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The paper justified essence of genetic engineering as the object of insurance services. Defines the concept of risk gene transferring. The character features of this specific risk. The influence and consequences for agricultural producers. The description of the possible creation of the concept of insurance services that cover risk of gene transferring. The study reveals of the use of GMOs in agriculture, due to issues of economic security of a particular region or country as a whole. To determined the impact of risks and control for developing and developed countries that are important aspects of farming. Changes in weather, climate, productivity, price values, public policy, the situation on global markets can cause large fluctuations in agricultural production, and consequently affecting the income of agricultural producers. Risk management includes a range of strategies that reduce the social and financial implications of possible changes affecting the production and income of farmers. There is a need for an in-depth study of the theoretical and practical aspects of the impact of the risk of gene transferring in the context of insurance protection.

Financial stability of agricultural producers the most effective method to stimulate the development of agricultural insurance, which is part of the insurance premium compensation to agricultural producers for insurance contracts and regulation of insurance state. Government support of agricultural producers with their property insurance provides in a many developed countries (USA, Canada, Spain, etc.), through which achieved a high level of insurance in the agricultural sector of the economy. In Ukraine agricultural insurance also carried out with government support, but its development is characterized by slow pace. Problems of development of agricultural insurance and solutions determine the relevance of the study of this problem. Agriculture is the key to food security. Insurance system should provide financial support to rural producers. That damage the agricultural sector affect not only the interests of the producers and the state in general, there is a need to create a basis for substantial government support for agriculture. Considerable support can be carried out through government subsidies producers or insurers in insurance operations.

This work presents a system to increase the yield of a novel 3-D chip integration technology. A built-in self-test and a routing system have been developed to identify and avoid faults on vertical connections between different stacked chips. The 3-D technology is based on stacking several active CMOS-ICs, which have through-substrate electrical contacts to communicate with each other. The expected defects of these vias are shorts and resistances that are too high. The test and routing system is designed to analyze an arbitrary number of connections. The result ist used to gain information about the reliability of the new 3-D processing and to increase its yield. The circuits have been developed in 0.13 μm technology, one chip has been fabricated and tested, another one is in production.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Built-In Self-Test Schaltung (BIST) vorgestellt, welche die vertikalen Inter-Chip-Verbindungen in einer neuartigen 3D Schaltungstechnologie auf ihre Funktionalität zur Datenübertragung überprüft. Die 3D Technologie beruht auf der Stapelung mehrerer aktiver Silizium-CMOS-ICs, welche durch das Siliziumsubstrat hindurch vertikal miteinander elektrisch verbunden sind. Bei diesen Vias sind die zu erwartenden Defekte hochohmige Verbindungen und Kurzschlüsse. Die entwickelte Testschaltung ermöglicht es, beliebige Konstellationen von vertikalen Verbindungen auf Fehler zu untersuchen, und das Ergebnis entweder zur Analyse der 3D Technologie auszulesen oder innerhalb des Chipstapels zu verwenden, um defekte Vias zu umgehen. Die Schaltung wurde in einer 0,13μm Technologie entworfen und simuliert. Ein Testchip ist momentan in Produktion.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The soil erosion map in hand is integrated in an interdisciplinary work with zoology and botany which deals with the problems of an Ethiopian National Park in the High Semien Mountains. Wide areas of the high plains between 3,200 and 4,000 metres above sea level formed by Trapp-Basalt are damaged by soil erosion. In order to take effective measures against the irreversible damage in this potential disaster area, the present Situation was mapped in a primary phase in the autumnof 1974: 1) The present forms of erosion were mapped. 2) Based on numerous profües, the structure of the soil was investigated and typified in an ideal profile. The thickness of the upper black horizon was measured by 500 different samples, evaluated and presented areawise. 3) On arable areas differentiation between 4 classes of damage was made: heavily to negligibly damaged areas. The map established shows that soil erosion occurs principally on ploughed land. Tendencies to damage according to exposure, form and incline of the slope are clearly shown. An evolution of the forms of soil erosion can be derived. Possibilities for protective measures against soil erosion are available, but have not been used until today.

No abstract available.

Äthiopiens Probleme der Ressourcenübernutzung, der Unterentwicklung, der Anfälligkeit für Hungersnöte und der regionalen Konflikte sind auf seine gebirgige Lage, seine agroökologische Vielfalt, sein kulturgeschichtliches Alter und die Einflüsse von außen zurückzuführen. Viele gutgemeinte Entwicklungsbemühungen scheitern zudem an mangelnder räumlicher Information als Planungsgrundlage. Die nationalen und internationalen Bemühungen zur Beseitigung dieses Engpasses, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung topographischer und thematischer Karten als Grundlage ländlicher Entwicklung, werden in diesem Artikel angesprochen.

No abstract available.

The visual echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular (LV) systolic function can be cumbersome, especially in patients with poor image quality. This review describes several alternative echocardiographic methods to determine LV systolic function: endocardial border delineation by contrast agents, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, mitral annular velocity derived from tissue Doppler, myocardial performance index, mitral regurgitation derived LV dP/dtMax and estimation of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography. The review introduces the respective methods along with the presentation of suitable measurements, clinical implications and methodological limitations.