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The growing gap between the information needs of stakeholders and the data contained in traditional financial reports led to the emergence of integrated reporting. Given the globalization of business and the increasing importance of non-financial indicators, such as environmental, social and management aspects, it has become evident that financial reporting cannot fully reflect all important aspects of enterprise value formation. This led to the need for a more comprehensive approach to reporting, which would provide a holistic picture of financial and non-financial indicators, reflecting the impact of the enterprise on various types of capital and their contribution to sustainable development. The article aims to reveal the essence of the integrated reporting, as well as structuring and summarizing existing approaches to its interpretation. The author used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, theoretical generalization, abstract logic, and monographic analysis to achieve the goal. Various approaches to disclosing the content of the integrated reporting, which are most common among domestic and foreign scientists, are systematized and summarized. The analysis of these approaches allows for a comprehensive understanding of integrated reporting, covering various aspects of its implementation and effectiveness, considering current trends. A comparative analysis of integrated and financial reporting proves that integrated reporting provides a more comprehensive and multifaceted view of the company's activities than traditional financial reporting. It reflects financial results and includes non-financial aspects such as environmental and social impacts, allowing stakeholders to gain a more complete picture of the company’s long-term sustainability, risks and opportunities. The author’s vision of the economic content of the integrated reporting presented in the article is based on understanding this category as a structured communication process that forms information about financial and non-financial indicators in a report format.

Today, digitalization has covered all areas of the social system. The introduction of innovative technologies and ERP systems in the accounting field helps significantly increase the efficiency of financial management. At the same time, certain industries, such as public schools in Romania, still do not take full advantage of accounting automation. This article examines the adoption of accounting automation through ERP solutions in university educational institutions in Romania and explores the advantages and obstacles that come with this shift. In this study, a thorough analysis of the data collected through the survey was carried out. A questionnaire with questions was sent to 100 educational colleges in Romania. The questionnaire contained questions aimed at gathering information about the level of automation, the types of technology used, the difficulties faced and the benefits. Institutions of various sizes with various funding sources – from regular to high schools – were chosen for the study. Implementing automated accounting systems in institutions in Romania has shown noticeable benefits, enhancing efficiency and transparency while ensuring accuracy in operations. However, limited financial resources and inadequate digital expertise challenge the adoption of ERP technologies and other sophisticated solutions. The study results show that digitalization levels differ significantly across education levels, with high and secondary schools being the most digitized, while pre-kindergarten and primary schools lag in adoption. Key obstacles include constraints and a shortage of expertise, particularly impacting high school and secondary educational establishments. The research provides recommendations to enhance the digitalization process in Romania's pre-university educational institutions.

In the conditions of a high level of development of information systems based on technologies of distributed data processing, the use of artificial intelligence, Big Data and intelligent data analysis, the process of creating management reporting is a complex analytical toolkit that allows accountants to create reports with the necessary indicators in various formats, according with different time parameters and different level of detail based on the generalization and analysis of data from multiple internal and external sources. The article aims to improve the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of management reporting on the innovative capital of the enterprise. The author formulated and substantiated the procedure for the formation of management reporting on the innovative capital of the enterprise, which consists of three main directions: 1) Improvement of the system of the enterprise's management accounting objects; 2) Application of management accounting methods to the innovative capital of the enterprise; 3) Improvement of management reporting on the enterprise's innovative capital. Approaches to understanding management reporting in modern conditions of the development of information and computer technologies are highlighted and analyzed. The study results show that management reporting on innovation capital broadly is a set of specialized internal reports and other forms of presentation, visualization, and transfer of internal information (information panels, dashboards of individual indicators) about innovative activity to persons who make management decisions. It was found that the specifics of the innovative activity of enterprises and the use of various approaches to the organization of its management systems (models and methods of decision-making by innovative management) make it impossible to develop a single standardized form of management reporting on innovative capital. The article describes the mechanisms for setting up and using the enterprise's management reports from the basic set available in the BAS ERP information system ("Management balance sheet", "Revenues and expenses", "Financial results", standard reports) to disclose relevant information about the enterprise's innovative activities for the needs and requests of innovative management. A General Report on the "Innovative Balanced Scorecard" and a dashboard for the "Return on Investment in Innovation (ROII)" indicator in the BSC Designer software product have been developed for business entities.

Fiscal policy is an essential tool that affects the economic stability and sustainable development of the state because it determines the conditions of economic activity through the regulation of the tax burden and the distribution of budget funds. The article's purpose is to develop and approve an integral tax index, which will allow a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in the context of its contribution to the country's sustainable development. The author used the index analysis method to reduce various indicators to a unified format, facilitating their comparison and evaluation. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of economic, social and environmental indicators, including GDP, tax revenues, environmental taxes and social contributions. Data were collected and analyzed for 2017-2024, which allowed to identify trends and correlations between various aspects of the economy that affect fiscal policy and its sustainability. The proposed methodology includes collecting statistical data, their analysis, forming an integral index and verifying its effectiveness through regression analysis modelling. The results of the study show that Ukraine's fiscal policy, despite the complex economic challenges, can support sustainable development goals but needs corrections to increase its effectiveness. The main challenges remain increasing social responsibility, environmental safety and ensuring economic growth in conditions of global instability. The identified shortcomings require improvement of the tax system and a balanced approach to regulating tax reforms to support sustainable development. The article provides recommendations on the optimization of fiscal policy, which will contribute to increasing its adaptability to economic challenges and ensuring socio-economic stability in the long term. This study proves that the integrated tax index is an effective tool for monitoring and adjusting fiscal policy to support Ukraine's sustainable development.

A value creation process, usually presented in the form of a complex flowchart and placed at the beginning of a report, describes the material and financial inputs and outputs of the commercial process, as well as the corporate philosophy, core values, strengths, key issues, management policies or business strategies. This article is devoted to analyzing the content and structure of global car brands' value chains and value creation processes. The purpose of the research is to find out what is the vision of the own processes of value creation by car manufacturers, identify indicators that are used to assess capital inflows and outflows, and single out the features of value chains specific to the automobile industry. The information base of the research is the annual or integrated reports of five global car brands – Mazda, Nissan, Suzuki, Saab, and Isuzu. The authors used scientific methods of generalization, grouping, comparison, and induction to process the collected data. Based on the analysis of the value creation process schemes presented in the annual/integrated reports, the structure and composition of the value creation processes are outlined in tabular form for each car manufacturer. It was found that the approaches to revealing the structure of value-creation processes in the researched reporting are similar in most respects. The study results show that all value chains contain the primary stage, where resources are attracted for further production; the middle link, where production is actually carried out; and the final link, which is directed to the delivery of products to the final consumer. The article defines the structural elements of capital inputs, upward activity, operations, downward activity and capital outputs as stages of the value-creation process of car manufacturers.

In the conditions of reduction in the volume of state subsidies and tax benefits due to the redistribution of resources to finance the defence industry, Ukrainian and international grants have become almost the only available means of supporting domestic agribusiness. Lack of experience in accounting for grant funds is one of the problems faced by accountants of agricultural enterprises. After all, grants as an object of accounting are, to a certain extent, a novelty for many business entities in the agrarian sector of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to reveal the methodical principles of accounting for grant support to Ukrainian agribusiness, particularly in terms of recognising income from targeted financing, and to determine the tax consequences of using grant funds. A detailed analysis of the current legislation is the basis of this study. In addition, the author review the previous case studies, the systematisation of the results of which made it possible to clarify the method of accounting for grant support and reveal the tax consequences of using grant funds. Three options for recognising income were characterised based on the purpose of targeted financing, that is, the object to which the grant funds are directed. The article presents the procedure for recognising income from grant support on accounting accounts. The tax consequences of using grant funds by agricultural enterprises – VAT payers have been disclosed. The research results have a scientific and applied nature because they will help accountants of agrarian enterprises correctly disclose information about received state and international grants in accounting accounts and in reporting. The clarifications provided in the work regarding the tax consequences of using grant support make it possible to take a balanced approach to calculating the financial result before taxation and the share of agricultural production.

The need for post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian economy, housing stock and infrastructure facilities will lead to the activation of the construction industry and, therefore, the demand for geodetic services. On the other hand, the long lull in geodesy, caused by the lack of demand for geodetic works in wartime, generates the need for state support of the Ukrainian geodetic business. The article's purpose is to justify the prospects of the practical application of the toolkit of state support for geodetic business in Ukraine to activate the processes of reconstruction of the economy, housing stock and infrastructure facilities. The study results show that tax policy instruments are the most effective means of state support for the geodetic business. In particular, for large geodetic and land surveying enterprises, exemption from paying corporate income tax is relevant, at least for a few years during the post-war reconstruction period. Investment and innovation benefits and income tax preferences will play a crucial stimulating role in the purchase by geodetic business entities of modern geodetic instruments, tools for conducting geospatial measurements and software. Small business entities can be supported by exemption from paying a single tax during the first 5-8 post-war years, cancelling the legislation regarding their mandatory use of settlement transaction registrars, and exemption from military duty assessment and payment. The practical measures of indirect tax support of geodetic business should be: cancellation of the current order of widespread use of tax invoices, as well as the use of geodetic work performance acts instead of the specified tax accounting registers; the introduction of a preferential tax credit not only about the value-added tax on the purchase of investment and innovation tools or programs but also in terms of own effective developments; implementation of a special regime for the accumulation of value-added tax from the sale of geodetic works (services) in the first post-war years.

Periodically, the government and experts declare hundreds of billions of US dollars in war losses incurred by Ukraine. However, this is a generalized assessment. Object-by-object expert assessment has an inconsiderable application; it should be creative and, in particular, consider industry specifics. Today, the most unsolved issues are precisely the mass object-by-object assessment of damage and losses caused by the war. The article's purpose is to justify organizational approaches to the introduction of mass assessment of losses and the development and testing of such evaluation methodology based on individual agricultural enterprises. The research uses calculation methods and the methodology of expert monetary assessment. The authors used the analysis method to calculate the research enterprise's average annual pre-war performance indicators; methods of generalization and comparison are applied in analyzing its financial and economic activity based on indicators of financial and statistical reporting. An analysis of the functioning of state and international registers of losses was carried out. Information about the Unified digital integrated information and analytical system for managing the reconstruction of real estate, construction, and infrastructure objects has been disclosed. To implement existing compensation policies for destroyed, damaged property and direct and indirect losses of enterprises, approaches to the introduction of mass assessment of losses are proposed. On the example of indirect losses of agricultural enterprises, which they suffered due to the impossibility of using agricultural land, the article presents an approach to introducing mass assessment of losses. The proposed organizational approach and methodical procedure for calculating indirect losses (lost profit) of agricultural enterprises from the war provides for the introduction of an object-by-object approach accessible to accountants, simplified application of mathematical and program-table methods, which will allow reliably, objectively (documentally confirmed) to determine losses without excessive financial costs related to the payment of third-party examinations.

Forecasting and modelling of price dynamics of financial instruments and their volatility is an essential element of technical analysis of financial markets. The real sector is also interested in changes in volatility as it seeks to maintain stability in financial and commodity markets. The article aims to develop methodological approaches to modelling the dynamics and volatility of the Ukrainian corporate credit market using asymmetric GARCH approaches. It has been established that the risky nature of financial markets is a prerequisite for analyzing and modeling the volatility of their dynamics in order to correctly respond to possible spikes in volatility, as well as to predict their duration. The analysis was based on daily data on interest rates on the corporate credit market. A graph of the initial time series, autocorrelation functions was plotted, the series was checked for stationarity by the Dickey–Fuller test, which led to its differentiation and subsequent formation of the optimal ARIMA specification. When checking the residuals for autocorrelation and the ARCH effect, positive results were obtained, which led to the use of the GARCH model. Going through various GARCH specifications made it possible to choose GJR-GARCH for modeling, which takes into account the asymmetry of the impact of information shocks on the profitability management of active bank operations. The resulting model was tested by the Leung–Box test, the ARCH LM test, and the Pearson test for the optimality of the specification. The model was compared with actual time series data. All the results confirmed the correctness of the built models, which allows them to be used for analysis and forecasting for further periods.

New fraud trends and dimensions have emerged due to the fast-paced evolution of the digital ecosystem, posing particular difficulties for stakeholders. This research examines new dimensions of fraud, specifically, whether financial losses from fraud are greater when it involves cryptocurrencies than traditional means like bank transfers and credit cards. This study aimed to investigate the financial effects and outcomes of fraud in these specific fields. In addition, the study evaluated influencer marketing and NFT (Non-Fungible Token) fraud trends. The study employed a quantitative design. The authors used descriptive statistics to check trends, while an ANOVA test was used to check whether there were mean differences. Only bank transfers registered a higher amount lost than cryptocurrency, according to descriptive statistics; the other payment methods – cash or cash advances, checks, credit cards, debit cards, gift cards or reload cards, money orders, payment apps, and wire transfers – all registered losses that were significantly lower than cryptocurrency's total loss. However, a posthoc test used after an ANOVA reveals no significant difference in the amount lost between cryptocurrency and the other payment methods. The investigation also showed that, between 2019 and 2021, the majority of Instagram mega-influencers with more than a million international followers used fraudulent practices to fictitiously increase their engagement and follower counts. Mega-fraudsters made up 66.77% of all influencers in 2020; by 2021, that percentage had fallen to about 62.87%. In 2021, fraud was committed by influencers to the tune of 49.23% on average. Between 2020 and 2021, there was also a rising trend in NFT fraud. Loss of stakeholder funds, the obliteration of revenue streams, and the erosion of confidence are a few consequences of new fraud tendencies. Preventive measures are needed, such as improved verification processes, open policies, and industry collaboration, to lessen these risks and ensure the influencer marketing ecosystem's long-term viability.

On June 18, 2024, Nvidia's stock was momentarily crowned as the world's most valuable stock – surpassing other technology companies. Accordingly, this paper aims to analyze the differential effect of Nvidia's earnings announcement on the company's stock price following the earnings announcement. The research is anchored on the prior theory of efficient market hypothesis – which emphasizes the effect of information on stock prices. The paper applied a quantitative differential approach. The earnings announcement was used as the basis for differential stock price analysis because, based on previous literature, results show different (mixed) effects of earnings results on stock price. The data on Nvidia's stock price were collected from Fusion Media and Nasdaq. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test sample for mean difference. Results from the analysis indicate a significant positive difference between the previous 44 days before the profit announcement and 44 days following the profit announcement. The result shows that Nvidia's earnings announcement, which surpassed expectations, catalyzed a huge rise in Nvidia's stock price. It also highlights the best point when the investors should have taken their profit. The results of this study help academics and researchers in business schools better understand the relationship between earnings announcements and stock prices in AI chip manufacturing companies. The paper contributes unique novelty by using extended days before and within the earnings announcement, which provides ample space to understand the stock price performance and to make investment decisions. It thus contributes an insight into the best timing of profit-taking and reinvesting.

The war in Ukraine has had a destructive effect on the economic activity of road transport companies, the organization of their financial relations, the management of financial resources, and, therefore, on the financial mechanism. The article aims to reveal the essence of the financial mechanism of road transport companies in the financial management system. The authors investigated and summarized the main approaches to revealing the essence of the financial mechanism. It was found that the financial mechanism is considered 1) a means of influence and 2) a financial management system. The article defines financial mechanism taking into account the purpose and principles of the functioning of state finances and the finances of economic entities in combination with the final results achieved through financial support and financial regulation – functions that create a relationship between the financial mechanisms of the micro and macro level in the system financial management. In addition, an essential component of the financial mechanism is a system of financial instruments and indicators of primary (national and local taxes and fees, a single contribution, etc.) and secondary influence (subsidies, bank loans, etc.), thanks to which its primary functions are realized. The authors propose considering the financial mechanism of road transport companies in the financial management system in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the financial mechanism of road transport companies manages financial resources. In a narrow sense, the financial mechanism of road transport companies is connected, firstly, with the internal option, which concerns the organization of financial relations, and, secondly, with the external option, which involves a set of forms and methods of external and internal influence for the formation, accumulation and use of financial resources. The results of the study show that although the financial mechanism of road transport companies has its characteristics, it is interconnected with the financial mechanism of the state. So, any changes in the latter will affect the components of the first.

The company's choice of specific marketing tools and their combination depends on the goals set, the target audience's characteristics, the type of product being promoted, and the size of the budget. However, in crisis conditions caused by war, pandemic or natural disaster, the effectiveness of marketing communications is influenced by many more factors. The detailed analysis of such factors allows the company to adapt its marketing strategy to the realities of today. The article aims to reveal and systematize the factors affecting marketing communications in wartime conditions. It was found that the war changed companies' advertising policy, branding, and consumers' perceptions of goods and services. Therefore, to stay afloat, companies must study changes in the social climate on time and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly. Changing the nature and forms of communication with consumers plays a vital role in adapting marketing strategies. A consumer's attitude to specific brands and goods, based on the personal perception of the parties to the military conflict, is a sensitive factor in war conditions. Despite the general negative trend for business, the war opens up new opportunities for specific industries. In particular, using military themes in advertising can motivate the consumer to buy the company's products. However, one should be careful when using military symbols in advertising because the emotional perception of consumers can be different. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the negative consequences of war and understand how new opportunities can be used. The article systematizes the factors affecting marketing communications in wartime conditions and defines the measures that are an important component of business response to changes in market demand. The study results show that regardless of how effective the company's marketing strategy is in normal conditions, during the war, it needs to adapt to changes in the mood and habits of consumers and environmental factors.

Transparency is the goal of e-government in Indonesia, but many local governments still do not publicly disclose their financial reports. Thus, transparency in Indonesia is still low, especially as corruption cases are increasingly prevalent in government. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the transparency of local government financial reports in Indonesia. The research population comprises all provincial governments in Indonesia. Sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method based on the criteria of provincial governments in Indonesia that have official websites and provide access to local government financial reports for the fiscal years 2019-2022, so 84 research samples were obtained. The collected data for the analysis were secondary data obtained from financial reports published by local self-government bodies and the Central Statistical Agency (BPS) for 2019-2022. The data includes information on local government size, audit opinion, debt, gender, education level of the regional head, commitment of the regional head, regional wealth and intergovernmental transfers. This study uses the logistic regression analysis method to determine the effect of various variables on the transparency of local government financial reports. The results showed that the size of the local government and the commitment of the regional head positively affected the transparency of financial statements. However, the variables of audit opinion, debt and gender did not show a significant effect. In contrast, the education level of the regional head, regional wealth and intergovernmental transfers negatively influence the transparency of local government financial statements. This study provides important insights for policymakers in improving financial statement transparency at the local government level.

Internal audits play a key role in ensuring the efficiency of public institutions in Romania. However, the effectiveness of internal auditing is often compromised by challenges to the integrity and independence of the auditor. Independence in the activities of civil servants, particularly internal auditors, is crucial for unbiased assessments, free from undue influence by other parties. This article examines the ethics and independence of internal audit and control in public institutions in Romania. The purpose of the study is to assess compliance with ethical principles and independence by internal auditors in public institutions in Romania and to identify obstacles affecting the integrity of audit and control functions. The research methodology includes the distribution of questionnaires to public officials working in public institutions in Romania, complemented by an analysis of the ethical frameworks guiding these professionals. This approach aims to identify both the current state of ethical practice and the barriers to maintaining independence in audit processes. Despite significant progress achieved through the EU directive and concerted efforts to increase transparency and objectivity, challenges remain, threatening the integrity of auditing. The main findings of the investigation indicate that the main obstacles are political influence, resistance to change and insufficient resources to uphold the standards of ethics and independence of internal audit. Ethical leadership and supporting organizational culture are critical to promoting transparency, accountability and ethical behaviour in public institutions. In addition, it was found that the internal audit function is prone to modernization in the conditions of the intellectual economy. Therefore, part of it is likely to be performed by programs based on artificial intelligence. Based on the obtained results, the article provides recommendations for ensuring the ethical behaviour and independence of internal auditors in public institutions in Romania.

Today, football has transformed from a hobby into a sport capable of generating high economic value. Football players are recognized formally and informally as intangible assets in the football business. The previous studies confirm that owning high-quality and well-known players can significantly increase club revenue. The Financial Sustainability Regulation mandates clubs to maintain financial stability, ensuring a balance between income and expenses and encouraging clubs to produce top players from their academies. This study evaluates the financial performance of professional football clubs and examines players' contributions to their sustainability, specifically focusing on Manchester United, Manchester City, Arsenal, Liverpool, and Tottenham Hotspur. Authors analyze various financial metrics, such as ticket sales, sponsorships, and broadcasting rights, to assess the clubs' financial health through a qualitative descriptive lens. The research uses secondary data, namely the annual financial statements of the clubs during the 2019-2023 period. The financial reports were obtained from the official websites of the respective clubs. The findings indicate that sound financial management is essential for ensuring stability and maintaining a competitive advantage. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of players in fostering club sustainability through their performance on the field and their commercial appeal. High-profile players who perform consistently enhance merchandise sales, attract sponsorships, and grow the fan base, positively impacting the clubs' financial sustainability. The study contributes to the academic field by providing guidelines for the accounting treatment of football players and financial management practices in the football industry.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent a major pillar of the Algerian economy, accounting for 99.9% of businesses and employing over 3.3 million people. Despite their importance, these enterprises face complex challenges that affect their financial performance, measured by indicators such as return on assets (ROA). The study explores this performance's internal and external determinants, focusing on factors such as liquidity, debt levels, company size, and macroeconomic variables like GDP growth and inflation. Using the panel data method, we analyzed a sample of 40 SMEs over a five-year period (2018 to 2022). The results show that excessive liquidity, while seemingly prudent, has a negative effect on SME performance, as it limits investment opportunities. Similarly, short-term and long-term debt are associated with reduced profitability, contradicting some economic theories that view debt as a sign of good management. The limited access to credit often forces Algerian SMEs to rely on short-term financing, increasing their financial risks. In contrast, economic growth positively affects SME performance by boosting demand for their products and services. However, inflation has a negative effect, eroding profit margins due to rising operating costs. Thus, improving a company's performance is possible if the entity can create the conditions necessary for its survival and deploy the resources and logistics needed to achieve the desired objectives while aligning strategies across various activities to effectively implement its management policies. These research findings provide valuable insights for business leaders and policymakers, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to maximize the financial performance of SMEs by considering these various factors.

The introduction of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) in Pakistan presents a transformative opportunity to enhance the nation's financial landscape by providing a more efficient, inclusive, and secure medium for financial transactions. CBDCs can facilitate cross-border payments, enhance financial inclusion and control for financial crime. However, the success of implementing digital currencies depends very much on society's acceptance of this idea. This study uses a quantitative descriptive design to explore public opinion, awareness and readiness to adopt the Central Bank Digital Currencies in Pakistan. A survey was conducted with respondents from diverse demographic backgrounds to assess their understanding of CBDCs, concern regarding privacy and financial security, and overall willingness to adopt digital currencies issued by the central bank. In this study, the factors that may influence or predict the success of Central Bank Digital Currency in Pakistan's economy are independent variables. The success of CBDC in usage and integration in Pakistan's economy is the dependent variable. Gender and profession are control variables. The analysis that was conducted highlights a generally positive outlook towards CBDC among the survey participants, tempered by notable concerns about trust and sustainability. However, the findings suggest that while there is cautious interest in CBDCs among common Pakistanis, substantial efforts are needed to address the knowledge gap and mitigate concerns about security and privacy. Digital education of the population is one of the key factors in successfully implementing digital currencies in any country, particularly Pakistan. In addition, trust issues remain a critical barrier, especially among those aware of CBDC's benefits. Thus, the results of this study will be useful for policymakers and financial institutions in the context of planning activities for implementing CBDC in Pakistan.

The full-scale military invasion significantly affected the operation of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy, in particular, the management of the assets of business entities. New challenges and threats have appeared related to the destruction of property, its occupation, theft, change in value or write-off. Accordingly, this requires adapting methodical approaches to accounting for the property of agricultural enterprises to the new economic conditions. The article's purpose is to reveal methodical approaches to the accounting of the property of agricultural enterprises, which will ensure the reliability, transparency, relevance and quality of accounting information in martial law conditions. Also, the research aims to identify key models of property accounting in the agricultural sector during the war. The authors analyze the existing legal framework aimed at regulating issues related to the control over property under martial law. Possible models of recognition/termination of accounting of property damaged due to hostilities, stolen or located in temporarily occupied territories, and which are aimed at ensuring proper accounting, control and management of property in martial law conditions, were identified. The key models of recognition and accounting of property (non-current assets, capital investments and stocks) are highlighted depending on the consequences of military actions, which demonstrate how various management decisions made by the management of the enterprise in martial law conditions affect the status of assets. Such models emphasize the importance of implementing a clear and transparent accounting policy that considers the impact of extraordinary circumstances on the enterprise's property and control over it. The accounting, tax and legal consequences of seizure and forced alienation of property under martial law were characterized. Properly organized accounting will help the management of the enterprise make decisions regarding restoration, insurance, and loss replacement, and it will also avoid negative tax and accounting consequences.

Taxes are believed to distort how firms behave and market equilibrium. Since tax reduces equity returns, firms will intuitively reduce tax costs through tax avoidance and any other production or operational cost to achieve the highest returns. One of the production costs that often under hair cross is labour cost. Firms can use their bargaining power to reduce wages to offset tax costs. On the other hand, firms' attempt to reduce wages might, in turn, lower their production output. Lower output means a lesser taxable base and less marginal benefit for tax avoidance. Lower output also means lower equity returns and might incentivize firms to do more tax avoidance. Therefore, many researchers are looking for answers to the following question: how much do firms avoid tax in the face of their capability to shift the tax burden to labour? This study aims to investigate the relationship between tax incidence and tax avoidance in the industrial sector in Indonesia. While previous studies have shown solid empirical support for this relationship, Indonesia's employment conditions and industrial characteristics differ from those in the United States and other countries. The data for the study was taken from the reports of IDX-listed companies in the industrial sector ranging from the year 2018 to the year 2022. The data analysis uses Generalized Least Square (GLS) panel data regression. Using education level as a proxy for tax incidence and cash ETR as a proxy for tax avoidance, the authors found no significant connection between them because the industrial sector predominantly employs a much higher number of workers with low education levels compared to those with higher education. Additionally, highly educated workers in Indonesia often face job market challenges; thus, horizontal mismatches happen. Instead, other variables like sales growth, leverage, firm size, SG&A expenses, and loss carryforward significantly influence tax avoidance.

Today, the government of Ukraine and international and domestic experts estimate the damage from the war in the hundreds of billions of US dollars. However, this is usually a summary assessment data. Object-specific expert evaluation has a single application and requires the development of specific mechanisms for its implementation. The essential basis for this is international experience. Therefore, the article aims to study international reactions to economic challenges caused by war and the generalization of international approaches to the definition and procedures for compensation of losses to enterprises of victim countries caused by armed aggression. The study results confirm the expediency of partially applying the practices of Kuwait to create a corresponding mechanism in Ukraine. The primary basis for financing compensation commissions for the payment of reparations to Ukraine, in particular, confiscated Russian assets and deductions from the aggressor's exports, has been determined. The need to develop low-cost damage assessment methods due to the limited possibilities of professional assessment (limited personnel, financial and time resources) is substantiated. The need for creating a simplified mechanism for recording and assessing losses, which will be available for use by a wide range of specialists and separate sectoral methods of assessing losses (agricultural sector, transport, etc.), was highlighted. The shortcomings of the damage and loss assessment methodology chosen by the Government of Ukraine are substantiated, including the lack of an opportunity to determine and demand compensation for indirect damages (forgotten profit). The hypothesis about the need for revisions and additions in the domestic policy of assessing losses and compensations for the consequences of war, in particular, in terms of focusing on an expert approach in assessment and judicial and arbitration practice of compensations, the introduction of an accounting approach to assessing losses, has been proven.

Stability and reasonableness in calculating the object of income tax, on which the filling of the country's budget significantly depends, are important factors for developing a business and the national economy. The article's purpose is a retrospective analysis of the legal framework of the method for determining the object of income tax in the context of the duality of its nature as an accounting and financial category. The results of such an analysis form the basis for determining further ways to improve the income tax accounting method. The legislative changes that formed and supplemented the functioning mechanism of the income tax during the Soviet era were revealed. The article assesses in detail the steps taken by the government of independent Ukraine to update the legislative framework on income tax and bring it into line with the requirements of the market environment. An analysis of the evolution of the object of taxation, expansion of the list of taxpayers, and changes in benefits for paying income tax was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, a periodization of the stages of the development of the legal framework for income tax was developed, which consists of seven periods: the formation of income tax in various forms; initiation of the methodology for determining the object of income tax; development of the Ukrainian system of corporate income taxation; improvement of the methodology of the tax base and the collection and control mechanism; the occurrence of tax accounting to determine the tax object; reforming the Ukrainian tax system; integration of accounting and tax accounting. The study results show that during the entire period of development of the income tax system, there was no single strategy for reforming the method of determining the object of tax. The development and adoption of such a plan could improve the quality of the income tax system by ensuring greater efficiency, simplifying procedures and stimulating business development.

Multiple factors have contributed to the burgeoning emphasis on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the Vietnamese banking sector. There is a burgeoning consciousness among consumers and stakeholders regarding the significance of sustainable and ethical business practices. With increasing social awareness, customers are progressively opting to support businesses that are dedicated to CSR. Moreover, regulatory entities in Vietnam have initiated measures to encourage CSR practices among banks. This study underscores the profound impact of CSR on the financial performance of the banking sector. The authors developed hypotheses to find out the determinants of the financial performance of Big 4 banks in Vietnam by collecting secondary data in the 2017-2022 period. To answer this question, the Person test, Pool OLS, FEM, REM and FGLS models were used, and then the Hausman test, Wald test and Wooldridge test were used to test the suitable model. The research showed that financial performance in the Big 4 banks in Vietnam (Vietcombank, BIDV, VietinBank, and Agribank) was negatively impacted by capital ratio and financial leverage and positively and significantly influenced by corporate social responsibility and overhead expenses. Thus, by integrating CSR initiatives into their business strategies, banks can enhance their reputation, attract socially conscious customers, and improve return on assets (ROA). Overhead expenses are another key factor significantly impacting a bank's ROA. The Big 4 banks should focus on optimizing their cost structure by identifying and eliminating inefficiencies in their operations. Implementing digitalization initiatives, streamlining processes, and investing in technology can reduce overhead expenses and improve operational efficiency. From these results, the paper gave recommendations for banks to improve their financial performance.

Almost all industrial players handle wastewater treatment in one way or another by themselves, no matter the industry or company’s size. Some companies have wastewater treatment plants, and others are considering investments for construction or modernisation. Occasionally, industrial wastewater is discharged to a municipal wastewater treatment plant; however, it must sometimes be pre-treated. Corporate wastewater quality is imperative for environmental responsibility, corporate legitimacy and financial performance. This paper examines the relationship between the reduction of hydrocarbon content of offshore and onshore wastewater and the stock price presented in TotalEnergies. The data on hydrocarbon content reduction in offshore and onshore wastewater discharge was collected from the TotalEnergies 2022 Sustainability and Climate Progress Report. In addition, the data on TotalEnergy’s stock price was collected from the FusionMedia online stock price index. Data was analysed quantitatively through the application of a graphical approach. Findings from the graphical analysis of data depict two important dimensions of the stock value effect. Firstly, the results show a corresponding relationship between the reduction in the hydrocarbon content of wastewater and an increase in the stock price value of TotalEnergies. Secondly, the results show that the increase in stock price value continues even beyond the times of hydrocarbon reduction, which shows that investors compensate the company for its previously good performance in hydrocarbon reduction. This legitimacy-ingrained performance shows that hydrocarbon reduction protects the company’s value even during uncertainties and/or hindrances in wastewater quality. Based on this finding, the paper develops an inductive hypothesis, opening a new research agenda. The findings are of practical significance for industrial hydrocarbon content reduction and the attraction of short- and long-term financial value to the industry.

In the business world, companies continuously strive to enhance their value through various strategies and policies. One of the critical policies influencing a company's value is the dividend policy. Dividend policy is a crucial decision for company management as it reflects the financial condition and prospects of the company and can influence shareholders' investment decisions. This study examines the influence of free cash flow, leverage, and profitability on dividend policy in transportation and logistics companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018-2022. The data used in this study are secondary data obtained from the companies' annual financial reports. This research employs purposive sampling to select 20 companies from a population of 37 IDX-listed transportation and logistics companies. This study measures free cash flow using the free cash flow ratio, leverage using the debt-to-equity ratio, and profitability using return on equity. This study analyzed the data using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique. The study's results indicate that free cash flow and profitability significantly influence dividend policy. Since profitability significantly affects dividend policy, companies with high profitability have to increase dividend payments to attract and retain investors. This will increase positive perceptions in the market and increase the company's stock value. Besides, high free cash flow indicates that the company has sufficient liquidity to pay dividends without sacrificing important investments in operations or growth. Therefore, companies must adopt effective cash management strategies to ensure healthy cash flow, such as optimizing operational costs, working capital efficiency, and appropriate financing strategies to maintain liquidity. Leverage does not affect dividend policy but can provide mixed signals to the market regarding the company's financial condition.

The main goal of a company is to maximize profits for its shareholders, which is realized in the form of efforts to increase the market value of the company's share price in question. In scientific and technical progress conditions, the ownership of intangible assets can significantly increase the company's capitalization and the market value of its shares. This research aims to analyze the influence of intangible assets on company value moderated by company size with the control variables of leverage and profitability. The sample of this study is 108 chemical sub-sector companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2013 to 2022. The study employed quantitative data obtained from secondary sources, including companies' yearly financial statements, the Indonesian Capital Market Directory (ICMD), and the official website of IDX (www.idx.co.id). The model and analysis technique uses Moderation Regression Analysis (MRA) with linear regression-process (Andrew Hayes) and IBM SPSS. The research found that intangible assets and size partially had a positive and significant effect on company value, as did leverage and profitability as control factors. However, on the other hand, size moderation weakens the relationship between intangible assets and company value. This situation shows that not all chemical subsector companies on the IDX align with the book value of shares and the share market price. Apart from that, the proportion of assets to liabilities must also be increased to build investor and public perceptions regarding the reliability of chemical companies' intangible assets in the future. It is hoped that company size will increasingly become a factor that strengthens the creation of company value in the future. Thus, companies with greater total assets, particularly intangible assets, will provide confidence in the company's financial capabilities to investors and other parties, especially those who provide sources of capital.

The development of the insurance market is accompanied by unstable transitional processes that can create threats and risks of worsening the insurer's financial condition. In this regard, an urgent issue is the comprehensive diagnosis of the economic indicators of the activity of insurance companies to ensure their financial security. The insurer's financial security is a set of measures to eliminate the threats of deterioration of the financial condition to achieve an acceptable level of activity risk during a certain period and ensure the insurer's financial stability before the increase of external and internal threats affecting the financial condition. Threats include factors and processes that can negatively affect the interests of owners and clients and the insurer's financial condition. Therefore, indicators of the insurer's financial security are the most significant financial indicators and parameters (factors) that characterize the insurer's financial condition and financial stability concerning parameter changes (factors). The article aims to develop a methodology for comprehensive diagnostics of insurance companies' economic indicators to ensure financial security. The research methodology is based on the use of insurers' microeconomic indicators. The author's proposals are based on two groups of indicators used in financial analysis: 1) indicators of financial condition and 2) indicators of financial stability and security. Each group comprises 7-8 financial indicators, corresponding criteria, and normative values. It is proposed that diagnostics be carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the financial condition is determined according to the indicators of the first group, and then – in the second stage, it is detailed by analyzing the indicators of financial security (indicators of the second group). The application of the approach presented in the article makes it possible to carry out purposeful work on the diagnosis of economic indicators of activity, to form an independent opinion not only about the insurer's financial condition but also to build the fundamental foundations of ensuring its financial security. It is crucial not only to calculate and compare the dynamics of indicators of the financial condition of insurers but also to assess the degree of their readiness to counter threats correctly.

A vital role in the effective management of banking institutions is played by internal audit as an essential element of the risk management system, which ensures timely detection and resolution of problems, increases transparency and trust in the banking system, and ensures its stability and sustainability. The article aims to reveal the main criteria for risk assessment in the areas of internal audit, which is carried out in the bank based on a risk-based approach, to identify the main problems and substantiate the theoretical aspects of integrating a risk-oriented approach into practice. The role of internal audit in risk management of banking activity was revealed. Arguments were presented regarding implementing a risk-based approach to internal audit planning in the bank. The article analyzes the audit planning procedures and systematizes risk assessment criteria in audit areas. To determine the priority of audit areas, evaluating each area according to the specified criteria and distributing them according to the degree of risk is necessary. This will allow effective planning of audits, directing resources to the most risky areas. The study results indicate that audit planning in Ukrainian banks should be based on a comprehensive assessment of risks, which will allow for the taking into account internal and external factors. As a result, banks can quickly respond to changes in the external and internal environment and effectively allocate resources. To implement this task, it is necessary to develop a detailed audit plan based on a comprehensive risk assessment, and it is necessary to include all key business processes and bank organizational units. Constant monitoring of risks will allow for quick changes to the audit plan in response to new threats or opportunities. The theoretical and practical principles of audit planning based on a risk-based approach, presented in the article, are the basis for building a banking risk assessment model.

The auditor uses the audit results of the local government financial reports to provide a professional statement in the form of an opinion and recommendations in the audit report. These opinions and recommendations are important for the local government's policy because they contain guidelines for its improvement. Purpose. This study examines the effect of audit findings (Internal Control System, non-compliance with regulations, and audit recommendation follow-up) on BPK's audit opinion using a case study of the Regional Governments in Kalimantan Zone. Methodology/approach. The logistic regression was used to determine the effect of audit findings and follow up on the BPK's opinion of audit results. This study uses secondary data (BPK Semester Examination Results Summary or IHPS) collected from 2018 to 2023. Findings. The results showed that audit findings (the internal control system and non-compliance with regulations findings) significantly negatively affected the BPK audit opinion on the financial statements in the Kalimantan region. In addition, the follow-up examination results significantly positively impact the BPK audit opinion on the financial statements in the Kalimantan region. The result was that the lower findings of the internal control system and non-compliance with regulations resulted in a better audit opinion of BPK. In addition, the higher the index follow-up on audit results, the better the acquisition of BPK audit opinion is generated. Originality/value. This study extends and contributes to the extant BPK audit opinion literature by providing new insight into how audit findings affect BPK's audit opinion in the Kalimantan zone settings. Practical implications. This finding implies that local governments must improve the implementation of internal control systems and compliance with regulations and consistently undertake BPK recommendations to increase the quality of financial reporting. The findings offer vital evidence to improve the quality of financial reporting in driving local governments' service quality. Limitations. This study only uses data from the Kalimantan region, so the generalization of the study results does not apply nationally and may cause bias in the method. To minimize bias, the next researcher can use a larger sample of data, not just one area.

The Global Sustainable Development Goals, announced by the UN General Assembly in 2015, today serve as a guideline for developing the national economy of Ukraine and its food system. The unprecedented challenges of the new millennium – the pandemic and the military aggression of the Russian Federation – distanced Ukraine from their implementation. In this regard, the article aims to reveal the prerequisites for the development of the food system and identify today's challenges to determine the most effective and efficient directions for solving problems and means of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The research uses the following methods: systemic generalization – to systematize the risks and challenges of the food system in the context of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals; method of comparisons and dynamic method – to assess the state of production and consumption; regression equations – to determine the forecast indicators of individual indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals and possible changes in food consumption volumes in the future. The content of the concept of sustainability and sustainable development of the food system was defined. Prerequisites for the sustainable development of the food system were identified, particularly Ukraine's leadership in food exports, the existing potential of land, and the growth of food production and consumption. The work assessed food production indices during periods of crisis, such as during a pandemic and martial law. A functional diagram of the food system's prerequisites and challenges for sustainable development in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals has been developed. An analysis of the dynamics of individual SDG indicators and trends in their development was carried out. Indicators of sufficiency of consumption of basic food products by recommended consumption standards are analyzed. The results of the study show that despite the unprecedented challenges, the food system of Ukraine is gradually adapting to modern conditions, restoring the economy and strengthening food security in the regions of Ukraine; humanitarian, economic, and economic ties are being established.

Restoring the energy infrastructure damaged due to military aggression requires consistent political leadership, effective planning, financial resources, and human capital. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of human capital formation and justify the directions of its increase. The issue of human capital formation is presented in the article through the prism of the need for the post-war recovery of Ukraine's energy industry on an innovative basis. Within the framework of the economic mechanism of human capital formation for the needs of the energy transition, a critical component is the system of education and science. The authors assessed the "Human capital and research" factor for post-war recovery based on an input-output analysis of the components of the Global Innovation Index for Ukraine. The study showed a decrease in the contribution of the "Human capital and research" factor to the development of the innovative sphere of Ukraine during 2021-2023. The decomposition of the "Human capital and research" factor allowed us to conclude its further weakening by the following components: the total volume of education funding in % of GDP; the average performance of students according to the PISA assessment; coverage of the population by higher education; expenditure on research and development in % of GDP; the success of Ukrainian universities, measured regarding the success of the top 3 universities in the world according to the version of the QS World University Rankings. Based on the results of the analysis, steps aimed at strengthening individual components of human capital are proposed: diversification of non-state participation in both financing and provision of education, in particular through state stimulation of training at the workplace; support of employment with intensive use of knowledge; determination of priority areas of specialist training. State instruments for the implementation of these steps are: the provision of direct budget support in the form of grants and innovative transfers; the provision of state guarantees for enterprise loans obtained for the implementation of innovation and investment projects; the provision of state support for the export of carbon-free energy products; reduction of the corporate income tax base by the volume of innovation costs and personnel training costs.

People below the poverty line need financial support to meet their basic needs. One type of support is Universal Basic Income (UBI), which is paid to all adults individually, without means-test or work requirement. This paper investigates the effectiveness of basic-income social policies in rural areas of Romania. The author has analyzed possibly the longest-running Universal Basic Income program created by a non-governmental organization. This social experiment has been running for more than fifteen years and counting. Once a thriving bulwark of socio-economic stability in the country, rural areas grapple for decades with the tsunami effect of ill-fated socio-economic reforms of the ’90s, which dragged the rural economy and its people into a vicious cycle of poverty. Constant economic migration, depopulation, lack of basic needs, and a generation of orphans – the byproduct of economic migration and lack of education – constitute the new dire reality of a once prosperous blend of small economies. Under these circumstances, providing unconditional guaranteed income, independent of any other revenue streams, seems a natural way to alleviate the effects of systemic, multidimensional poverty. With mostly non-existent government programs and a weak business sector, the responsibility for such targeted interventions rests on the shoulders of third-sector organizations. The study’s results prove that such programs’ impact and benefits far outweigh their monetary costs and the stigma associated with “social welfare” proposals. Reframing the concept of UBI allows for creating more perfect baselines, a better way of measuring the needs, and means to fulfil these needs more effectively. This, in turn, drives the creation of a more powerful (and meaningful) set of tools for assessing these needs to meet the demand adequately.

As part of corporate social responsibility, companies must demonstrate an active social position, be in constant dialogue with society and take an active part in developing the country and solving its urgent problems. Given the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and restrictions on the import of energy carriers from Russia, the activities of companies in the energy sector of Romania require close attention to determine their efficiency and the level of their corporate social responsibility. This research inquiry is: To what extent and in what manner do Romanian corporations from nuclear energy and hydropower engage in CSR activities? In this study, we examined the sponsorship activities of Romania's two largest electricity-producing companies: Nuclearelectrica and Hidroelectrica. Data for the study was obtained from those two companies' financial and non-financial reports, their websites and the Minister of Finance from Romania's online platform. We extracted all the sponsorship paid by the companies and split them into activity types from our perspective. According to the study's results, in 2023, the priority areas of funding for Hidroelectrica's corporate social responsibility activities were health care – 41% (€506,419), culture – 21% (€266,286), and sports – 17% (€218,498). Much less funds were allocated to education, the social sphere, and other areas. It is unclear from the publicly available data whether the sponsorships included in the other category benefited local communities. Instead, Nuclearelectrica in 2023 provided the largest sponsorship for education with 41% (€984,587), health with 26% (€627,685) and the environment with 17% (€410,043). Significantly less funds were allocated to other areas. Both companies contributed to the good of local communities through their sponsorship and activities. However, Hidroelectrica must use its funds more rationally to maximize its positive impact on nature and social life. Funding events, the purpose of which is difficult to understand, can reduce public trust in the company.

By encouraging businesses to report on sustainable development, information about the impact of companies' activities on the environment is becoming increasingly available to all stakeholders. Given that the integrated report contains more qualitative and quantitative, subjective and prospective information about the company's values, traditional approaches used during the audit of financial statements may not provide adequate assurance about the reliability of the integrated report data. The article aims to reveal the conceptual foundations of providing integrated reporting assurance by analyzing the development of regulatory support for this process. The features and advantages of the integrated reporting assurance were disclosed. It was revealed that the main factor in developing the concept of providing integrated reporting assurance is the standardization processes of such a service, both at the international and national levels. The authors conducted a detailed review of the standards used by assurance providers for integrated reporting/sustainable development reporting. The primary standards in this area are AA1000AS and ISAE 3000, and from 2024, ISAE 3000 will be replaced by ISSA 5000. The article also described two types of assurance the auditor could obtain during the audit of integrated reporting. The study results indicate different forms of assurance regarding integrated reporting based on the list of providers performing the verification and the standards they use. Based on applying analogy and abstract thinking, the authors outlined the necessary steps to introduce the concept of integrated reporting assurance in Ukraine. The results of this study support the findings of other researchers that the institutional environment in a country has a decisive influence on the adoption of integrated reporting and the need for its assurance.

Today, thanks to the active development of beekeeping on an industrial scale, Ukraine has become one of the largest exporters of honey to the market of EU countries. In this regard, the government is working on introducing EU requirements in the field of beekeeping into Ukrainian legislation to support this positive trend in the development of the industry. However, the main component of information and analytical support for managing beekeeping products production – accounting needs to be updated. The article aims to study the method of accounting for beekeeping products, determine the features of this process, and develop proposals for improving synthetic and analytical accounting at enterprises engaged in beekeeping. It was found that Methodical recommendations on accounting of biological assets and National Accounting Standard 30 "Biological assets" do not allow clear identification of accounting objects by types of beekeeping products, complicating the process of organizing accounting at an agricultural enterprise. To solve this problem, the article defines a list of beekeeping's main, related and by-products and proposes a structure of analytical accounts for their accounting. The production specifics are considered, particularly the stages of work at the apiary in each season. Correctly adjusted synthetic and analytical accounting in beekeeping will allow the accountant to collect the necessary data for making management decisions and compiling various forms of reporting of agricultural enterprises. The structure of analytical accounts by the type of beekeeping products proposed by the author will allow timely monitoring of its presence and movement and contribute to improving apiary management. In addition, the research results can be used to develop methodical recommendations on accounting for beekeeping products.

Today, optimizing logistics costs based on their accounting and analysis is an essential tool for ensuring enterprises' competitiveness. The article aims to reveal the methodical principles of accounting for logistics costs and identify problematic aspects and directions for improving this process in Ukrainian enterprises. It was determined that Ukrainian researchers offer quite a lot of classification features for the grouping of logistics costs. Instead, in foreign literature, logistics costs are divided into types based on the processes that are the objects of management. In Ukraine, there is a problem of regulatory and legal support, which is manifested in the absence of an appropriate definition of the term “logistics costs” in accounting regulatory documents, separate accounts or sub-accounts in the current Chart of accounts intended for accounting for these costs, limitations of methodical support. The idea of introducing an individual account for logistics costs, proposed by many researchers, has not yet been implemented. All this complicates the accountant's work in identifying, classifying, and displaying logistics costs in the company's accounting system. At the same time, accounting and control tools (methods) are still available to the accountant, which collectively form the method of accounting for logistics costs at the enterprise, which covers their identification, measurement, analysis, monitoring and reporting. At each stage, the accountant implements appropriate methods and tools guided by his professional judgment. The work defines a list of measures that can ensure the improvement of the method of accounting for logistics costs at the enterprise. The key direction in improving the accounting for logistics costs is digitizing management processes because introducing innovative technologies makes logistics management more flexible, effective, and straightforward.

Given the long application period of IAS 20 and several unsuccessful attempts to revise it by the IFRS Council, scientists have identified shortcomings in its application in practice, which prevent the disclosure of representatively reliable and relevant information for users about government grants and other government assistance. The article aims to identify and analyze the problems of applying IAS 20 “Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance” in modern conditions and form directions for its improvement. The historical aspects of the development of IAS 20 allow us to understand the reasons for its long-term use without significant changes. The literature review shows that in comparison with Ukrainian researchers, for the vast majority of foreign researchers, IAS 20 is the object of institutional analysis; they consider the introduction of changes to its composition not only from the standpoint of improving the current accounting methodology but as a social-institutional practice that changes the understanding of the state and the results of the company's activities from the perspective of stakeholders. The article describes attempts to develop alternative accounting standards for government grants and other government assistance for enterprises. It presents examples of non-compliance of the individual provisions of IAS 20 with the converged Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting requirements. Three main areas of development of IAS 20 have been identified based on the goals of government assistance: overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and overcoming the consequences of war. The practicality of understanding the accounting system in terms of government assistance as a social-institutional practice that forms knowledge about ethical behaviour and social justice at enterprises and spreads it among members of society, prompting them to make informed decisions, was proven.

Enterprises carry out financial and economic activities under constant changes, which directly or indirectly affect the content, volume and structure of information flows arising from identifying, measuring and formalising data related to economic operations and their results. The article aims to identify the elements of the preparation method of integrated reporting, the application of which by the accountant will help increase the degree of satisfaction of users' information needs. It was established that the preparation of integrated reporting includes three stages: determining users' information needs, obtaining relevant information for forming indicators, and directly filling out forms of integrated reporting. The first stage's goal is to establish the characteristics that should be concise, understandable for most users, and meaningful enough to make adequate management decisions on their basis. An essential aspect of the second stage is the determination of the sources of obtaining the necessary data with the identification of factors that contribute to reducing the cost of acquiring data, ensuring their relevance in terms of the time of receipt and intended purpose, as well as availability and a high level of trust. The preparation of integrated reports involves the selection of an acceptable conceptual basis that would consider the branch and territorial aspects of the functioning of business entities, their organisational and functional structure, policies and procedures for implementing individual financial and economic operations, and segments of activity. An accountant's application in practical activities of the approach to the preparation of integrated reporting disclosed in the article will allow the assessment of the expediency of obtaining individual data based on their importance for users, the ratio of benefits from receiving them, and related costs. Qualitatively prepared integrated reporting will give users confidence that formalised and properly systematised indicators characterise the enterprise's economic activity, taking into account the influence of quantitative, qualitative and cost factors.

The financial results of business entities are an important indicator of the state of the industry, based on which operational and systemic decisions are made regarding the determination of development priorities, regulatory and legal regulation, budget financing, taxation and other state management mechanisms. Timely identification of existing trends and possible risks and a comprehensive assessment of the influence vectors and dependencies of all economic activity components, especially in martial law conditions, allows for more balanced and effective decisions capable of ensuring stable long-term development. The article aims to identify the latest trends in the formation of financial results of agricultural enterprises and assess the prospects of their growth in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction. The article examines a set of indicators characterizing the financial results of agricultural enterprises over the past decade. The main trends regarding the dynamics and volumes of critical financial indicators of enterprises, including the individual branches of agricultural products, have been clarified. The main factors influencing the financial results of enterprises, changes in the structure of their financial assets and liabilities, and individual indicators of financial stability and solvency are determined. The study results show that in the pre-war period, agricultural enterprises' financial results steadily improved, reaching their historical maximum in 2021. Such a trend indicated the real prerequisites for further qualitative growth of the agricultural industry. In martial law conditions, most of the positive trends slowed down significantly. At the same time, the preservation of the financial potential of agricultural enterprises and the prospects for their growth depend, first of all, on the duration of the war and the possibilities of state support.

Assessing the risk of financial distress is an important component of effective management because it helps companies make right financial decisions, avoid potential risks and improve business operations. This study provides more empirical evidence on the role of the Z-Score model in predicting financial distress of companies in emerging markets like Vietnam. This research paper uses data from 30 companies that delisted on UPCOM due to financial distress and 30 companies with Z-score greater than 4.35 on Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HoSE) for 5 years from 2018 to 2022, corresponding to 300 observations. The selected companies have enough audited financial statement data during the research period which are collected from websites such as cafef.vn, vietstock.vn, and websites with data on companies’ financial statements. The financial factors are taken from the balance sheet and income statement by the authors to calculate the Z-Score. The authors use the Independent-samples T-test with data collected delisted companies due to financial distress and stably listed firms on the Vietnam Stock Market to test whether there is a difference in Z-score and independent variables in the Z-score model between these two groups of companies. The research results show that, there is a significant difference in the Z-score and the factors in the Z-Score model between the group of listed companies and the group of delisted companies, and between companies with low level of financial distress and those with high level of financial distress. From the findings obtained, the authors have made suggestions and recommendations for relevant parties such as the State Securities Commission of Vietnam, users of financial statements, and companies in order to contribute to preventing and limiting the risk of corporate financial distress in the most effective way.

Accounting and finance are intricately intertwined with the global quest for environmental sustainability by applying accounting and finance tools for carbon reduction initiatives. Clean energy financial investment is one of the many alternative tools through which accounting contributes to carbon reduction. Accordingly, this paper analysed the impact of separate and integrated clean energy investment alternatives on carbon reduction. Data on clean energy financial investment and carbon emission per capita were collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Our World in Data archives, respectively. Data was analysed by using multiple pooled OLS to evaluate the impact of individual clean energy financial investments on carbon reduction and the impact of integrating the various clean energy financial investment alternatives on carbon reduction separately. Findings show that individual clean energy financial investments may not separately offer desired carbon reduction, hence, albeit some negative coefficients, individual clean investments showed no significant impact on carbon reduction. However, furthering the test by pooling all the clean energy financial investment alternatives shows a significant negative effect of clean energy financial investment on carbon reduction at a P-value of 0.05. This shows that an integration of different alternatives of clean energy financial investment may offer an enhanced reduction of carbon emission, which outweighs the effect of relying on a single clean energy investment alternative. The findings offer significant insight for policy makers’ future strategies towards a combination of multiple clean energy financial investments. Furthermore, the findings from this paper are a further testament that accounting and finance are connected with the global quest for environmental sustainability through the application of accounting and financial investment tools in conducting clean energy financial investment.

In martial law conditions, the problem of making capital investments becomes even more tangible for business entities, given the limitation of their financial capabilities, which, accordingly, affects the investment security of the state. The situation is aggravated due to the lack of sufficient interaction between the state's investment security provision and depreciation policy. The article's purpose is to form conceptual directions for the development of depreciation policy as a tool for financial support of the state's investment security. The study results indicate that the current state of affairs with the allocation of depreciation deductions to finance current assets contradicts the laws of the circulation of individual capital and does not allow the restoration of fixed assets at the required level. This situation is caused by the improper reflection of the content of depreciation in Ukrainian legislation at various levels, which reduces its perception as a means of reducing tax liabilities. The economic content of depreciation as a source of capital investments should not change depending on the way to ensure the targeted use of these funds because depreciation deductions are costs from the point of view of the economic (accounting) concept and a source for investment – from the point of view of the financial concept. However, to ensure all functions (reproductive, financial, regulatory), the state must delegate to business entities the maximum rights to determine depreciation norms and methods. Accelerated depreciation should not be an exception, as it loses meaning in interpreting depreciation in the context of classical approaches to circling individual entrepreneurial capital. The proposed theoretical approaches, subject to the application of appropriate mechanisms, will increase the resource base of capital investments, including the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, ultimately improving the state's investment security.

Green supply chain management has gained traction in contemporary times against many environmental catastrophes and scandals involving prominent companies. Despite the strides made by lawmakers to address such challenges, an increasing number of corporations overlook environmental issues such as global warming, ecological concerns, reverse logistics, and global energy. Notwithstanding the contributions in prior studies, to the best of researchers’ knowledge, no study has sought to link corporate environmental performance with suppliers’ credit lending practices. Yet policymakers seek to develop regulations that incorporate the understanding of the collaboration among the supply chain members. Thus, we seek to establish the short-run and long-run dynamics between corporate environmental performance and suppliers’ credit lending. Targeting companies listed in the FTSE/JSE RII, we draw a sample of 21 companies using a judgemental sampling technique. Furthermore, archival data were collected to compute a short panel data set. The panel data set for statistical analysis comprised 21 cross-sections over six years, totalling 126 observations. The study adopted the first differenced econometric models in data analyses, namely Panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and, subsequently, Panel Least Squares (PLS), Wald Test, and Impulse Response Functions (IRF). Findings indicated a statistically significant positive relationship exists in the long run between corporate environmental performance and suppliers’ credit lending. Conversely, the same endogenous variables produced a statistically significant negative relationship in the short run. The study contributes new insights to supply chain management literature and renders novel policy implications for lawmakers.

The war in Ukraine has become a dominant negative factor affecting the continuity of activity of almost every business entity, which actualizes the issue of improving management information support. The article aims to reveal the theoretical and methodical foundations of analytical support for business continuity management under uncertainty. It was substantiated that the primary condition for the ability of enterprises to continue their existence shortly is the financial ability to reproduce their value sustainably. It was determined that the main characteristics of the financial capacity of enterprises' business continuity are the financial condition, financial stability, and the potential of value reproduction. These characteristics are interrelated. The starting provisions for developing analytical support for business continuity management have been formed. A methodical approach to the comprehensive analysis of the financial capacity of continuity of activity was proposed, which is represented by three blocks: 1) preliminary analysis of internal and external factors; 2) comprehensive analysis of the potential of the enterprise's financial capacity; 3) modification of the results of a comprehensive analysis of the potential of financial capacity for making management decisions and developing financial forecasts of the enterprise's development. The results of an analytical assessment of the degree of influence of factors on the continuity of activity based on an expert survey serve as an information base for making management decisions to select priorities regarding the reproduction of value by business segments for the future. A comprehensive approach to the real assessment of the value of the enterprise is based on a combination of private estimates of the value of the enterprise by cost, income and market methods by calculating an integral indicator that takes into account the specific weight of each of the approaches. This approach allows the formation of information for making management decisions, developing forecasts regarding the potential for value reproduction, and preparing conclusions to ensure continuous activity in conditions of uncertainty.

Educational programs need to be updated and improved, taking into account the latest legislative changes to correctly reflect the transformations of financial services markets and the evolution of the main concepts of financial science. This affects the quality of educational training, the scientific component in higher education institutions of Ukraine, and the professional competence of future practitioners and scientists. The article aims to reveal, improve the essence and formulate the definition of the concepts of the market of insurance services, insurance market, and market of insurance, taking into account the new legislation in the insurance field and achievements of financial science. The methodological basis of the research is the position of the theory of open economy, as well as the methods of system analysis. The study includes four sections: the first section provides a brief review of scientific works on the definition of the insurance market; the second section contains the analysis of Ukrainian insurance legislation regarding the insurance market; the third section presents the quantitative calculations and a new understanding of basic concepts; in the last subsection, the authors explain how the concepts of the insurance market and the market of insurance services differ, highlight the activities of the regulatory bodies of the insurance market, and show the unresolved problem of insurance guarantees in the market. The analysis points to the still unsolved problem of state guarantees of returning insurance premiums to clients if the insurer ceases insurance activity. In this regard, the expediency of creating the Insurance Guarantee Fund, which should become a participant in the insurance market, is argued. It was found that the concepts of the market of insurance services and the market of insurance are identical. The concept of the insurance market covers the market of insurance and is distinguished by the fact that there are regulatory bodies in the insurance market. Based on the provisions of the open economy theory and the analysis of behavioral aspects of market participants, the work proposes new definitions of the concepts of the market of insurance services and the insurance market.

To effectively carry out its economic activity, the enterprise needs to quickly respond to internal and external environmental changes, carrying out a strategic analysis. The effectiveness of such an analysis largely depends on the accountant's qualifications as the subject of its implementation. The article's purpose is to critically evaluate information sources, stages, and methods of strategic analysis, strengthening its theoretical and methodical support with the growing functional capabilities of the accountant. It was determined that the object of strategic analysis of the management process is the enterprise as an open management system and the forms and types of its activities. Strategic analysis helps create a system of main indicators of the enterprise's long-term development. The main tasks, information sources and strategic analysis stages were revealed. The strategic analysis methods, which are within the competence of a professional accountant, were critically evaluated. The article discusses the relationship between the functions of accounting and strategic analysis, given that both processes are performed by an accountant using many methods and professional judgment. It was established that qualitative strategic analysis is the key to effective enterprise strategic management. It is confirmed by the fact that the management strategy needs information about the strategic position of the enterprise, which is provided by accounting. An organizational and methodical mechanism for conducting strategic analysis by accountants of enterprises with an optimal set of methods and information sources was proposed. Combining accounting tools with traditional methods of strategic analysis (SWOT and GAP analysis) ensures obtaining conclusions for forming/adjusting the enterprise's development strategy in conditions of dynamic changes in the external and internal environment.

Sustainable transformations in some segments of the food system, which have recently occurred due to military conflicts, extreme climate events and epidemics, necessitate their in-depth study. Ensuring the population's physical and economic access to food to a certain extent depends on food retail (domestic retail trade), which, together with other components of the food system, has undergone transformation and requires an assessment of development trends. The article aims to identify development trends and transformations that occurred from 2012 to 2021 in Ukraine's food retail industry as a component of the food system. The study used general scientific and special methods: dialectical and logical to summarize the scientific basis for identifying transformations in food retail; economic-statistical – for processing and analyzing statistical data; tabular and graphical – for visualizing and summarizing the research results. The authors summarize conceptual approaches to the interpretation and essence of transformations in food systems and features of the formation of modern food policy. The differences in food retail transformations in modern and traditional food systems were revealed. Trends in the development and transformation of food retail during 2012-2021 were identified, including changes in the quantitative structure of stores and retail space, turnover volumes, profitability of trade, volumes of consumption of basic food products, consumer prices, etc. With the advent of Internet commerce, qualitative changes have occurred in serving consumers, mainly through creating online goods delivery services, mobile applications, and social networks. Using innovative food retail management technologies increases the efficiency of trade operations and improves product supply. As a result of the transformation of consumer priorities, health and sports nutrition stores and farm products have become stores with a focus on their safety and quality.

The prosperity of corruption, especially during the war, is one of the threats to Ukraine's national security, political stability and economy. International audit practice shows that anti-corruption audit is an effective tool for combating corruption and financial fraud. The article aims to distinguish the concepts of anti-corruption audit and anti-corruption compliance, to disclose the types of anti-corruption audit and its elements, and to determine the place and role of anti-corruption compliance in detecting and preventing manifestations of illegal corruption actions. Based on the analysis of the essence, two types of anti-corruption audit are distinguished: internal and external, which makes it possible to determine their differences and areas of application. In scientific literature, anti-corruption audit is often equated with anti-corruption compliance, which, in our opinion, is a component of internal anti-corruption audit. This conclusion follows from the general interpretation provided by the International Compliance Association and from the ideology of compliance, which involves compliance with the internal policies and procedures of the business entity. The elements of an anti-corruption audit are defined based on the provisions of international normative acts, the specifics and requirements of the activities of international organizations; however, for Ukrainian practice, it is appropriate to distinguish its main and additional elements based on the specifics of the activities of business entities and public sector entities. The main elements are mandatory for private and public sector entities, and additional ones depend on the field of activity and the level of corruption risks in the surrounding environment. The interpretation of the term anti-corruption audit proposed in the article, the definition of its differences from anti-corruption compliance and the identification of its structural components will contribute to constructing an effective system of combating fraudulent and corruption schemes in the private and public sectors of the Ukrainian economy.

Today's main task is to preserve the life and health of everyone who resides, lives, works and studies in Ukraine. In the conditions of the war, the Ukrainian education system underwent many different transformations, as the situation in the country constantly required its adaptation to the extraordinary circumstances and needs of society. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the training of managers during the period of martial law. The transformational processes in the field of professional education in martial law conditions were characterized. The accumulated experience of distance education, which was obtained during the pandemic and can be useful in military operations period, was evaluated. It was found that the experience of using distance education provides valuable lessons regarding the organization of effective training of higher education students in conditions of limited opportunities. This experience can be an important reserve for a reliable and effective education system in difficult circumstances such as wartime. Inclusive education is of particular importance in the conditions of martial law and the post-war period. Inclusive education for injured persons provides an opportunity for quality education and contributes to their full social inclusion and sense of self-worth. Such an education emphasizes the capabilities of each person, not limitations. Based on the research results, the professional competencies of managers were proposed, which are based on the principles that allow the professional qualities of future managers to be formed, taking into account the challenges of wartime. The training of future managers must consider the complex and tragic challenges of today, and this involves quick adaptation to changes, profound social responsibility, a global view of international challenges, resource efficiency and rationality when making decisions, and effective crisis management skills. These traits will help future leaders at all levels to be competent and effective in solving our society's most complex challenges.

The labour force is one of the factors of economic growth. At the same time, the discrepancy between the labour supply and the demand for it creates unemployment in the country. This study aims to analyze the difference in labour absorption in the labour status group of agricultural free workers and non-agricultural free workers using the variables that are more dominant in influencing labour absorption in the regencies/cities of South Sumatra Province. The sample was selected based on a multi-stage sample design with a probability method based on the cluster sampling method so that 172 people were obtained consisting of 62 free workers in agriculture and 110 free workers in non-agriculture in the regencies/cities of South Sumatra Province. The analysis technique uses the Chi-Square test and Multiple Regression Analysis based on the F-test and t-test. The independent variables in this study are working hours, marital status, gender, education level and employee's age. The results of the analysis show that there is a difference between the absorption of agricultural and non-agricultural free labour. Simultaneously, the variables of working hours, marital status, gender, education level and age affect the absorption of free agricultural and non-agricultural labour. Partially, only the education level variable has no significant effect on the absorption of free agricultural labour. This is because labour in agriculture is less qualified, and workers without a high level of education can be engaged for their performance. In general, in Indonesia the absorption of agricultural free labour is higher than the absorption of non-agricultural free labour. The most dominant variable affecting the absorption of agricultural free labour is gender, while for non-agricultural free labour is marital status.