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Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Divorce files not only document the negotiation of conflicts between two spouses. They also provide insights into the (often precarious) working conditions of marginalized persons, such as servants. This article examines divorce files from 1800 until 1867 with a special focus on the narratives they contain about maids. The first part of the article addresses the issue of sexual violence against maids. The second and the third part question what consequences sexual intercourse with the masters and a potential pregnancy could have for the maids according to labour law and criminal law. Finally, the article discusses whether the maids had agency in the context of “adultery” with their masters and if they could express their personal perspective in court.

Jahrzehntelangen feministischen Kämpfen, Analysen und Errungenschaften zum Trotz sind Männer und Frauen in Arbeitsmarkt, Beschäftigung oder Sozialversicherung keineswegs gleichgestellt. Der Gender Pay Gap oder die Tatsache, dass insbesondere Frauen von (Alters-)Armut betroffen sind, sind nur einige merkliche Auswirkungen der Geschlechterungleichheit, die auch im 21. Jahrhundert nicht an Wirkmächtigkeit verloren hat. Dieser Band macht sich die Geschichte von Geschlechterhierarchien in Arbeitskontexten zum Gegenstand und stellt sich damit in die lange Tradition frauen- und geschlechterhistorischer Forschungen. Die Beiträge untersuchen, wie Ungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen historisch immer wieder neu hergestellt, ausgestaltet und abgesichert wurde. Sie zeigen die vielfältigen Wechselbezüge von Arbeit und Geschlecht auf und analysieren die Verschränkungen mit anderen Differenz- und Ungleichheitskategorien, insbesondere mit Stand/Klasse. Dabei stellen die Autor*innen Akteur*innen in den Mittelpunkt ihres Interesses, die an der Durchsetzung von Hierarchien oder an stillen oder lautstarken Protesten um deren Beseitigung beteiligt waren. Die Protagonistinnen der Beiträge sind meist weibliche Arbeitskräfte, die sich ihren Lebensunterhalt vielfach unter äußerst prekären Umständen organisierten. Damit schreiben die Aufsätze die Geschlechtergeschichte von Ungleichheit, Diskriminierung und Prekarität, aber auch von Handlungsmacht und Eigensinn in Arbeitsverhältnissen fort.

“…the Maid was Sent Away Before She Had Given Birth.“ Narratives about Maids in Divorce Records Between 1800 and 1867. Divorce files not only document the negotiation of conflicts between two spouses. They also provide insights into the (often precarious) working conditions of marginalized persons, such as servants. This article examines divorce files from 1800 until 1867 with a special focus on the narratives they contain about maids. The first part of the article addresses the issue of sexual violence against maids. The second and the third part question what consequences sexual intercourse with the masters and a potential pregnancy could have for the maids according to labour law and criminal law. Finally, the article discusses whether the maids had agency in the context of “adultery” with their masters and if they could express their personal perspective in court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a gender history perspective and against the backdrop of auto/biographical theory, space and memory studies, this article deals with gendered debates, politics and cultural practise of (re)naming streets in urban contexts in general and with the Uhlirzgasse in Graz as a significant case study in particular. H. Zettelbauer and L. Matzer analyse the historical contexts of the street naming process as well as contemporary retrospective (re-)evaluations as negotiations of hegemonic (public) culture. They consider positionings and strategies of municipal protagonists in the 20th century on the one hand and civil society efforts such as feminist memory politics on the other. The latter has challenged successfully male-centred practises of street naming from the 1990ies onwards. The authors confront the life story of the Austrian historian Mathilde Uhlirz (1881-1966) with her self-narration and the dedication of the Uhlirzgasse in its twofold (re)interpretation: honouring Mathilde Uhlirz' father Karl and/or Mathilde Uhlirz herself. The case study reveals a complex intertwining of a problematic German-nationalist and Nazi past, the limited agency of a female pioneer as a scientific persona within a misogynous university structure, ambivalent gendered autobiographical narrative strategies and hegemonic public memory politics, which transform a non-coherent, non-linear and contradictory biography into a smooth life story that allows placatory public identification. The contribution pleads for a gender critical reflection of biographical knowledge production - not only in scientific contexts but also in public history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of the first World War marked a period of profound change for the German nation, giving birth to Germany’s first democracy, the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic ushered in one of the most creative and uninhibited periods of the twentieth century. This period witnessed advancements in the field of sexology and unprecedented change for German women as they flooded the workforce and gained full suffrage. As an increasing number of single women became financially independent and disillusioned with the prewar construction of the family unit, German men found themselves rendered impotent. Already humiliated by the loss of the war, men desperately clung to the prewar, Wilhelmine ideal of the quintessential real man by turning their attention to the sexual behavior of women and fostering a culture of systematically engineered marriages through sex reform. This article draws upon the works of several prominent sexologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most notably Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, as well as a variety of articles published in German magazines during the 1920s. By comparing these works, spanning from the end of the Wilhelmine era to the 1930s, it becomes clear that the Great War fundamentally altered the way that women conceptualized female identity, sex, and the family.

With the renewed interest in material culture, not only the objects but also the written sources in which objects are documented get increasing attention. However, the focus is most often not directed to the sources themselves but rather to what they convey on objects of the past. Such an approach tends to reduce the sources to mere ‘quarries’ for information. This observation is particularly true for the paradigmatic source on objects, the inventory, which so far has received little attention as a specific type of source. Starting from a sample of 138 princely Italian and German inventories from the 14th and 16th centuries, which are complemented by a comparison with urban inventories, this paper points out the quality of textual thingness of inventories regarding them both as texts and objects. The thesis I propose is that inventories can become primordial documents for social, gender and cultural history if their narrative quality is taken seriously. | Mit dem erneuerten Interesse an der materiellen Kultur geraten nicht nur die Dinge, sondern auch die schriftlichen Quellen über Objekte in den Fokus. Das Interesse ist jedoch meist nicht auf die Dokumente selbst gerichtet, sondern auf ihre Aussagekraft über historische Artefakte. Ein solcher Zugang reduziert die Quellen zu reinen Steinbrüchen für Informationen. Dies gilt in besonderem Maß für die paradigmatische Quelle zu Objekten, das Inventar, das als Quellengattung selbst kaum Aufmerksamkeit erfuhr. Ausgehend von einem Korpus von 138 fürstlichen Inventaren aus dem italienischen und deutschen Kontext des 14. und 16. Jahrhunderts, ergänzt um Vergleiche mit städtischen Inventaren, arbeitet dieser Beitrag die spezielle Charakteristik von Inventaren in ihrer textuellen Dinghaftigkeit heraus, indem sie sowohl als Texte wie als Artefakte betrachtet werden. Nur wenn Inventare in ihrer narrativen Qualität ernst genommen werden, so die These, können sie als erstrangige Quellen für die Sozial-, Geschlechter- und Kulturgeschichte fungieren.

In Serbian historiography history of sexuality developed within (or together with) gender history. Along with several rare exemptions, both disciplines emerged during the 1990’s. As for history of sexuality, the first wave of studies dealt with medical and legal issues, such as abortion, divorce and prostitution. The similar development could be traced in other historiographies. This thematic disbalance derived partly from the nature of the first discovered sources (public health institutions, courts, police documentation). In the 21st century, history of sexuality flourished, as well as gender history, and for that matter, all other kinds of social history. Especially after 2010, relatively many published works dwelled on the LGBTQ topics. However, synthetic works such monographs are still missing.

En este artículo pretendemos analizar el poder político de las mujeres de la Domus Augusta a nivel institucional. Una serie de ele­ mentos presentes en las fuentes historiográ cas nos indican hasta qué punto ejercieron su in uencia sobre las fuerzas que estaban investidas con el poder político de manera constitucional. No obstante, la elevada carga ideológica de la Historia de las Mujeres ha convertido muchas veces dicha in uencia en un cargo público institucionalizado. Así, tratamos de depurar las connotaciones ideológicas para, una vez de nido el poder político en el Principado, analizar respecto al mismo la naturaleza del que verdaderamente ejercieron las damas imperiales. In this paper, we aim to analyze the institucionally­based political power of the Domus Augusta women. Ancient sources show us to what extent these women in uenced the invested forces with constitutional political powers. However, the ideologically­charged History of Women has, several times, taken this in uence to such extent as to speak of a constitutionally arranged o cial background. is study tries accurately to determine ideological implications and compare the political power of the Principate with those which the women of the imperial court really exercised.

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1950 and 1980 children were increasingly raised with bottle-feeding products in the Federal Republic of Germany. There were plenty of products on offer and the marketing strategies of the food production companies were intricate. This cannot, however, have been the sole reason for the increasing use of the baby bottle. The bottle will be analysed using a History of Things approach: how did it enter the family and how did it change the relations between mothers, fathers and infants? For mothers, the baby bottle promised greater freedom in organising their everyday lives; fathers were able to redefine their masculinity by feeding the baby themselves. In Sweden, care for infants and small children as well as the responsibilities of men in child-rearing were addressed and demanded earlier than in the Federal Republic of Germany. In both countries, it can be observed that the baby bottle – among other factors – played a key role in shaping the family during the 20th century. In both countries, this was a controversial affair. Zwischen 1950 und 1980 wurden Säuglinge in der Bundesrepublik zunehmend mit Flaschenmilch ernährt. Die Produktpalette war groß, und die Werbestrategien der Nahrungsmittelhersteller waren ausgeklügelt. Dies allein kann jedoch nicht der Grund für die steigende Nutzung der Säuglingsflasche gewesen sein. Sie wird hier mit einer explizit dinghistorischen Perspektive untersucht: Wie kam sie in die Familie, und wie veränderte sie die Beziehungen von Müttern, Vätern und Säuglingen? Müttern versprach die Säuglingsflasche mehr Freiheiten in der Gestaltung ihres Alltags; Vätern ermöglichte sie es, ihre Männlichkeit neu zu definieren, indem die Väter ihre Kinder selbst fütterten. Eher als in der Bundesrepublik wurde in Schweden die Versorgung von Kleinkindern diskutiert und eine stärkere Mitverantwortung der Männer für die Familie gefordert. Für beide Länder lässt sich beobachten, dass die Säuglingsflasche – zusammen mit anderen Akteuren – die Familie während der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts entscheidend mitgestaltete. In beiden Ländern verlief dies durchaus kontrovers.

After the Austrian Civil War of February 1934, historical accounts produced by the victors and the defeated agreed relatively quickly at least on one point: that the ghting had been a purely male a air, with women either absent altogether from the con ict or reduced to the role of passive victims. is assumption has been also widely shared by academics. Against this background, the article aims to reconstruct the „female“ February 1934. It explores a broad variety of actions undertaken by women including lo­ gistics, communication, reconnaissance and even military combat. Additionally, it highlights how women were of tremendous importance psycholo­ gically. e obvious relevance of women in any military confrontation with state forces poses the question why most of the activities of women during the February ghting were spontaneous and unplanned. Here, the article ar­ gues that military strategists’ decision not to incorporate women into milita­ ry planning was the result not only of patriarchical preconceptions but also of a strategic judgement. A er the clashes of July 1927, the leaders of the So­ cial Democratic Schutzbund forces realigned the organization towards ex­ panding the number of its followers and providing a sphere of activity for radical elements: its potential role as an actual militia, meanwhile, was quiet­ly discounted.

After the Austrian Civil War of February 1934, historical accounts produced by the victors and the defeated agreed relatively quickly at least on one point: that the fighting had been a purely male affair, with women either absent altogether from the conflict or reduced to the role of passive victims. This assumption has been also widely shared by academics. Against this background, the article aims to reconstruct the „female“ February 1934. It explores a broad variety of actions undertaken by women including logistics, communication, reconnaissance and even military combat. Additionally, it highlights how women were of tremendous importance psychologically. The obvious relevance of women in any military confrontation with state forces poses the question why most of the activities of women during the February fighting were spontaneous and unplanned. Here, the article argues that military strategists’ decision not to incorporate women into military planning was the result not only of patriarchical preconceptions but also of a strategic judgement. After the clashes of July 1927, the leaders of the Social Democratic Schutzbund forces realigned the organization towards expanding the number of its followers and providing a sphere of activity for radical elements: its potential role as an actual militia, meanwhile, was quietly discounted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aims at a fundamental repositioning of this fragment, which until now has received only little scholarly attention. It demonstrates that irrespective of the extensive contemporary tradition, Sibylla Schwarz conceptualized the biblical issue of Susanne consistently from a female perspective. Apart from the sexual threat itself, she focuses on the broad exclusion of women from public speech. The biblical source, in which the elders' condemnation finally takes place without a statement by Susanna herself, stands in fundamental tension with Sibylla Schwarz's interest in making herself audible. Also discussed is whether this may be one reason why the text in the end remained a fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]