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This case note analyses an appeal decision (Khoin v Jenkins in Re: Observatory Civic Association v Trustees for the Time Being of the Liesbeek Leisure Properties Trust [2023] 1 All SA 110 (WCC)) handed down in 2022 by the Western Cape High Court, its purpose being to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the decision and to comment on possible future developments. The text of the judgment is interpreted in the light of judicial precedent, literature and domestic (South African) and international law. One of the key findings is that "intangible heritage" is an integral part of both domestic and international law, and the Khoin-case gives judicial recognition to the concept as a part of South African heritage law. One of the main criticisms levelled against the judgment is that it does not adhere to judicial precedent in failing to find that the right to consultation of First Nations Peoples before administrative action is taken that allegedly violates their constitutional rights to intangible heritage is sufficient to satisfy the test for the existence of a prima facie right for the purposes of obtaining an interim interdict.

Представлен анализ сюжетов международной жизни, касающихся премьер «Ленинградской симфонии» Д. Д. Шостаковича вне пределов СССР, их подготовки и эффекта, произведенного ими на политический истеблишмент, гуманитарную элиту и простых слушателей в 1942–1943 гг. Конкуренция выдающихся дирижеров – А. Тосканини, Л. Стоковского, Г. Вуда, С. Кусевицкого и др. – за право западной премьеры, переписка с ними самого композитора, формирование общественного мнения и, наконец, эпизод, связанный с несостоявшейся поездкой Шостаковича в США в 1942 г., позволяют существенно дополнить ретроспективную картину «путешествия» Седьмой симфонии по Европе и США. Привлеченные документы акцентируют внимание на общественно-политических итогах эпопеи представления Западу произведения, которое «содействует поддержке непреклонного духа, на котором основаны наши общие надежды на конечную победу», и «выражает мощь России так, как этого никогда не сможет сделать слово», и на роли в ней Наркомата иностранных дел, побуждая к рефлексии о роли искусства в мире, охваченном войной. Они дают возможность проследить хронологию дипломатического «сопровождения» премьер Ленинградской симфонии на Западе в 1942–1943 гг., а также увидеть, кто «дирижировал» воистину победоносным ее звучанием не только в странах-союзницах, но и в нейтральных государствах. В статье использованы документы АВП РФ, касающиеся исполнения «Ленинградской симфонии» вне пределов СССР, впервые вводимые в научный оборот.

Jednym z dążeń józefinizmu było utworzenie autonomicznego Kościoła narodowego, połączonego z Rzymem. W realizację tego zadania wpisywał się nurt „antyzakonny” w polityce kościelnej Austrii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ustawodawstwa austriackiego (w omawianym okresie) dotyczącego kwestii zakonnych. Należy pamiętać, że są to przepisy wydane przez panujących cesarzy, a nie instrukcje, komentarze, zalecenia wydawane przez Gubernium we Lwowie. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują przepisy Marii Teresy oraz Józefa II. Pierwsza podkreślała nie tylko suwerenność państwa wobec Kościoła, ale także nadrzędność i prawo kontroli w sprawach, które powinny być domeną władzy cywilnej. Interesom państwa miały być podporządkowane wszystkie dziedziny życia i instytucje, włączając w to również zakony. Z kolei Józef II swoją reformą objął całą dziedzinę życia zakonnego, także tę wewnętrzną, gdzie posuwał się do regulowania zbyt drobiazgowych kwestii. W swoich przepisach chciał odseparować zakony od wpływu kurii rzymskiej, a oddać je pod władzę biskupów krajowych, na których rząd mógł wywierać większy wpływ.

The sexual abuse of a child is a crime which demands a response on various levels. On the one hand, it requires psychological support for the victims, while on the other, it requires concrete legal and penal measures against the perpetrators, as well as broad social education and preventive measures in order to prevent similar tragedies from recurring in the future. The document entitled “Protection of Minors in the Pastoral Work of the Diocese of Tarnów – Norms and Rules” refers to the actions of the universal Church. The document on the protection of minors is a guideline for the Diocese of Tarnów to be used in all parishes, communities and works of the diocese, both by clergymen, consecrated persons and laity who undertake ministry among children and young people.

“Particular Churches, in which and from which, the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. Unless the contrary is clear, the following are equivalent to a diocese: a territorial prelature, a territorial abbacy, a vicariate apostolic, a prefecture apostolic and a permanently established apostolic administration” (canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law). In December 2016, the Bishop of Tarnów convened the 5th Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów. The main purpose of a Synod – in the opinion of the Bishop of Tarnów – was to demonstrate the spiritual, pastoral and material heritage of the Christ’s Church in the Diocese of Tarnów; to revive faith, hope and love in the personal and community relationship with Christ in the Church; and to indicate new pastoral ways in the changeability of the world towards the unchangeability of Christ. Taking this into consideration the article analyzes the following issues: the definition of a synod; the purpose of a synod; convocation of and presiding over a diocesan synod; the preparation of a synod; Pope Francis about synodality, and finally “The Church is our neighbour” – a synod as an expression of love for the Church.

Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.

Сюжеты Второй мировой войны, безусловно относящиеся к «сложным вопросам истории», до сих пор не отрефлексированы и оттого полны фобий и мифов. Анализируя набор инструментов исторической политики, автор выделяет следующие: политизация истории (следование политической конъюнктуре), манипуляция фактами, героизация (глорификация) истории и ее акторов, демонизация – конструирование образа внутреннего и внешнего врага, идеологическое цензурирование контраверсивных оценок, актуализация социополитической ностальгии. Применение всего этого арсенала идеологического воздействия на массовое сознание можно увидеть в резонансных социополитических эксцессах последнего времени. Различие исторических оценок – это реальность, которую бессмысленно затушевывать. Преодоление исторических травм – «сочетания истории и памяти» – является непреложным условием нормализации, объективизации рефлексии по поводу прошлого. Предметом внимания автора стали внешнеполитические инвективы, ставшие очагами дипломатической напряженности (в частности, Декларация Европарламента о начале Второй мировой войны, принятая в 2019 г.), деятельность правительственных организаций, «отвечающих» за историческую политику (украинский Институт национальной памяти), экспозиции музеев стран Восточной Европы (Музей Второй мировой войны в Гданьске, Музей оккупации в Риге), школьные учебники по истории, судьба памятников, посвященных Второй мировой войне (в частности, Бронзового солдата в Таллине), а также публичные историко-политические акции, переворачивающие историческую реальность (например, шествия в День легионера в Риге), и проявления цензуры изданий с альтернативным взглядом на травмирующие события войны.

Восприятие и осмысление Второй мировой войны во многом являются стержневыми для исторической самоидентификации представителей нескольких поколений. И полем для политических манипуляций. Так, в частности, в государствах Балтии популярной является идеологема о том, что нацистская оккупация была путем к «освобождению от Советов». Участие в боевых действиях или служба в тыловых подразделениях под знаменами со свастикой трактуются ими как «борьба за независимость». Архивные документы об истинных планах, методах и плодах их реализации руководством Третьего рейха в отношении Прибалтики и населявших ее титульных народов позволяют рассмотреть картину происходившего в этом регионе в 1941–1944 гг. Коллекция материалов оперативного штаба рейхсляйтера Розенберга в Риге, хранящаяся в Латвийском государственном историческом архиве (Latvijas Valsts Vēstures arhīvs), и находящиеся в Центральном архиве ФСБ России документы «Рижского процесса» вкупе с новейшей историографией стали основой предлагаемой статьи. Особое внимание уделено реальным планам руководства рейха в отношении предоставления независимости Латвии, Литве и Эстонии, функционированию «самоуправлений», действиям оккупационных властей, касающимся национальных языков, культуры и образования «неперспективных народов» – литовцев, латышей и эстонцев, создания формирований СС и иных военизированных подразделений из представителей балтийских народов, а также экономическим аспектам нацистской политики на территории «Остланд».

This article analyses the last four synods of the diocese of Tarnów, highlighting their structure and course. Diocesan synods grow out of the needs of the particular Church; they shape the ecclesial reality most clearly by the formulated disciplinary, pastoral and spiritual proposals, reaching the very basic ecclesiastical and social environments. Each synod has its specific meaning in the history of the diocese, and its impact is certainly not limited to the formulated proposals. A diocesan synod has a very important function in the process of formation of the particular Church. The synods of the Diocese of Tarnów were the place of meeting of and dialogue between the bishop, the clergy and the laity of the Church in Tarnów. The present article discusses five points : ”Legal grounds”, “First Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1928”, “Second Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1938”, “Third Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1948”, “Fourth Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów – 1986”.

The mission of the Church is evangelisation and not acquisition of capital. It is good if the Church has sufficient financial means necessary to fulfil its mission. The Catholic Church has the inherent right, independently of any secular power, to acquire, retain, administer and alienate temporal goods, in pursuit of its proper objectives (can. 1254 of the Code of Canon Law). In order to fulfil its mission in the world, the Church needs to be supported by appropriate material goods and the freedom to administer them. The Code of Canon Law of 1983 introduced a new regulation regarding ecclesiastical property, so as to make sure that the Church could better suit the concept of a “poor Church” that, being in the need of economic resources to achieve its goals, focuses on the instrumental task of such resources: so that the faithful fulfilled their duty in the form of helping in maintaining the Church and its works as part of their fundamental rights and obligations related to the temporal goods; so that spiritual goal of ecclesiastical offices was emphasised and the revenues received were justly distributed. The Polish Episcopal Conference on 25 August 2015 approved the Instruction on the Administration of Ecclesiastical Temporal Goods. In the present article four points will be discussed: The right of the Church to the acquisition, holding and alienating of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the acquisition of temporal goods; the Instruction of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the administration of temporal goods and contracts; the Remuneration for priests.

List Tadeusza Kantora

A parish is a certain community of the Christian faithful constituted in a particular church, whose pastoral care is entrusted to a pastor ( parochus ) as its proper pastor ( pastor ) under the authority of the diocesan bishop. This article takes up the idea of entrusting the parish to an institute or society. The entrusting of a parish can be made either perpetually or for a specific, predetermined time. In either case, it is to be made by means of a written agreement between the diocesan bishop and the competent superior of the institute or society, which expressly and accurately defines, among other things, the work to be accomplished, the persons to be assigned to the parish, and the financial arrangements.

Languages are the medium through which communication takes place in politics, commerce, academia, the media, technology and most aspects of life. Languages are, therefore, central to our international world, to globalization and the accelerating process of European unification. The aim of this study is to address multilingualism and bilingualism as universal norms, as societal rather than individual phenomena. The study will focus on the importance of acquiring competence in more than one language, the factors of cultural diversity and their role in the development of the society and the issue of multilingualism by addressing the questions of language policy, language use and language learning.

During this year’s homily on Holy Thursday Pope Benedict XVI explored the subject of priestly obedience. He drew attention to some European priests’ incitement to disobedience which ignored the teaching of the Magisterium of the Church. This article argues for the importance and role of priestly obedience in the Catholic Church. Firstly, it identifies the nature of obedience through a close examination of the documents of the Second Vatican Council. Secondly, it identifies Pope Paul VI teaching on obedience through the magisterium of the Church. Finally, the nature of obedience in the Code of the Canon Law from 1983 onwards as well as practical manifestations of obedience pursuant to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples is discussed.

The Code of Canon Law of John Paul II sets forth in can. 998 as follows: “The anointing of the sick, by which the Church commends to the suffering and glori fi ed Lord the faithful who are dangerously ill, so that he may support and save them, is conferred by anointing them with oil and pronouncing the words prescribed in the liturgical books”. Through this sacramental entrusting of a sick person, the Church shows redemptive action taken by the Christ himself, who shall support the sick person with the power of God’s grace in suffering, impatience, fear, and above all in physical and spiritual weakness as well as in experienced doubts and weakening in faith. A family and persons ministering the sick (priests, hospital chaplains) should earlier take care of proper instructing about the nature of anointing of the sick and adequate preparation of the sick to receive this grace from the healing Christ. This may take place through conversation, catechesis, supporting with words of faith and common prayer, arousing a wish to receive the Christ in the mystery of anointing. This article consists of seven points: 1. The letter from James as the starting point of the discussion; 2. Several historical facts; 3. Catechism of the Catholic Church concerning the sacrament of the anointing of the sick; 4. Sacramental grace; 5. Who should and can receive the sacrament of the anointing; 6. People responsible for the better reception of the sacrament by the sick; 7. Conclusion.

This historical-philosophical essay is dedicated to the Russian publicist, chief editor of the "Musaget" publishing house Emil Metner and to Fyodor Stepun — the chief editor of the "Logos" magazine — and their contribution to the increasing influence of contemporary German thought on Russian philosophy. Emil Medtner and the "Musaget" publishing house championed Neo-Kantianism in Russia.

Proclaiming God’s Word is one of the most important tasks of the Church. God’s Word is the gift to the whole Church. It is first of all the presbyters who take part in the forwarding of this Word. Proclamation of God’s Word is the duty and the right stemming from accepted by them sacrament of ordination. Magisterium of the Church, especially Apostolic exhortation Verbum Domini dealing with God’s Word in the life and mission of the Church, talks in several passages about issues connected with proclamation of this Word by presbyters. The papal document gives tips for the priests, relating to preaching sermons, praying with Liturgy of Hours, conducting services based on God’s Word and relating to the value of silence, celebratory proclamation of God’s Word in the church, biblical ministry, the place of God’s Word in religious instructions and priest’s life.

The Catholic Church’s teaching on the development of the nations is generally included in two documents: Populorum Progressio by Pope Paul VI and Sollicitudo rei socialis by John Paul II. This year marks the 25th anniversary of publishing the Encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis, hence the motive for writing this article. A characteristic feature of the teaching of John Paul II, which we fi nd in this Encyclical, is the ethical dimension of development. The Pope repeatedly drew attention to the inequitable distribution of material goods in the world. He stressed that “True development, in keeping with the speci fi c needs of the human being – man or woman, child, adult or old person implies, especially for those who actively share in this process and are responsible for it, a lively awareness of the value of the rights of all and of each person. It likewise implies a lively awareness of the need to respect the right of every individual to the full use of the benefits offered by science and technology” Sollicitudo rei socialis 33. This article consists of the four following issues: 1. Populorum Progressio and a new analysis on the development of the nations; 2. The main motive for the publication of Sollicitudo rei socialis; 3. The concept of development in the teaching of John Paul II; 4. Topicality of the papal document – 25 years later.

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The article discusses the history of music therapy in the Czech Republic. The earliest music therapy practices examined are reported as occurring in the 1960s in the work of therapists including Jitka Schánilcová-Vodňanská, Kamil Kalina, and Jaroslav Skála. Further comments cover the impact of political and economic shifts in the former Czechoslovakia on Czech music therapy, the formation of a Czech music therapists' society, and methodologies in Czech music therapy.