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Phonetik und Phonologie im deutschsprachigen Raum, Phonetik und Phonologie im deutschsprachigen Raum

Theologische Revue, Bd. 117 (2021): Juni

Gefördert im Rahmen des Projekts DEAL

Executive Summary: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned martian samples would impact future martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others.

Mars has been the target for future human exploration for decades. However, even after the successes of the orbital, lander, and rover missions, there are still an array of unknowns that pose potential physical, chemical, and biological hazards to human health from the martian environment. Mars sample return represents a vital next step in understanding these hazards and mitigating the risks to both the explorers and the inhabitants of Earth. Mars 2020 is a first step in a potential multipart Mars Sample Return Campaign. The regolith and drill core samples collected and cached during this phase can later be returned to Earth for thorough analysis. One of the key objectives of such a mission includes contributing to the preparation for human exploration of Mars, which includes constraining the nature of potential hazards [1]. The two main human health risk categories that drive the necessity for returned samples are engineering and biological/toxicological [2]. The engineering risks pertain to the terrain morphology of the landing operation zones (e.g. safe landing and human/rover locomotion) as well as possible mechanical failures due to environmental stressors. The biological and toxicological risks are broader in that they concern the health of both the explorers and life on Earth (e.g. backcontamination). Given the complexity of the hazards, the following sub-objectives were created. The foundation of each sub-objective is a thorough examination of the returned sample’s physical features (e.g. grain size, shape) and bulk composition including: inorganic (e.g. bulk chemistry, mineralogy), organic, and biological. This is a provisional report from the iMOST Human Health Hazard Objective sub-team identifying key samples and techniques needed to understand the human hazards of martian surface exploration and possible ways to mitigate these risks.

We hypothesize a particular source of cartel instability and explore its relevance to understanding cartel dynamics. The cartel instability is rooted in the observation that, upon cartel formation, the relative positions of firms are often fixed which may lead some growthconscious members to be discontent. This incongruity between a cartel member’s allocated market share and its desired market share may result in systematic deviations and the eventual collapse of the cartel. This hypothesis is then taken to the German cement cartel of 1991- 2002. We argue that Readymix was such a discontent cartel member and, using a rich pricing data set, are able to characterize how Readymix deviated, how other firms responded, and how it led to the collapse of the cartel.

Selective breeding of sheep for arginine (R) at prion gene (PRNP) codon 171 confers resistance to classical scrapie. However, other effects of 171R selection are uncertain. Ovine progressive pneumonia/Maedi-Visna virus (OPPV) may infect up to 66% of a flock thus any affect of 171R selection on OPPV susceptibility or disease progression could have major impact on the sheep industry. Hypotheses that the PRNP 171R allele is 1) associated with the presence of OPPV provirus and 2) associated with higher provirus levels were tested in an Idaho ewe flock. OPPV provirus was found in 226 of 358 ewes by quantitative PCR. The frequency of ewes with detectable provirus did not differ significantly among the 171QQ, 171QR, and 171RR genotypes (p > 0.05). Also, OPPV provirus levels in infected ewes were not significantly different among codon 171 genotypes (p > 0.05). These results show that, in the flock examined, the presence of OPPV provirus and provirus levels are not related to the PRNP 171R allele. Therefore, a genetic approach to scrapie control is not expected to increase or decrease the number of OPPV infected sheep or the progression of disease. This study provides further support to the adoption of PRNP 171R selection as a scrapie control measure.

The Organic-Conventional Comparative Dairy Systems trial at Massey University began in August 2001, and the organic farmlet achieved certification in August 2003. The trial is unique because it is the only comparative grassland-based open grazing dairy study in the world. The organic and conventional systems are managed individually according to best practice, and both are intensively monitored for production, animal health, and environmental impacts. The systems remained similar for the first two years, but began to diverge in the third and fourth years. Production has been 10-20% lower on the organic farm, but environmental impacts appear to be less than on the conventional unit, and net incomes would be similar given a 20% price premium for the organic product. Animal health issues have been manageable on the organic farmlet, and not too dissimilar from the conventional farmlet. Full results after four years of the trial will be available and presented at the conference.

This is an account on combined procedures in 124 patients suffering from arteriosclerotic vessel disease. In order to judge the proceedings and the results the patients were divided up into two groups. in 15 patients (group I) a carotid endarterectomy combined with an aorto-coronary bypass operation was performed; once a subclavian artery stenosis was resected at the same time. One patient of that group died after 31 days (7%). In group II 108 heart valve operations were performed together with a coronary artery revascularisation. Early and late mortality divided up as follows: aortic stenosis 6/44 (14%) respectively 2/44 (5%); aortic insufficiency 1/14 (7%) resp. 0; combined aortic disease 1/8 )13%) resp. 0; mitral stenosis 1/11 (9%) resp. 0; mitral insufficiency 6/26 (23%) resp. 2/26 (8%); combined mitral valve disease 1/2 (50%) resp. 0; three times both valves (aorta, mitral) were replaced without mortality. In our opinion combined procedures, resection of supraaortic artery stenosis respectively cardiac valve operations and aorto-coronary bypass are indicated especially since the functional long-term results are excellent. Though one should consider the high operative risk in patients with mitral insufficiency and combined mitral valve disease.

The problem of the localisation of mental functions in the brain is historically analysed with special attention to its implications for psychiatry. The aim is not to discuss the historical details of the relationship between psychiatric models of madness and neurological models of brain functioning, but to cast some light on the broad intellectual and social framework within which the relationship became possible in the first place. It is argued that debates about the localizability of psychological processes are always more than just debates about structure-function correlation, and must in fact be ultimately understood as part of the much larger historical attempt within the natural sciences to "naturalize" man and his mind. Emphasis is laid on the extent to which different positions within the localisation debate have been influenced by unspoken social (political, religious) and philosophical factors, and questions are raised about the implications of this fact for modern neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry.

Es wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der phonetischen Form und der sprachlichen Funktion prosodischer Grenzen in deutscher Spontansprache empirisch untersucht. Folgende Untersuchungsmethoden kommen zum Einsatz: Statistische Auswertung spontansprachlicher Datenbanken (Kiel Corpus), Perzeptionsexperimente und interpretative Analyse von Dialogdaten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich prosodische Einschnitte in drei funktional verschiedenen Bereichen unterschiedlich ausprägen: (1) Flüssige (vom Sprecher geplante) Phrasierung im Inneren von Gesprächsbeiträgen (2) unflüssige prosodische Grenzen bei Planungsproblemen (3) prosodische Grenzen am Ende von Gesprächsbeiträgen. Aber auch innerhalb dieser drei Klassen werden funktionale Unterschiede (z.B. Frage vs. Aussage) durch typische phonetische Komplexe aus Dauerstruktur, Intonationsmuster, Phonationstyp und Intensität kodiert.