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Depuis quelques années, Naval Group s'approprie la technologie de Focalisation en Tous Points (FTP plus connue sous son acronyme anglais TFM) en l'appliquant progressivement à ses cas industriels. Deux applications sont présentées dans cet article : – une utilisation de la TFM pour les mesures de profilométrie interne de composants, – une utilisation de la TFM pour le contrôle d'une soudure de forte épaisseur. Pour chaque cas, l'application est décrite et les comparaisons entre différentes techniques ultrasonores sont effectuées. Une analyse des gains potentiels est présentée. Des explications physiques utilisant la simulation CIVA sont proposées. Les éventuels inconvénients sont aussi discutés.

More than any other discipline, urbanism interacts with the world which it makes intelligible by its knowledge, and apprehendable by its courses. However, the issues that govern urban developments have changed in nature and scope. We show how teachings in urban planning, mainly in master’s degree, have moved away from analytical perspectives and critical orientations, which are today more important than ever.Over the last thirty years, these trainings courses have experienced a real twist, which the competitive climate for the recognition of diplomas cannot explain. To date they comprise a specialized technical field, between profession repositories and standardization of careers, between the federation of Instituts d’urbanisme and the standardization of knowledge by the Comité National des Universités (CNU).The articulation between pluridisciplinarity and practical knowledge, structured in the 1970s and 1980s around noticed thoughts, has generally substituted another couple, both as a position and a process of formation: the action of hyper-urbanism (based on manufacturing processes and their management), technical know-how and their orientation towards economic development (based on projects and their instruments). By this twist, the current of urban studies has developed very little in France (although very widely deployed abroad). Furthermore, urban planning courses remain affected by a broad socio-ecological misconception.

Abstract The efficiency of the French marker-assisted selection (MAS) was estimated by a simulation study. The data files of two different time periods were used: April 2004 and 2006. The simulation method used the structure of the existing French MAS: same pedigree, same marker genotypes and same animals with records. The program simulated breeding values and new records based on this existing structure and knowledge on the QTL used in MAS (variance and frequency). Reliabilities of genetic values of young animals (less than one year old) obtained with and without marker information were compared to assess the efficiency of MAS for evaluation of milk, fat and protein yields and fat and protein contents. Mean gains of reliability ranged from 0.015 to 0.094 and from 0.038 to 0.114 in 2004 and 2006, respectively. The larger number of animals genotyped and the use of a new set of genetic markers can explain the improvement of MAS reliability from 2004 to 2006. This improvement was also observed by analysis of information content for young candidates. The gain of MAS reliability with respect to classical selection was larger for sons of sires with genotyped progeny daughters with records. Finally, it was shown that when superiority of MAS over classical selection was estimated with daughter yield deviations obtained after progeny test instead of true breeding values, the gain was underestimated.

Abstract Background Size of the reference population and reliability of phenotypes are crucial factors influencing the reliability of genomic predictions. It is therefore useful to combine closely related populations. Increased accuracies of genomic predictions depend on the number of individuals added to the reference population, the reliability of their phenotypes, and the relatedness of the populations that are combined. Methods This paper assesses the increase in reliability achieved when combining four Holstein reference populations of 4000 bulls each, from European breeding organizations, i.e. UNCEIA (France), VikingGenetics (Denmark, Sweden, Finland), DHV-VIT (Germany) and CRV (The Netherlands, Flanders). Each partner validated its own bulls using their national reference data and the combined data, respectively. Results Combining the data significantly increased the reliability of genomic predictions for bulls in all four populations. Reliabilities increased by 10%, compared to reliabilities obtained with national reference populations alone, when they were averaged over countries and the traits evaluated. For different traits and countries, the increase in reliability ranged from 2% to 19%. Conclusions Genomic selection programs benefit greatly from combining data from several closely related populations into a single large reference population.

The world is facing climate emergency, one of a series of overlapping and mutually reinforcing environmental crises. In 2017, more than 15,000 scientists from 184 countries signed the World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity, urging the world to take immediate action against the current trajectory of catastrophic climate change. We, as concerned lawyers, have heard the world scientists’ call, and believe it is time for the legal community at large to organize and join the global fight against climate change.