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How refugees are received in Europe depends not only on where they arrive, but above all on where they come from. This article discusses these disparities of solidarity and asks how they can be explained. It is based on collaborative ethnographic research conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Greece, the Republic of Moldova and Germany. We show that dynamics of solidarity are oriented by imaginaries of similarity that are rooted in politically and historically embedded social practices. They are complex because they are never just about the relation to the Other seeking protection, but always also about one's own identity and self-image. This is why they are often socially contested. Ideas of similarity promote solidarity, but also create distance and exclusion. In liberal societies, which are founded on a commitment to universalist principles, there is therefore a need for corrective measures to counter the logics and dynamics of solidarity based on similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In conjunction with written literacy both research and the international comparative studies PISA and IGLU focus in particular on difficulties with reading comprehension, while spelling is treated rather marginally. In particular, little research has been published in German-speaking countries on the specific difficulties of children with spelling difficulties and potential influencing factors. Aims: On the one hand, the paper aims to provide information about the spelling phenomena with which students with special educational needs have the greatest difficulties at the end of elementary school. On the other hand, it should make clear which (meta-)linguistic-cognitive functions have the strongest influence on spelling performance. Methods: N=253 students were assessed in terms of their spelling performance, reading skills, phonological information processing (phonological awareness, naming speed, working memory), processing speed and cognitive abilities. In order to be able to make a statement about the spelling difficulties of the participating students, the orthographic skills were qualitatively evaluated in a differentiated manner. The influence of (meta-)linguistic-cognitive functions was determined using correlation and regression analyses. Results: Participating students have particular difficulties with the spelling of the /s/- or /z/-phoneme and prefixes as well as the use of the umlauts <ä> or <äu> and double consonance at morpheme boundaries at the end of primary school. However, errors can still be identified which indicate that the phonological principle has not yet been fully mastered. The strongest influence on spelling performance was demonstrated for phonological awareness. Conclusions With regard to the acquisition of correct spelling, the promotion of phonological awareness should not be neglected for students with special educational needs, even at the end of primary school. Morpheme-based approaches are suitable for dealing with specific spelling difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study is the development of epistemological and logical doctrine by outstanding Russian philosopher Nikolay Onufriyevich Lossky in connection with the influence of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy on him. The formation of Lossky’s logical and epistemological views followed the path of development and, at the same time, creative “overcoming” of Kant’s critical philosophy. Special attention is paid to solving the problem of analytic and synthetic propositions in Lossky’s system of logic based on the epistemology of intuitionism and ideal-realism. Relying on Kant’s achievements in transcendental logic, related to the discovery of synthetic propositions a priori, justification of the possibility of universal and necessary synthetic propositions, Lossky comes to his own original view of the problem “analytic - synthetic”, manifested in the statement of all propositions (including the propositions of mathematics and logic) as having a synthetic structure, the rejection of analytic propositions, the extension of this position to the theory of inference, according to which syllogism is also synthetic. The views of N.O. Lossky on the problem of correlation between traditional logic and modern mathematical logic are considered. The text of N.O. Lossky’s article “Analytic and Synthetic Propositions and Mathematical Logic”, which has not been published in Russian before, is analysed. The introduction of new archival material into the scientific turnover will make it possible to outline more clearly the contours of N.O. Lossky’s logic as the most important part of his philosophical system, to study the development of the thinker’s logical ideas in the 1950s at the late stage of his work (the American period of the Russian philosopher’s life and work) and to understand the specifics of his “discussion” with representatives of neopositivism (R. Carnap, B. Russell, L. Wittgenstein).

This article presents a theory of communication for media and a related model that aim at explaining how communication is a process comprising various areas of human existence, while its manifestation in the voice is a concrete performance with a pertaining power. In Aristotle we find a scholar who described with the logos a faculty present in the human mind and speech, but his writings allow to reconstruct a more comprehensive perspective on the voice with the distinction between the modes of speaking and saying. In order to show this communication process we employ the concepts of mediation, enmediation, and remediation and the modes of speaking and saying in the Aristotelian tradition, we develop our model of a voice-centered theory of communication for media that comprises the for the voice permeable intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal areas of communication.

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Introducing an inclusive pilot project as an example, this paper at hand discusses how establishing and implementing inclusive elements and practices in social spaces raises new issues about the importance of theoretical reflection. The pilot project »Kommune Inklusiv« aimed to open up opportunities for participation for people at risk of exclusion in five contrastive social spaces under a broad concept of inclusion. During the course of the project, scientific analyses showed that socio-theoretical perspectives on inclusion were neglected in favour of a process-optimising control logic performed in the project, which proved to have a tangible impact on the success of (sub-)projects. This article therefore advocates to strengthen socio-theoretical perspectives, which can be of critical importance in the successful implementation of inclusive practices and projects. In particular, theoretical aspect of crisis, which according to Oevermann is always inherent in pedagogical action, can contribute to understand inclusion as a (pedagogical) negotiation practice and manifest necessary reflective processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article is dedicated to the practice of representation in guided tours of memorial places. Against the background of the pedagogical problem of the visibility and invisibility of the past, thick descriptions of two situations show that a synchronisation of different layers of time occurs. The invisible from the past is materialised in the form of (digital) visualisations that are placed in a relationship to the local location. In the case of digital spatial images, the materialisation of the invisible plays a part in the fact that the practice of representation follows the logic of simulation. As a result, a spatial positioning in the past future occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freud claimed that objects are means of satisfying drives (Freud, 1916), a view that was strengthened by object-relation theories, which claims that drives are primarily object-seeking (Fairbairn, 1946). In a recently published paper, I have suggested modifying this assumption. I argue that while drives are consciously directed at objects, they are unconsciously directed solely at characteristics (Saad, 2022). In this paper, I examine the distinction between directing drives at characteristics and directing drives at objects. I then use this distinction to make a distinction between transference relations and real relations. Finally, I show that the characteristic/object distinction might reveal intrapsychic conflicts in which the subject is consciously attracted to an object and unconsciously repulsed by its characteristics (or vice versa), and I examine how these conflicts can be analyzed within the psychoanalytic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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First Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Main Pedagogical Institute and then also St. Petersburg University, Carpatho-Rusyn P. D. Lodij spent a quarter of a century teaching philosophy and law in the Russian Empire in the first third of the 19th century. His knowledge of Kant’s philosophy and his attitude to Kant’s criticism are estimated diametrically opposed in the research literature. An analysis of his main philosophical work, “Logical Precepts which Lead to Cognition and the Distinction of the True from the False” (1815), convincingly proves that Lodij was an excellent scholar of Kant’s philosophy. In Russia, he was the first thinker who spoke about the differences between the first and second editions of the “Critique of Pure Reason”. Lodij also was the first who noted both the revolutionary role of Kant’s Copernican turn, and the importance of Humeʼs causality problem for the formation of critical philosophy. In Russia, Lodij was the first who proposed a detailed description of Kant’s transcendental idealism. At the same time, Lodij’s general attitude to Kant was rather skeptical. In his own logic, he does not follow Kant’s division of logic into pure and applied, but he returns to pre-Kant’s split into theoretical and practical logics. Lodij disputes with the basic conclusions about the space derived from the transcendental aesthetic, denies synthetic judgments a priori and the rooting of the cognizing reason in illusions. Despite his unequivocal claims regarding Kant’s philosophy, “Logical Precepts” and its author were persecuted during the so-called “professorsʼ affair” of the 1820s. As a result, Lodij was suspended from teaching philosophy, and his logic textbook was withdrawn from teaching for both “disgrace” and imaginary Kantianism.

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The following thought sketch focusses on religious constellations in present day Western societies – whereby the description depends on adequately outlining the ‘area’ between the religious and the secular. Especially religious constellations ‘in between’ characterize the present situation. A theoretical starting point is the Systems theory, because persons are forced to change back and forth between different System logics and to combine separate roles. This leads to the emergence of attitudes ‘in between’ with regard to religious convictions. It is insightful that the biblical tradition already knows this idea of an anthropological ‘in between’ an its different literary representation. The article ends with the presentation of theologically-anthropological, sociological and pastoral consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The contribution offers an interpretation of the last phase of Nietzsche's production, based on the influence of some economic concepts. In 1887, Nietzsche encountered the work of the proto-marginalist economist Emmanuel Herrmann and his book "Cultur und Natur: Studien im Gebiete der Wirthschaft". At the time, Nietzsche was working on the attempt – later abandoned – to offer a comprehensive interpretation of Western metaphysics and history. aimed at a "transvaluation of all values" and based on the idea of will to power. Herrmann's economic theory played a significant role in this project, offering a model capable of articulating all social and natural processes – and particularly life – in terms of purely immanent relations. By linking the ideas of transvaluation and will-to-power to the logic of capitalistic accumulation and of market society, we can gain an understanding of the influence of economical concepts on Nietzsche's project, which should in turn allow a better evaluation of its historical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henry Mackenzie’s The Man of Feeling (1771) is known to be particularly striking for its high level of formal and narrative fragmentariness. Formlessness and fragmentariness have long been discussed as key features of the early British novel (see Hunter 1990; see Starr 1998) and are often understood as defining features of mid and late eighteenth-century sentimental novels, which foreground their own materiality (see Wetmore 2013). Indeed, the unfeeling curate-logician who hands the manuscript over to the editor famously opines that its author cannot be found “in one strain for two chapters together” and that the text does not contain “a single syllogism from beginning to end” (Mackenzie 2001, 4). In this article, I explore the highly eclectic and fragmentary generic make-up of The Man of Feeling (cf. Benedict 2016) in order to flesh out the specific critique that the text mounts against the emerging genre of the novel and the poetics of moral sentimentalism. Mackenzie does, in fact, disparage the new genre in his essays for The Mirror and The Lounger and never claims to be writing a novel – whether in his correspondence or in the narrative introduction to The Man of Feeling – but rather a “medley” of sorts. By providing a more nuanced account of Mackenzie’s critique that remains sensitive to its inherent tensions, I want to shed light on the manner in which the text’s fragmentariness stages the unreliability of Harley’s perpetually-frustrated acts of sympathy and benevolence, which function as counterexamples to a proposed “art of thinking” (Mackenzie 2001, 32). If properly understood and practiced, such an art would allow a coherent grasp of human nature and potentially provide a suitable moral-affective remedy for the ills of modern commercial society (cf. Harkin 2005c) that Harley witnesses and describes along his journey.

Walter Benjamin called Felix Noeggerath (1885-1960) the “universal genius” or simply “genius.” In his 1916 treatise “Synthesis and the Concept of System in Philosophy,” Noeggerath offered a reading of Kant’s concept of synthesis in an original and radical manner. He dares to confront thought with the incommensurability of atheoretical Being. The linkage between logic and incommensurability is what he calls rationalism. In contradiction to this claim, any attempt to exclude atheoretical Being from the realm of logic is anti-rationalism. Noeggerath elaborates on this in a penetrating discussion and modification of epistemological positions, especially those of the Marburg School and Hermann Cohen. Noeggerath constructs a notion of the philosophical system with the help of Kant’s three tables of transcendental judgements, categories, and principles in the Critique of Pure Reason. Each of these tables is known to contain 12 individual elements in four groups of three each. For the systematic division, the third group under the title “Relation” is decisive. Noeggerath assigns one systemic part to each kind of relation: “For it is to be connected: the categorical relation with ethics, the hypothetical with logic, and the disjunctive with aesthetics.” As a result the classical sequence, beginning with logic, is changed. “The order of the limbs is: a) ethics, b) logic, c) aesthetics.” In Noeggerath’s logical outline, specific mathematical concepts of meta-geometry play a decisive role. According to him, philosophy can resemble their preciseness in building a viable concept of the infinite. The prerequisite is that philosophy does not itself behave mathematically but proceeds along its own path in critical distance to the “specialized, act-kindred thinking” of the mathematician.

Bilinenden yola çıkarak bilinmeyene ulaşma yöntemi olarak tanımlanan mantık ilminin Müslümanlar tarafından benimsenmesi ve İslâmî ilimlerde kullanılması tarihî bir dönüşüm sürecinden geçmiştir. Fıkıh usûlüne dair ilk çalışmaların lügat ve nahiv ilimleri perspektifinde şekillendiği ve lafız-mânâ ilişkileri ortaya konulurken ihtiyaç duyulan mantık ilkelerinin zaten kullanıldığı söylenebilir. Bununla beraber Gazzâlî dönemine gelinceye kadar İslâm âlimlerinin bir kısmı, felsefenin bir parçası olarak görülen ve gayrimüslimlerin kendi inançlarını yaymak için kullandıkları bir meşgale olarak algılanan mantık ilmine karşı menfî bir tavır ortaya koymuşlardır. Zaman içinde mantığın felsefeden ayrılması ve ahkâmı şerʻiyyeyi yayma, kıyas ile yeni meselelerde hüküm çıkarma ve aklî deliller çerçevesinde kâinata ibret nazarıyla bakma gibi gerekçelerle mantık ilmine karşı müspet bir bakış açısı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu süreçte mantık ilminin Grek geleneğinden gelen biçimi İslâm düşüncesi ile yeniden şekillendirilmiş ve buna dair ilkeler geliştirilmiştir. Gelinen noktada şerʻî deliller ile fıkhî meseleleri çözümleme yöntemi olarak ifade edilen usûl-i fıkh açısından kesin, doğru ve tutarlı hükümler çıkarabilmek için mantık ilmi gerekli kabul edilmekte ve müçtehidin içtihada konu olan meselelerde bu ilmin metotlarına başvurması lüzumlu görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada İslâm âlemine girdikten sonra müçtehitlerin farklı yaklaşımlarının söz konusu olduğu mantık ilminin İslâm fıkhındaki yeri, müçtehit ile ilişkisi ve müçtehit açısından gerekliliği ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.

Historically, the emergence of planning law and the juridification of planning in Germany did not follow any planning theory, but a logic inherent to the constitutional state. Only in small number of cases did the legislature or the judiciary adopt elements of planning theories, most of which were developed much later. Law defines itself by its strict claim to be obeyed. Therefore, the requirements of planning law may conflict with the recommendations of normative planning theories and then claim precedence over these. Nevertheless, with regard to the viability of some proposals of agonistic planning theories, legal borderlines arise. This paper deals with these borderlines. However, the goal of agonistic theories of planning coincides with the basic function of planning law to pacify conflicting interests and to reach acceptable solutions. Opponents of state planning projects thus are entitled to participate in planning procedures and to file farreaching lawsuits. However, the legal order also sets limits to legitimate resistance to democratic planning and cannot refrain from distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate forms of rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Apophatic theology is an approach in theology that emphasizes the limitation of human language and concepts in describing the nature of the Divine. Rooted in ancient religious traditions, apophatic theology has gained attention in contemporary discourse for its potential convergence with the scientific method. This paper expands on a novel application of this approach in which the formal methods of science such as logic and mathematics are engaged to inquire into how God thinks and to what degree the modes of human reasoning can be projected on the nature of the Divine mind. This application has been proposed by Michał Heller and is referred to as the logical apophatism. In the course of the analysis carried out in this paper more in-depth understanding of the logical apophatism has been obtained by contrasting it with classical approaches to negative theology such as the Triplex Via and supplementing with recent advances within the cognitive sciences. It is concluded that Heller’s use of the apophatic approach is manifestly non-standard and its novelty consists in the shift of emphasis from the negative character of the language of theology to the logic of the Divine mind and the logic that underpins the workings of the Universe.

The concept of »evidence-based medicine« (EBM) is actually a very good proposal to keep a sufficient overview with respect to the abundance of research literature – also in the field of psychotherapy – and thus to be able to make better decisions for the benefit of patients. It is shown that this good concept is now predominantly misused. Instead of taking into account the breadth of relevant information on an issue, EBM in Germany has been substantially converted into an instrument for selection and regulation. Only studies that follow the logic of pharmaceutical trials – RCTs – are taken into account, although this approach is inadequate for a wide range of psychotherapy. Moreover, these results are then summarized by means of »effect sizes« using the methods of meta-analysis – although »effect size« does not (only) measure treatment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Truth is a key notion in Ockham’s philosophical reductionist program, a notion that has been the object of contrasting interpretations in scholarship. My interpretation is that, for Ockham, ‘being true’ expresses an epistemological relation, namely the one through which our mind reflects on a proposition of language, compares it with an extra-mental state of affairs, and thus ascertains their correspondence. Placing truth at a point of intersection of language with mind and reality, Ockham’s interpretation of Aristotle’s characterization of philosophy as the science of truth comes to be innovative. For Ockham, philosophy is a meticulous training of interpretation of language in order to account correctly for the truth-value of propositions.

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The study "Icelandic Sagas: Scripting and Politicization" by Yves Lenzin examines the emergence of the Icelandic sagas as a literary genre. The Laxdœla saga and the Fóstbrœðra saga are analyzed, and their political backgrounds are reconstructed. The study criticizes previous research that considers the genre as a whole and neglects the individual logic of each text. Lenzin argues that the written composition of the sagas served political purposes and reconstructs the intention behind their creation. The analysis of the Laxdœla saga shows that it is the work of an Icelander from the Sturlunga Age who views the Norwegian kings positively and portrays Iceland as a space that must be conquered by noble men. The present text analysis examines the Fóstbrœðra saga and its limits in relation to the hypothesis that the conflict in the second part of the saga is self-destructive. The analysis shows that the reverence for Óláfr inn helgi and a less elitist view of society become evident. However, the search for an author is problematic as the identification with Ingimundr Einarsson is uncertain. The dating of the saga between 1130 and 1170 is also questionable. The study presents its considerations and arguments transparently but could be more concise. Despite some objections, the book is an independent achievement that stimulates reflection. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, I attempt to address some of the themes of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus logico-philosophicus with the aim of their deconstructionist interpretation. My analysis is based on David Gunkel’s book Deconstruction (MIT Press 2021). Based on some of its findings, I show how the Tractatus allows deconstruction and its practice to be thought. I show that the graphic structure of signs is crucial for the young Wittgenstein’s analysis and that it justifies the metaphysical findings in favor of which he argues.

The treatise of the German philosopher Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob (1759-1827), Examination of Mendelssohn’s Morning Hours, or All Speculative Proofs for the Existence of God provides researchers with a good excuse to address captivating subjects related to issues of biographical and historical-philosophical dimension. Of particular interest in this context is the introductory article by I. Kant, which he sent to L.H. von Jakob before the publication of the treatise. The central idea of Jacob’s treatise was to defend Kant’s critical philosophy against the also critical M. Mendelssohn’s position. In the treatise, von Jakob sought to defend Kant’s concept against Mendelssohn’s similar methodological attitude of criticality in his treatment of philosophy. On this basis, Jacob’s treatise contains a serious critique of Mendelssohn’s concept. The treatise indicates an interesting picture of a certain competition between the authors of philosophical concepts of the German Enlightenment. The sides of the “Russian” period in L.H. von Jakob’s biography are also revealed. The treatise scrutinizes Mendelssohn’s methodological positions, as well as an analytical examination of his axioms. To reproduce this analysis accurately, an attempt is made to compare von Jakob’s philosophical ideas with some of Kant’s ideas. L.H. von Jakob’s philosophy can be defined as critical, with some reservations, in the general history of the German Enlightenment. It contributes substantially to comprehending the essence of the philosophical positions of both Kant and Mendelssohn and also clarifies the nature of the difference between the critiques of these two German thinkers.

Vopěnka’s Alternative Set Theory can be viewed both as an evolution and as a revolution: it is based on his previous experience with nonstandard universes, inspired by Skolem’s construction of a nonstandard model of arithmetic, and its inception has been explicitly mentioned as an attempt to axiomatize Robinson’s nonstandard analysis. Vopěnka preferred working in an axiomatic theory to investigating its individual models; he also viewed other areas of nonclassical mathematics through this prism. This article is a contribution to the mapping of the mathematical neighbourhood of the Alternative Set Theory, and at the same time, it submits a challenge to analyze in more detail the genesis and structure of the philosophical links that eventually influenced the Alternative Set Theory.

Cohen, Buber, and Rosenzweig were eminent figures in what Buber called a “Jewish renaissance.” I will limit myself to their relation to two basic Jewish concepts: teaching , i.e., the theoretical, theological part of the tradition, and law , i.e., the practical part. Historically, my focus is on those approximately 20 years between Cohen’s 1904 essay on Ethics and Philosophy of Religion in their Interrelation , and Rosenzweig’s 1923 essay The Builders , i.e., his response to Buber’s newly published Speeches on Judaism . Almost all of the main philosophical works of our three authors fall into this period: Cohen’s System of Philosophy (1902-1912), his Religion of Reason Out of the Sources of Judaism (1919), Rosenzweig’s Star of Redemption (1921), and Buber’s I and Thou (1923). To think, to feel and to do one’s own authentically without excluding oneself from the general culture, or more strongly: to accomplish the general, even the most general at all, precisely in the realization of one’s own, is for all three philosophers the high demand of their Jewish self-interpretation. None of them has devoted his life’s work exclusively to “Jewish” issues, least of all Hermann Cohen. But each of them is under the question of how it is possible to write in German about the general human and just in this to be unambiguously Jewish.

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With the credition approach, Hans-Ferdinand Angel presents a concept that aims to formulate a basic theological term in a way that is psychologically and neuroscientifically compatible. In this article, this claim is discussed within the horizon of psychological approaches, concepts, and logic of reasoning. It becomes clear that the analytical power of the credition approach largely coincides with that of the psychologically proven concept of "attitude". However, the credition approach offers a conceptualization of the phenomenon of belief which seems to be able to overcome the psychology's widespread reluctance to deal with this phenomenon. Likewise, the high connectivity of the credition approach with neurosciences opens up new research perspectives. The relevance of the credition approach for research in religious education which is oriented on psychological standards will depend strongly on whether it can be translated into psychometrically validated empirical instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on increasing calls for challenging heteronormative lesson designs, this article explores the question of the relationship between lesson design and critique of heteronormativity in the context of a teacher training. Based on reconstructions of selected transcript excerpts via the addressing analysis (Kuhlmann et al. 2017; Ricken et al. 2017), three forms of interference of lesson design and critique of heteronormativity expressed in the speech of the participants in the teacher training are elaborated: building in, building on, rebuilding. Which logics these forms follow and whether they can be understood as heteronormative-critical additions or as disruptions is discussed with reference to two different understandings of interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of performance statistics in the field of education. It emphasizes that optimizing the performance of the school system and students is of great importance. The text examines the imperatives of performance statistics in three sections: Faster, Higher, and Stronger. It is pointed out that these logics contradict a communal effort towards performance optimization. The article also discusses the influence of performance optimization and competitive thinking in the school sector and raises the question of whether these impair the communal nature of performance and isolate individuals. [Extracted from the article]

The study examines the motivations and organizational logics behind the lists of divine names in Greek priest directories. It is determined that these lists are both quantitatively and qualitatively rich and serve various purposes, such as literary or educational use, aesthetic or didactic purposes, bilingual or lexicographical use, and use in religious contexts. The study focuses specifically on lists of priestly offices and their motivations and organizational logics. The relationship between the social logics of priest assignment and the divine designations is also examined. The study uses as an example a list of priest sales in Erythrai, which demonstrates the chronological organization and administrative, legal, and accounting purposes of this list. [Extracted from the article]

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