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This contribution situates Gérard de Nerval's visionary prose and his reports from the Parisian nightlife in a different history of European realism, one that begins around 1800 with the programmatic linking of 'idealistic' and 'realistic' positions in philosophy and literature and which can been shown, for example, by looking at texts and (linguistic) images from Jean Paul, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and Gustave Courbet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is interested in the role and space ‘conservative’ poetical realist literature was granted in the German Empire’s 19th century public discourse around environmental pollution and its impact on social inequality. Wilhelm Raabe’s novel Pfister’s Mill serves as a case study, as this literary work discusses the unwanted side effects of the young nation state’s transformation from an agricultural to an industrial society based on a contemporaneous legal incident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay quickly dismisses the question of realism as a spurious category and unverifiable in terms of language. Moreover – assuming the Wu Ming’s perspective – the point is not represented by the facts, but the mechanisms of communication and inflation of narratives that alter, from an ideological perspective, the perception of the world. Literature takes therefore the responsibility to offer an interpretation that challenges the conformism and the one-sidedness with which reality – history, in particular – is often read, to create a new space of freedom. Wu Ming put in the center of the novel the complexity of history to highlight the ideological readings of which it is the result.

The article focuses on Gustav Freytag's novel Soll und Haben (1855). It assesses how the programmatic ideas of early German Literary Realism are applied in rewriting the genre of the 'Bildungsroman' by drawing attention to new contents of knowledge and new functions of individual, social, and aesthetical formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the question of how the philosophy of 'the tragic' may be applied to the German realist novel. Its investigation therefore focuses on intertextual references to Greek tragedy in Willibald Alexis' historical novel 'Ruhe ist die erste Bürgerpflicht.' Following this exemplary analysis, the paper explores the controversial notion of a 'bourgeois tragic.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ludwig Tieck's last Novellen mark the threshold between romantic and realistic literature. Focusing on Waldeinsamkeit, the essay analyses how motifs and narrative strategies of the Romantic Kunstmärchen are reformulated, pointing towards a new form of novellistic narration that hovers ambivalently between Romanticisation and disillusionment. This transformation reacts both to the experience of modernisation and to the new status of literature following the age of Goethe. It displaces features of the fairytale, such as the emphasis on the miraculous, as well as the poetological reflexivity of early Romantic literature, into realistic narration and thus contributes to the historical specificity of the German Novelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese foreign policy after the Second World War has been an empirical puzzle for International Relations theory, particularly for neoreatist approaches. Neorealism suggests that, firstly, economic strength is directly related to military strength and, secondly, that potential rivals do not cooperate with each other due to relative gains concerns. The theory proves to be weak with regards to the development in military spending of the two dominant powers in East Asia: Japan and China. Moreover, neorealist theorizing fails to account for the growing trade between the two powers, as well as for the expanding network of cooperative relationships in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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