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In some cases, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis shows a fulminant progress but with an incidence of 1.32 cases per 100,000 person-years it is relatively rare. Nevertheless, the disease is responsible for around 0.5-1% of all stroke cases. The neurological examination often reveals nonspecific findings but especially in younger patients with acute to subacute position-dependent headaches, this differential diagnosis should definitely be considered. This article presents the most common causes, including a digression on vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) as well as recommendations for clinical, laboratory testing and imaging diagnostics. In addition, relevant complications with particular reference to epileptic seizures within the framework of the disease entity and guideline-based acute treatment and secondary prophylaxis are presented., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)