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Ankle inversion is a common injury among volleyball players. The injury rate during a game is 2.1 times higher than during training. As a result, the preventive use of ankle braces is frequently observed in Swiss volleyball leagues. Studies have shown that ankle braces have a preventive effect on the prevalence of ankle inversion. In Switzerland there has been no investigation into the preventive use of braces and their influence on prevalence. For this reason, the goals of this study are 1) to determine when, why and by whom ankle braces are worn and 2) to evaluate the injury rate of users and non-users of ankle braces.A modified questionnaire was sent to 18 men's and women's teams of the Swiss National League A. The questionnaire included questions about injury rates and the circumstances of ankle inversion injuries. The data were statistically analysed with Microsoft Excel 2012 and SPSS Version 20.The overall response rate was 61 %, allowing data from 181 players to be analysed. 33 % (59 of 181) of the players used an ankle brace. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of ankle inversion between users (12 injured) and non-users (8 injured) (p = 0.006). Wearing an ankle brace during training or during a game made no difference in the prevention of injuries (p = 0.356). More athletes were injured during training (n = 13) than during a game (n = 7).The results of the present study indicate that volleyball players preferably wear ankle braces to prevent injury. More than one third of the players in the study wore an ankle brace, 60 % for primary prevention and 40 % for secondary prevention due to a previous injury. The study shows that significantly more users than non-users of ankle braces were injured. This is contrary to literature. Furthermore it was shown that more injuries occur during training than during a game. This finding results from the fact that ankle braces were rarely worn during training. It is concluded that ankle braces must be worn consistently, especially during training.

Surgical management of large-angle infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia has been controversially debated. There seems to be a relative bias against surgery on more than two horizontal muscles to avoid overcorrections. In our study we report on the sensory and motor outcomes after three horizontal muscle surgery. Furthermore we aim to suggest a table to guide surgery amounts.This study was a retrospective interventional cohort of 27 patients (16 female, 11 male; mean age 7.9 [years], ranging from 1 to 27 [years]) with infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia who underwent three horizontal muscle surgery (bilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle plication) between 2005 and 2013.Preoperative deviation in primary position measured 30.2 [°] (mean; range 21.9 to 48.0). Postoperatively esotropia was significantly reduced to 2.6 [°] (mean; range -16.7 to 16.7). After six months deviation measured 5.5 [°] (mean, range -14.1 to 21.9). An effect of 1.63°/mm was calculated for the combined three muscle surgery.For the correction of large-angle infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia three horizontal muscle surgery is associated with a high success rate. Only a very low rate of consecutive exotropia does occur.

Heutige Lehrpläne sind kompetenzorientiert. Fast jeder Satz beginnt mit „Die Schülerinnen und Schüler können...“. Damit unsere Schülerinnen und Schüler auch in Zukunft vieles können und bei der nächsten PISA-Studie gut abschneiden, gilt es, einerseits möglichst viele solcher Kompetenzen oder ,Candos‘ (von „can do“) aufzulisten. Anderseits sollte ein Lehrplan aber auch nicht die Seitenzahl einer Enzyklopädie erreichen. Diese beiden sich im Kern widersprechenden Anforderungen machen deutlich, dass es sich eigentlich um ein Optimierungsproblem handelt; und da hat die Mathematik doch einige Lösungsansätze anzubieten.

Epilepsy is a common and chronic disease which affects persons at every age. Even though medication can prevent seizures, epilepsy has implications for daily living. Sorrows, increased depression rates and restrictions in everyday life were documented among family caregivers of adult persons with epilpesy. To date, no study investigated how parents adapt to the epilepsy of adult children over time. The aim of this study was to explore experiences of parents of adult patients with epilepsy. Applying an interpretative phenomenological approach, narrative interviews with parents were reviewed to investigate parents' experiences. All parents described how they did their best to live with their situation. However, parents' experiences were distinctive and can be described as: "Being on the way together", "walking on a thightrope" and "struggling and caring all along". Using paradigm cases to describe what the epilepsy of their adult children ment to parents allowed to consider the context of these parents' experiences and enhanced understanding. As parents continue to support their adult children with epilepsy they should be included in specialist counselling and involved in care planning of their adult children.Epilepsie ist eine häufige chronische Krankheit und sie betrifft Menschen in allen Altersgruppen. Die präventive Einnahme von Medikamenten beugt epileptischen Anfällen vor, dennoch hat die Erkrankung Auswirkungen auf den Alltag von Patient(inn)en und ihren Familien. Aus der Forschung mit Familienmitgliedern von Menschen mit Epilepsie ist bekannt, dass diese vermehrt unter Sorgen und Depressionen leiden und sich in ihrer Alltagsgestaltung eingeschränkt fühlen. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte, wie Eltern mit dem Kranksein ihrer zwischenzeitlich erwachsenen Kinder umzugehen lernten und heute im Alltag umgehen. Narrative Interviews mit 14 Eltern wurden nach den Grundsätzen der interpretierenden Phänomenologie auf das Erleben der Eltern analysiert. Alle Befragten betonten, dass sie gelernt haben, das Beste aus ihrer Situation zu machen. Ihre Erfahrungen können beschrieben werden als: «gemeinsam auf dem Weg sein», «auf einem Grat wandern» sowie «kämpfen und sich sorgen». Die Beschreibungen von Paradigmafällen berücksichtigen die Lebenswelt und Erfahrungen von Eltern in ihrem Kontext und erfassen Phänomene, welche über die bisher in der Literatur beschriebenen Belastungen und Sorgen hinausgehen. Da die Eltern vielfach auch für erwachsene Menschen mit Epilepsie wichtige Bezugspersonen bleiben, sind sie in deren Beratung und Behandlungsplanung einzubeziehen.

With the discussion about measures to reduce over-capacities in the health services in mind, we examined the influence of medical supply structures and services on hospital utilisation directly before death.Based on the specification of the place of dying from the death certificates, we determined the proportions of deaths in hospitals in an ecological study. We analysed deaths of persons above age 65 in each of the 106 mobility regions of Switzerland in the years 1979 to 1980.The proportion of deaths occurring in hospitals varied between 27% and 81%. Despite missing data regarding stationary and ambulatory care services, more than half of the variance could be explained by means of a multivariate regression analysis. Our results imply an inverse relation between the proportion of deaths in the hospital and the number of consultations provided by primary care physicians, as well as the number of nursing home beds. Further, we observe a direct relation to the number of hospital beds in a region. All indicators are calculated per inhabitant.In health care supply planning, such systematic associations should be taken into account. We recommend to analyse regularly interregional differences in supply and outcome of medical performances with the best available data.

In 1883 Krönlein resected a sarcoma of the ribs in an 18 year old female. Six months later he reoperated the patient for a local recurrency. At the second operation which necessitated a wide exposure of the thoracic cavity he deliberately removed a pulmonary metastasis about the size of a walnut. Two years later a new recurrence had to be resected. The three interventions led to a survival of 7 years. The patient succumbed to a further recurrence in 1890. Krönleins operation opened two new chapters in surgery, pulmonary interventions in general and in particular surgery of pulmonary metastasis. Surgery of lungs was not a topic of that era, particularly since some incisions for abscesses and resections of pulmonary parenchyma had not been successful. By limiting the indication to patients with sufficient pulmonary function and by following the successful pneumonectomy experiments in animals Krönlein favored pulmonary resection. The success of this intervention confirmed these considerations especially since it lasted for years. It was followed in 1885 by a pulmonary resection by G. Ruggi in Bologna. Surgery of the lung, however, came in general use only 50 years later.

This is a report on 105 patients who had 125 thoracotomies for 188 lung metastases between 1960 and 1987. The cumulative survival rate at 5 years was 39% and 24% at 10 years and 13% at 15 years. The median survival is 3.7 years, the average survival is 7 years due to prolonged follow-up. With combined modality therapy, testicular and uterine cancers yielded the best survival results with a 5-year survival rate of 100% and 67%, respectively. In multi-variate analysis, response to prior chemotherapy, local tumor extent (intrapulmonary versus extrapulmonary disease) and venous drainage (caval type versus portal type) were the most important prognostic factors whereas the number of metastases and the interval between primary tumor and lung metastases were of minor prognostic importance. The present results are compared with long-term results of other centres and emphasize the importance of resection in combined modality therapy concepts of lung metastases.

A retrospective review covered 110 patients who had had 130 thoracotomies for 193 lung metastases between 1960 and 1988. The cumulative survival rate after 5 years was 39%, 24% after 10 years and 13% after 15 years. The median survival was 3.8 years; the average survival was 7 years. In a multivariate analysis, response to prior chemotherapy, local tumor extent (intrapulmonary versus extrapulmonary disease) and venous drainage (caval versus portal) were the most important prognostic factors. The number of metastases and the interval between primary tumor and lung metastases were of minor prognostic importance.

An analysis of the works of Karl Marx is presented in order to demonstrate the importance of the population factor. The author contends that population growth is a critical factor in Marx's theory of the progressive impoverishment of the working class. However, because of his reluctance to acknowledge the value of the Malthusian contribution, Marx focused his analysis of the labor force under capitalism on the demand for workers and neglected the supply side, which is determined by the growth of population. The author concludes that Marxist theory would have benefited from greater consideration of Malthusian theory.

Enthält: Biblische Ansprache von Frau Pfarrer Annelies von Gunten ; Gedenkrede von Nationalrat Dr. h.c. Joachim Weber, Präsident des Schweizerischen Bauernverbandes ; Abschiedsworte von Professor Dr. Ernst Jaggi, Winterthur, Direktionspräsident des Volg