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Background: Today, imaging of nose, paranasal sinuses and temporal bone by CT is standard in preoperative diagnostics. The need of reduction of applied dosage leads to the necessity of research in necessary imaging quality. Therefore this paper deals with new developed anatomical checklists and the analysis of imaging quality on anterior and lateral skull base., Material and Methods: With 3 human complete heads over 400 examinations were performed on one cone beam CT device under varying x-ray-tube adjustments. 31 anatomic parameters were evaluated (Excellent, well, poor, not evaluable) for every data set. A summation score was built for every examination., Results: As well for paranasal sinuses as for temporal bone a constant excellent imaging quality could be seen in high dosages. Certainly, in low dosages a reduction of imaging quality was detected. The optimal range (all parameters visualized well as average) could be evaluated for paranasal sinuses between 2,0 and 3,0 mGy and between 3,0 and 4,0 mGy for temporal bone. So, a reduction of 70-80% in comparison to highest adjustments of today is possible and realistic. In comparison to standard protocols, a reduction of about 50% can be reached., Conclusion: The possibility of dose reduction by discussion of the necessary imaging quality from clinical point of view could be shown., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

With the aid of a juvenile Hippopotamus amphibius (L. 1758), the thorax and its organs has been examined under the macroscopic anatomic aspect. The description of the topography was the main subject. The present findings have been compared with the situation found in related domesticated mammalians (pig, ruminants). Several significant differences from those and similarities to other species were noticed. The appearance of the lung does not agree with the one of the severe divided lung in pigs and ruminants. It is more similar to the lung in horses as well as the thymus which here only consists of a thoracal part. The Nn. vagi don't divide into a dorsal and ventral branch. Because of this, their position is an extraordinary one in comparison to all domesticated mammalians. In addition to this, the N. phrenicus dexter diverts from the well known conditions due to its solitary course.