenden Materien. Durch diese Herausforderungen sehen sich besonders die Kleingemeinden gefordert. Die Studie geht der Frage nach, welche Aufgaben Gemeinden, insbesondere die Kleingemeinden im Kanton Zürich, überhaupt noch selbständig erfüllen und welche Aufgaben schon mehrheitlich ausgelagert wurden. Zudem werden die Gründe eruiert, warum manche Aufgabenbereiche fast ausschliesslich in Eigenerstellung erbracht werden, während anderes fast vollständig ausgelagert wurden.Die Studie basiert auf einer quantitativen Befragung von 51 Kleingemeinden im Kanton Zürich sowie auf Interviews mit sieben Gemeindeschreiber:innen.