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Abstract Background Estimates of variance components for binary responses in presence of extreme case problems tend to be biased due to an under-identified likelihood. The bias persists even when a normal prior is used for the fixed effects. Methods A simulation study was carried out to investigate methods for the analysis of binary responses with extreme case problems. A linear mixed model that included a fixed effect and random effects of sire and residual on the liability scale was used to generate binary data. Five simulation scenarios were conducted based on varying percentages of extreme case problems, with true values of heritability equal to 0.07 and 0.17. Five replicates of each dataset were generated and analyzed with a generalized prior (g-prior) of varying weight. Results Point estimates of sire variance using a normal prior were severely biased when the percentage of extreme case problems was greater than 30%. Depending on the percentage of extreme case problems, the sire variance was overestimated when a normal prior was used by 36 to 102% and 25 to 105% for a heritability of 0.17 and 0.07, respectively. When a g-prior was used, the bias was reduced and even eliminated, depending on the percentage of extreme case problems and the weight assigned to the g-prior. The lowest Pearson correlations between true and estimated fixed effects were obtained when a normal prior was used. When a 15% g-prior was used instead of a normal prior with a heritability equal to 0.17, Pearson correlations between true and fixed effects increased by 11, 20, 23, 27, and 60% for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 75% of extreme case problems, respectively. Conversely, Pearson correlations between true and estimated fixed effects were similar, within datasets of varying percentages of extreme case problems, when a 5, 10, or 15% g-prior was included. Therefore this indicates that a model with a g-prior provides a more adequate estimation of fixed effects. Conclusions The results suggest that when analyzing binary data with extreme case problems, bias in the estimation of variance components could be eliminated, or at least significantly reduced by using a g-prior.

Kooperatiflerin sosyal ve ekonomik faydaları olan ortaklık yapılarıdır. Tarihi gelişimi incelendiğinde kooperatiflerin günümüzdeki gibi bir organizasyon yapısı olarak ortaya çıkışının 19. yüzyılın ortalarını bulduğu görülecektir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, öncelikle kooperatifçiliğin kısa tarihi gelişimi incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın odağını Türk ve Hollanda hukuku bakımından kooperatifin hukuki niteliği ve sermayesi ile ilgili hususların nasıl düzenlendiği oluşturmaktadır. Bu bakımdan kanun koyucuların yaptığı kooperatif tanımları önem arz etmektedir. Çünkü bu tanım, kooperatifin kişi ve sermaye unsurunu ve kooperatif tarafından yapılan hukuki işlemlerin tabi olacağı hükümleri belirlemektedir. Türk hukukunda kanun koyucunun kooperatifi şahıs veya sermaye şirketi ayırımına dahil etmemesi bilinçli ve gerekli bir tercihtir. Bu durum ayrıca ülke ekonomilerinin sürdürülebilirliği bakımından da önemlidir. Hollanda hukukunda ise kooperatifler derneğin bir alt türü olarak düzenlenmiş olup, Hollanda Medeni Kanunu ve derneklere ilişkin genel hükümlere tabidir.

Résumé : Par le présent article, nous entreprenons une analyse des productions épilinguistiques, plus souvent présentée sous le terme de « représentations » ou « imaginaires », des étudiants inscrits en 3e année licence de français de l’université de Jijel (Algérie) à propos des langues étrangères et plus particulièrement la place accordée au français dans un milieu où les langues en présence vivent une situation conflictuelle. Nous proposons d’appréhender ce champ « épilinguistique » du point de vue de la mise en discours, d’une activité épilinguistique. Une perspective d’analyse du discours a permis de relever les traces discursives et énonciatives de l’activité épilinguistique ayant participé à la co-construction des discours épilignuistiques. L’analyse a démontré que ces derniers sont le résultat des fluctuations intersubjectives oscillant entre deux mouvements : homogénéisation/hétérogénéisation. Mots-clés : discours épilinguistiques, activité épilinguistique, représentations, imaginaires, fluctuations intersubjectives.

Merkezi Kayıt Kuruluşu (MKK), sermaye piyasası araçlarının kaydi sistem aracılığıyla saklama hizmetini elektronik ortamda sağlayan, anonim şirket olarak kurulmuş bir tüzel kişiliktir. MKK, 6362 sayılı Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuatta özel hukuk tüzel kişisi olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Yürüttüğü kaydileştirme faaliyetinin kamu hizmeti niteliğini taşıması, kendisine ilgili mevzuat gereği bazı kamu gücü ve ayrıcalıkları tanınmış olması ve ayrıca Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu’nun vesayet denetimine tabi olması gibi hususlar MKK’nın tüzel kişiliğinin hukuki boyutunu tartışmaya açık hale getirmektedir. Bu durum MKK’nın kamu tüzel kişiliğine sahip bir kuruluş olarak kabul edilip edilemeyeceği sorusunu gündeme getirmektedir. MKK’nın tüzel kişiliği hakkındaki bu tartışma ayrıca sermaye piyasası araçlarının kaydileştirilmesi faaliyeti kapsamında MKK tarafından akdedilen üyelik sözleşmelerinin hukuki niteliğini de tartışmaya açık hale getirmektedir. Bu çerçevede, MKK’nın tüzel kişiliğinin yanı sıra, MKK tarafından akdedilen söz konusu sözleşmelerin idari sözleşme niteliği taşıyıp taşımadıkları hususunun ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, MKK’nın tüzel kişiliğinin hukuki niteliğinin yanı sıra MKK üyelik sözleşmesinin idari sözleşme sayılıp sayılamayacağı incelenmektedir.

Abstract: Modal systems did not emerge until recently with Lewis Clarence, who raised the issue of strict implication. Although modal systems have evolved and diversified significantly since then, they remain loyal to his frameworks, as they are considered foundational in modal logic. In 1940, the American logician Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921-2012) attempted to introduce the theory of quantification to modal logic to expand it by adding quantifiers to all fields of contemporary modal logic. Since most historians of contemporary logic attribute the beginning of the quantification of modal logic to her, this might suggest that traditional modal propositions, whether in Aristotle's or Islamic logicians' works, were not quantified. Therefore, in this research, we addressed traditional modal propositions and explained how Aristotle and Muslim logicians used quantifiers in modal propositions. We also highlighted the role these quantifiers play, particularly in inferential structures, whether direct or indirect inferences, and identified some differences between them and the inferences related to categorical propositions. Keywords: Proposition; Quantifier; Modality; Necessity; Possible.

Résumé : Le patrimoine culturel demeure une source inépuisable de richesses, attirant depuis toujours de nombreux chercheurs issus de divers champs des sciences humaines. Sa profondeur intellectuelle, sa charge religieuse et sa portée politique ont largement contribué à façonner et à affirmer l'identité culturelle singulière des communautés. Les romanciers se distinguent parmi les plus fervents explorateurs de ce patrimoine, grâce à l'étendue de l'univers romanesque et à leur remarquable capacité à assimiler différents genres littéraires. Le roman s'impose comme le genre le plus malléable, propice à l'intégration des textes patrimoniaux par le biais de l'intertextualité, à la résurrection du langage ancestral et à la mise en lumière de ses créations. Cette étude se propose de mettre en exergue l'utilisation du patrimoine populaire dans le roman algérien de langue amazighe, ainsi que les dimensions esthétiques et intellectuelles que revêt cette exploitation, loin d'être fortuite. Nous nous pencherons sur la manière dont les romanciers puisent dans la littérature populaire, notamment les proverbes, les légendes et les contes, mais aussi dans les principaux arts populaires traditionnels. Ces derniers englobent tant le patrimoine immatériel, tels que le chant et la danse, que le patrimoine matériel, à l'instar des arts culinaires, du tissage, de l'architecture et de l'artisanat, habilement intégrés dans la trame narrative de ces œuvres romanesques. Mots-clés : le patrimoine culturel ; le patrimoine matériel ; le patrimoine immatériel ; le roman.

Abstract: Elif Shafak’s novel 10 minutes and 38 seconds in This Strange World (2019) is about Leyla Afife Kamile called Tequila Leila and her five extraordinary friends living in Istanbul. For 10 minutes and 38 seconds after her death, Leyla’s brain remains active fighting through fragrance-cued recalls to recollect and revisit significant moments from her past experiences and emotions. Hence, this research aims to examine how Leyla’s memories from different stages of her life were triggered by familiar aromas and olfactory cues in her last moments to save herself from being pulled up in the river of oblivion. To achieve the aim of the study, a close textual analysis of Shafak’s novel was conducted, focusing on passages where Leyla’s memories were triggered by olfactory. Equally, the language used to describe scents and the subsequent memories they evoke was examined. Shafak has skillfully succeded in creating a rich narrative about sensory and emotional experiences to reflect upon universal themes such as: life and death, belonging and displacement, memory and identity. Keywords: Elif Shafak; Memory; Olfaction; Textual Analysis.

Geri Çekme Beyanı “Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Türkiye'de Görev Yapan Alman Subaylarının Faaliyetlerinin Bir Değerlendirmesi ve Türk Askerinin Konumu” başlıklı makale History Studies'in 11. Cilt 2. Sayısında 2019 yılında yayınlanmıştır. Bir okuyucu, yayınlandıktan beş yıl sonra makalenin aynı yazar tarafından 2001 yılında Askeri Tarih Seminerinde sunulan ve Genelkurmay Basımevi tarafından basılan bir bildirinin aynısı olduğu bildirilmiştir. Dergi editörlüğü, iddia sahibinden kanıtları talep etmiş ve “mükerrer yayın/duplikasyon” iddiasının doğru olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sebeple, History Studies Yayın Etiği ve Yayında Suiistimal Beyanı ve derginin tabii olduğu uluslararası yayıncılık ilkeleri (COPE)* gereği makale dergi editörlüğü tarafından geri çekilmiş/kaldırılmıştır. Yayıncı ve editörler, bu durumdan dolayı içtenlikle özür diler. Geri Çekilen Makalenin Künyesi: Aktaş, H. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Türkiye'de Görev Yapan Alman Subaylarının Faaliyetlerinin Bir Değerlendirmesi ve Türk Askerinin Konumu”. History Studies 11 no. 2 (2019): 469-482. *COPE Council. COPE Guidelines: Retraction Guidelines. November 2019 https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4

The invasion of Russia into Ukraine is primarily a humanitarian concern, compounded by the energy crisis that has far-reaching implications for the European Union and other global regions. This paper reviews the implication of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on European energy security to provide an overview of the European energy dependency on Russian and how the sanctions levied by the EU affected the energy supply. Also, it offers some insights into alternative energy sources' role in providing more sustainable and autonomous energy sources.

Abstract: Over time, human communication evolved, moving from face-to-face natural interaction to a modern form of computerized communication. The internet and computer networks have made easier for people to communicate with each other; Facebook is one of the most fascinating and popular social networks. Facebook has definitely developed into one of the most useful means for students to communicate with one another. Students use Facebook extensively for a variety of purposes and in a variety of ways such as: abbreviations which are the most popular ones. Due to the need for immediate and direct communication, a particular type of new vocabulary has emerged in the form of abbreviation communication. Therefore, the main objective of the current study is to explore the main reasons that lead English language students at Naama University Centre to use abbreviations in Facebook communication. Additionally, it endeavours to uncover the students’ attitudes towards such abbreviations’ use as well to identify the various types of abbreviations employed in electronic texting. By means of a number of research tools which are mainly: a questionnaire and observation, this inquiry has hypothesized that most students have positive attitudes towards the use of abbreviations when interacting via electronic texting. Abbreviations could assist students to exchange ideas; create an enjoyable environment; facilitate easy online communication; and provide them with plenty opportunities to be more connected to others. Additionally, the finding also showed that the students employed various types of abbreviations in their Facebook communications. Keywords: Facebook; electronic texting; abbreviations; attitudes; reasons

Measuring financial performance by analyzing factors affecting profit is an important component of financial management. The role of profit in Sharia banking is not only limited to determining good or bad financial performance but also determines how much tax must be paid by bank to the state. Taxes for the government are a source of income but for Sharia bank a tax expenditure is a cost that will reduce the profit account in the income statement. This study aims to determine the effect of deferred tax and tax-to-book ratio on financial performance of the Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia. 10 Sharia Commercial Banks represented the sample in this study and were purposefully selected based on consideration of the following criteria: a) bank has published annual financial reports for the 2014-2020 period; b) bank has the recognition of deferred tax expenses and benefits and has an explanation of taxation in the notes to the financial statements; c) bank reported the value of net income and total assets by publishing the audited financial statements. The panel data used for the analysis covers the period 2014-2020. Before testing the model, the assumption tests performed were the normality test, multicollinearity test, and heteroscedasticity test. The data analysis technique uses panel data regression analysis with the selected model – Fixed Effect Model with the Hausman test approach. The results of this study show that the deferred tax variable has a negative and significant effect on financial performance (ROA). In contrast, the tax-to-book ratio does not influence financial performance. This situation is caused by the Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia experiencing the burden of deferred tax. In addition, due to the amount of deferred tax expense that Sharia Commercial Banks must issue, this will reduce net profit. As a result, the banks' financial performance decreases as measured by return on assets. Thus, management of the Sharia commercial banks in Indonesia should consider that the imposition of tax payable has implications for reducing financial performance.

Résumé : Dans la présente contribution, nous menons une réflexion autour d’un nouveau projet dans sa globalité. Nous espérons mobiliser tous les participants (étudiants, professeurs, chercheurs, spécialistes…) sur l’importance d’intégrer une démarche pédagogique plus humaniste en écoles à accès régulé. Par démarche plus humaniste, nous entendons une formation (enseignements et programmes) qui répond non seulement aux besoins des entreprises en termes de compétences techniques, managériales et communicationnelles, mais qui vise aussi à former-fabriquer un étudiant citoyen-engagé-créatif-responsable, pour qui compte le devenir de la société avant l’intérêt personnel. Les arguments qui soutiennent notre démarche sont nombreux. Nous nous contentons de citer celui de la transdisciplinarité. Il nous apparaît essentiel de transmettre aux étudiants les éléments pour leur permettre de comprendre les problématiques humaines de manière générale et non plus sous le seul angle de la technique. Mots-clés : Formation-enseignement ; approche humaniste ; transdisciplinarité.