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I denne artikkelen diskuterer vi i hvilken grad og på hvilken måte et funksjonelt grammatikkperspektiv, der grammatikk kobles til et overordnet språk- og tekstperspektiv, kommer til uttrykk i to norsklæreverk for ungdomstrinnet. Med utgangspunkt i norskfagets læreplan (Kunnskapsløftet 2013) og begrepene «formell» og «funksjonell» grammatikk, har vi analysert grammatikkoppgavene i til sammen seks «grammatikkapitler» og ni «skrivekapitler» fra læreverkene Nye Kontekst (2014) og Saga (2013-15). Et hovedfunn er at grammatikkapitlene først og fremst inviterer elevene til å arbeide med grammatikken som system mer eller mindre løsrevet fra et funksjonelt språk- og tekstperspektiv, og tendensen er sterkest i Nye Kontekst. Et annet hovedfunn er at grammatikkunnskapen i liten grad kobles til et overordnet språk- og tekstperspektiv i skrivekapitlene. Vi finner få oppgaver i skrivekapitlene som gjør bruk av grammatisk metaspråk og eksplisitt inviterer til grammatikkarbeid. Avslutningsvis diskuterer vi funnene og argumenterer for at lærebøkene, særlig Nye Kontekst, i stor grad overlater til læreren å koble grammatikk sammen med teksteffekt og tekstkvalitet.

Abstract During the first half of the twentieth century a number of individuals in Norway participated in the transfer of animals from both the Arctic to the Antarctic regions and vice versa. These projects may be conceptualized as a form of imperial acclimatization, following in the footsteps of earlier attempts to transplant both plants and animals from their indigenous ranges to new geographic locations for both practical and recreational purposes. Reindeer were introduced to the island of South Georgia before World War I as Norwegian whalers turned a space previously uninhabited by humans into the operational hub of a booming Antarctic whaling industry. The successful transplantation of reindeer was followed by less successful attempts to transfer muskoxen from Greenland to Svalbard and the Scandinavian mainland, penguins from the Antarctic to the coast of Norway, and dreams of transferring fur seals from south to north. We argue that these attempts constituted both practical attempts to “enrich” the fauna of discrete habitats, but also expressions of Norwegian authority over the polar regions at a time when imperial ambitions in both the Arctic and Antarctic had significant traction within Norway. The transplanted animals may thus be conceived as geopolitical instruments – mastery over fauna as being a means of expressing mastery over space.

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The discussion gathered acknowledged researchers from the region and countries of the West who for years have been engaged in the development of International Relations in the Central and Eastern Europe. The academics analyse strong and weak points of the discipline regarding heritage, organization, research methods and human resources. They deliberate what epistemological and methodological choices should be made in order to implement Western standards of learning.

This article analyzes the television science-fiction show Doctor Who as a cultural forum within the context of British eco-activism of the 1970s. It examines four serials which aired during the 1970s during the first wave of eco-activism in the UK: "The Green Death" (1973), "The Invasion of the Dinosaurs" (1974), "The Seeds of Doom" (1976), and "Nightmare of Eden" (1979). Two environmentalist concerns-pollution and species conservation-put forward by the early British eco-activist movement as underscored in texts such as The Blueprint for Survival from 1972 are evident in these serials. While affirming the validity of some elements of environmentalist concerns, each serial also proposes that the ends do not always justify the means. The Doctor, although a supporter of eco-activism, rejects seemingly utopian approaches to reset the Earth's ecosystems. Rather than presenting viewers with a guide to sustainability, these Doctor Who serials offer dystopian visions of future realities steeped in ecological transgressions – these are the blueprints for destruction.

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Abstract A set of eleven pig breeds originating from six European countries, and including a small sample of wild pigs, was chosen for this study of genetic diversity. Diversity was evaluated on the basis of 18 microsatellite markers typed over a total of 483 DNA samples collected. Average breed heterozygosity varied from 0.35 to 0.60. Genotypic frequencies generally agreed with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, apart from the German Landrace and Schwäbisch-Hällisches breeds, which showed significantly reduced heterozygosity. Breed differentiation was significant as shown by the high among-breed fixation index (overall FST = 0.27), and confirmed by the clustering based on the genetic distances between individuals, which grouped essentially all individuals in 11 clusters corresponding to the 11 breeds. The genetic distances between breeds were first used to construct phylogenetic trees. The trees indicated that a genetic drift model might explain the divergence of the two German breeds, but no reliable phylogeny could be inferred among the remaining breeds. The same distances were also used to measure the global diversity of the set of breeds considered, and to evaluate the marginal loss of diversity attached to each breed. In that respect, the French Basque breed appeared to be the most "unique" in the set considered. This study, which remains to be extended to a larger set of European breeds, indicates that using genetic distances between breeds of farm animals in a classical taxonomic approach may not give clear resolution, but points to their usefulness in a prospective evaluation of diversity.

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According to some grammarians the use of the historical present tense is a technique for enhancing the dramatic effect of a story by making addressees feel as if they were present at the time of the experience, witnessing events as they occurred. Others have suggested that the historical present represents events as if they were occurring before the speaker’s eyes. My own position on the matter, though, is that the necessity to postulate a “metaphorical shift”, an “as if”, is due to the interpretation of the basic meaning of the present as being contemporality with the speaker’s present and the identification of a speaker (narrator) with an “intradiegetic” participant in the story (character). In support of this position the paper argues that the temporal referential of the present tense is the speech referential, organised by and around the speaker/character. The speech process is an incomplete process with a validation interval closed to the left and open to the right. This property motivates use of the present as a gram-matical vehicle for re-presentation.

Heats of atomization Ha (per atom) are compared for for 28 diatomic oxides, 14 diatomic fluorides, 26 solid and 2 polyatomic gaseous oxides, 9 solid and 5 polyatomic gaseous fluorides. There is no universal trend toward lower Ha with increasing Z in a column of the Periodic Table; d-group, post-d-group, and partly filled 4f and 5f shells encourage smaller Ha but barium, lanthanum, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum, (to the largest extent thorium), and uranium show unexpected high Ha This 'Barium-Thorium Effect' can be rationalized by known facts of correlation energy in atoms and (light) compounds, possibly including indirect relativistic effects due to distorted AO in LCAO.

Malachite Green (MG) incorporated in glass appears in four forms. In acidic glasses, yellow H(MG)2+ protonated dications; the green monocation MG+ in H2O at pH 4 to 6; the colorless carbinol base HO(MG) at higher pH; and a new purple species in certain glasses prepared by mineral acid catalysis. Uniquely high luminescence yields indicate formation of chemical bonds between MG+ and the silicate groups, suggesting Lewis-acid behavior of three-coordinated carbon. Novel cascade emission is observed from the three first excited singlets S1 S2, and S3, In sol-gel glasses, green MG+ bleaches reversibly under illumination.