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On April 1, 2024, the Ponsonby Rule, the constitutional convention that set the standard for Parliament’s role in how the UK makes treaties, turned 100. But the procedure for Parliament’s involvement in treaty-making is no longer fit for purpose. As the UK-Rwanda and CPTPPP Agreements show, the UK Parliament’s role in treaty-making must be reformed. In particular, the House of Commons must obtain the power to have a formal vote on international agreements before they can become binding on the UK.

Short range guided wave scanning is an inspection method enabling an indirect, quantitative measurement of remaining pipe wall thickness. It has seen widespread industrial use as an inspection solution for corrosion under pipe support (e.g. [1]). Pitting corrosion represents a significant challenge in industrial pipelines and its presence complicates short range guided wave scanning analysis as the wavelength used for inspection is larger than the diameter of small pitting-type defects. This work investigates the reflected signal from pitting corrosion, both in isolation and in the presence of larger corrosion patches, to improve the understanding of the complex signals received. This work provides the foundation and guidance for analysis techniques used in guided wave scanning. To achieve this a series of representative pitting defects with varying diameter and depth have been investigated using explicit finite element modelling. It is shown that using currently established analysis techniques, the pit depth can be quantified for pitting with a diameter larger than approximately 13 mm. Smaller diameter pitting may only be qualitatively detected at this time due to mode conversion occurring at the defect, which obscure features that are used to provide quantitative analysis of the defect depth. Quantitative sizing of defects where pitting is present will require further investigation.

The aim of this paper is to explore housing alternatives for the elderly. Staying in a single family owner occupied home is compared with moving to a mobile home, a condominium, or rental property, in terms of cost, services available, and location within the city of Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Interviews, promotional material and published reports are used to research these choices and their availability. Three groups of elderly are identified: those who live in low income apartments, those who remain in their homes, and those who live in age segregated communities including mobile home parks, condominiums and private rental apartments.