Search

With the introduction of edoxaban last year in Germany, four nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants are now available for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. These novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) represent an attractive new option compared to vitamin K antagonists (e.g., warfarin or phenprocoumon) due to simple use and fewer interactions with other drugs or food. Therefore, no INR monitoring and dosage adjustments are required for NOAC. The compelling clinical advantage of NOAC is the dramatic risk reduction of hemorhagic stroke and intracranial bleeding compared to current standard. In addition, total mortality is significantly reduced by 10 %. These effects are demonstrated for all four NOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban). Therefore, current national and international guidelines recommend NOAC as the preferred option or at least as an attractive alternative compared to the former standard of vitamin K antagonists. The economic impact and reimbursement by Statutory Health Insurance (GKV) is of major importance for treatment in an outpatient setting. For apixaban and edoxaban, an additional benefit was granted by the institution of G‑BA and IQWiG in this clinical setting, whereas dabigatran and rivaroxaban were not assessed due to market entrance prior to 2011 before the AMNOG procedure was initiated. The members of this consensus paper recommend NOAC as the preferred option for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who are currently not treated with anticoagulant drugs in spite of clear indication for anticoagulation. For new patients with nonvalvular fibrillation, it should be decided on an individual basis which treatment option is adequate for the patient with their respective comorbidities.

Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) are a common cause for complaints. As a rule PVCs are not life-threatening if no structural heart disease is present; however, due to the symptoms treatment is often required using either antiarrhythmic drugs or more commonly catheter ablation. The surface electrocardiogram (ECG) is very helpful in localizing the origin of the arrhythmia, in particular for differentiating right from left ventricular sources.

Background: Pocket hematoma is a common complication after heart rhythm device implantation (HRD) in patients receiving anticoagulation and/or dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)., Methods: We conducted a prospective case-control study and enrolled all patients admitted for HRD receiving anticoagulation or DAPT. Participants received D-Stat (a mixture of collagen and thrombin) into the pectoral pocket and were compared with an age- and gender-matched group receiving a vacuum drainage system. The primary endpoint was a composite of hematoma needing evacuation and pocket infection., Results: We included a total of 164 patients (mean age 73 ± 10.7 years; 118 [72 %] men). In all, 82 patients (50 %) received D-stat and 82 (50 %) vacuum drainage. There were 83 (51 %) patients who were treated with anticoagulation, 69 (42 %) patients received DAPT, and 11 (7 %) patients both. The primary endpoint occurred in 14.5 % (12/82) of patients in the D-Stat group and 0 % (0/82) of patients in the drainage group (p < 0.01). The use of D-Stat solution was associated with an increased incidence of pocket hematoma requiring evacuation (8.5 % versus 0 %; p = 0.01), and tended to an increased rate of pocket infections (6.1 % versus 0 %; p = 0.06). Postoperative immunoglobulin E levels (106 ± 219 IU/ml [D-Stat] versus 117 ± 189 IU/ml [drainage]) and increase of C-reactive protein (D-Stat: ∆19 mg/l versus drainage: ∆21 mg/l) were similar in both groups (p = 0.7 and p = 0.5, respectively)., Conclusions: Administration of D-Stat solution is associated with a higher rate of pocket hematoma requiring reoperation in a high risk population receiving anticoagulation and/or DAPT. The observed rate of pocket infections in the D-Stat group is a matter of concern.

Riata® and Riata ST® implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) leads (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA) show an increased incidence of insulation defects, particularly "inside-out" lead fracture where inner, separately insulated cables penetrate through the surrounding silicone of the lead body. The exact incidence of Riata® lead problems is not clear and seems to range between 2-4% per year in the first 5 years after implantation according to new registry data. We recommend beyond a detailed information the following care of patients with Riata® and Riata ST® leads: 1) Activation of automatic ICD alerts, 2) remote monitoring with automatic daily alerts whenever possible, 3) monthly ICD controls in patients at high risk (pacemaker dependency, history of ventricular tachyarrhythmias) and high or moderate lead-related risk (8F, 7F single coil), 3-monthly controls in moderate patient and lead-related risk, 3 to 6-monthly controls in low patient and lead-related risk (no bradycardia, no history of ventricular tachyarrhythmia). Every ICD control should include meticulous analysis of oversensing artifacts in stored electrograms (EGMs) of sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias and registration of EGMs during provocation testing (pectoral muscle activity, arm movements). If electrical abnormalities are observed, reoperation with addition of a new ICD lead is recommended; lead extraction only if indicated according to current guidelines. Fluoroscopy should only be performed if electrical abnormalities are found by an experienced electrophysiologist and a high frame rate and resolution. Management of fluoroscopic abnormalities in the absence of electrical abnormalities is not clear. Therefore, routine fluoroscopy of patients with Riata® leads without electrical abnormalities is not recommended.

Background: Health days are an established forum for prevention and health promotion for different groups in the general population. Through the use of modular questionnaires "Global Risk Assessment" (GloRiA) on computers (handheld and desktop), the recording of patient data and presentation of the results can be optimized. Possible applications include identification of risk factors, early detection of patients at risk, epidemiology and health services research, promotion of patient adherence by visualizations (e.g. risk scores). Up to 12 different question modules are available (e.g. risk for the occurrence of cardiovascularevents by Framingham score, forfuture riskof diabetes mellitus using FindRisk score, smoking, COPD, pain, comorbidities)., Methods and Results: During 57 health days in 2010 and 2011, data were collected from 3451 persons (53% women, mean age 59.6 +/- 15.4 years) using GloRiA. The percentage of former smokers was 32.7%, while that of current smokers was 14.7%. The average 10-year risk based on the Framingham score (calculated with 1739 persons) in 53.7% of respondents was at <10%, in 37.0% at 10-20%, and in 9.3% at > 20%. In men risk was higher than in women. Smoking cessation would theoretically reduce the mean 10-year risk from 10.9 +/- 9.2% to 7.4 +/- 6.6%. In 50.5% of participants blood pressure measurement revealed elevated values, and in 10% or 2%, respectively, a moderately high or high 10-year riskof incident diabetes mellitus according to FindRisk., Conclusion: The use of GloRiA for the consolidation of health data under the framework of health days provides new and sustained possibilities in early detection of cardiovascular disease. The calculation and visualization of risks and the impact of treatment decisions, e.g. reduction of cardiovascular risk by smoking cessation, were communicated directly to the participants. The individual health report facilitates the diagnostic procedures bya physician.

A congenital left ventricular aneurysm or diverticulum is a rare cardiac malformation described in 418 cases since the first description in 1816, being associated with other cardiac, vascular or thoracoabdominal abnormalities in about 75%. It appears to be a developmental anomaly, starting in the 4th embryonic week. Diagnosis can be made after exclusion of coronary artery disease, local or systemic inflammation or traumatic causes as well as cardiomyopathies. Clinically, most congenital left ventricular aneurysms and diverticula are asymptomatic, but some of them may cause systemic embolization, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, ventricular wall rupture, ventricular tachycardia, or sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis is established by imaging studies such as echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging or left ventricular angiography, visualizing the structural changes and accompanying abnormalities. Mode of treatment has to be individually tailored and depends on clinical presentation, accompanying abnormalities and possible complications, options include surgical resection, especially in symptomatic patients, anticoagulation after systemic embolization, radiofrequency ablation or implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator in case of symptomatic ventricular tachycardias, occasionally combined with class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs. Because of the usually benign course of congenital left ventricular aneurysms and diverticula in the adulthood, most of them can be managed conservatively.

Background: Sustained, stable wide QRS-complex tachycardia (WCT) remains a diagnostic challenge, because the treatment of supra-ventricular tachycardia (SVT) with aberrant conduction differs considerably from that of a ventricular tachycardia (VT). A usual recommendation for treating a case of a stable WCT is to manage it as if it were VT, in accordance with the consideration of "first do no harm". The aim of this study was to determine whether Board-certified emergency-physicians are able to differentiate VT from SVT with aberrant conduction in a high percentage of cases (> 90%), thus to assure more precise prehospital treatment.", Methods: Eight electrocardiograms with WCT (four with electrophysiologically proven VT or SVT, respectively) were evaluated in a blinded fashion by 64 Board-certified emergency-physicians (23 female, 41 male, mean age: 37,8 + 5,1 years). Initially, the diagnosis had to be made without any further information. Afterwards the same electrocardiograms were presented again, providing important additional information., Results: 55% of the study population were able to establish the correct diagnosis merely by evaluating the electrocardiogram. Providing the above mentioned additional information, the number of correct diagnoses increased to 61%. These results were roughly similar in all subgroups, only the subgroup of cardiologists showed a trend to better results with correct diagnoses in 68% without and 73 % with additional information. None of the subgroups reached the pre-specified cut-off of > or = 90% correct diagnoses. Specialist status as well as experience in emergency medicine had no significant influence on the results, only the subgroup of emergency physicians with an experience of more than five years showed a trend towards a higher rate of correct diagnosis, compared with the subgroup with less than one year experience in emergency medicine., Conclusion: In cases of stable WCT the evaluation of the electrocardiogram without further information in prehospital emergency-medicine leads to unsatisfactory results. The correct diagnosis in WCT can be improved by using additional data but the diagnostic accuracy is still low. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of stable WCT in preclinical emergency-medicine cannot be recommended. Until proven otherwise, any stable WCT should be managed as if it were VT.

Age-related physiologic changes, a higher prevalence of chronic illness, and concomitant (often multiple) medication account for a higher susceptibility of elderly patients to syncope. Although elderly patients are the largest group with syncope, the causes frequently remain unclear. Multifactorial causes, lack of witnesses, overlap with falls, and additional cognitive impairment often confound the assessment of syncope in the elderly. Thus, strategic investigation is often needed to establish the diagnosis and to unmask the cause. In addition to a comprehensive medical history (by both patient and witnesses), a thorough physical examination including supine and standing blood pressure measurements and a standard 12 lead ECG remain the mainstay of diagnosis. The decision whether additional tests are needed depends on indications whether organic heart disease is present or not. Without evidence of structural heart disease, tilt table testing and studies of autonomic function are the next steps. In contrast, additional cardiac investigation (including invasive studies) is needed in patients with suspected or documented cardiac disease. External or implantable loop recorders represent a significant improvement in the diagnosis of rare episodes of (brady- or tachy)-arrhythmias. Prognosis is determined by the underlying (heart) disease.

The study describes the electrophysiological effects of transvenous cardiac nerve stimulation in an animal model of myocardial infarction. In ten sheep with recent myocardial infarction, transvenous stimulation of parasympathetic cardiac nerves was achieved from a catheter in the right pulmonary artery. The effects of transvenous cardiac nerve stimulation on sinus rhythm cycle length, ventricular refractory periods and inducibility of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia were evaluated. Sinus rhythm cycle length increased from 620 +/- 24 ms to 723 +/- 30 ms during nerve stimulation with 20 Hz and to 779 +/- 28 ms during stimulation with 40 Hz (p < 0.05). Effective ventricular refractory periods from stimulation sites in non-infarcted right and left ventricular myocardium showed a tendency towards prolongation during cardiac nerve stimulation with shortening after cessation of stimulation. These differences, however, were not significant. In contrast, refractory periods from stimulation sites within the infarcted area remained unchanged during cardiac nerve stimulation. The inducibility of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia by programmed electrical stimulation was reduced during transvenous cardiac nerve stimulation. Pathological examination showed cholinergic nerves in close proximity to the tip of the stimulation catheter in the right pulmonary artery. Transvenous cardiac nerve stimulation in sheep with remote myocardial infarction exhibits electrophysiological effects on the ventricles. Although a parasympathetic effect on the ventricles could not be proven, the observed effects may result from direct stimulation of efferent parasympathetic nerves.

The most effective and safest option for the prevention of atrial fibrillation and its sequelae--cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, stroke)--is primary prophylaxis. Here, the management of arterial hypertension--the most common cause underlying atrial fibrillation--is of considerable importance. In addition to blood pressure reduction, substances with an action of the autonomic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE-inhibitors, AT1 antagonists, beta blockers) have a positive effect on the remodeling, so-called, of the atrial myocytes, and thus on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation with its associated stroke risk. For patients with elevated blood pressure, therefore, the therapeutic strategy should, in the individual case, give consideration to the possibility of exerting a positive effect on atrial fibrillation.

The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) is an external defibrillator that automatically detects and treats ventricular tachyarrhythmias without the need for assistance from a bystander while at the same time allowing the patient to ambulate freely. The main components of the system are the defibrillator unit and a chest belt with electrodes for arrhythmia detection and therapy delivery. Between December 1998 and October 2001, 84 patients used the device at our institution. The majority of patients had a history of acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death or were awaiting heart transplantation. During a mean follow-up of 116+/-90 days, 7 episodes of ventricular tachyarrhythmias were detected and terminated successfully by the WCD in 5 patients. In 9720 days, there was one inappropriate shock due to oversensing of electrical noise. Four patients died during follow-up; none of them had a cardiac arrest while wearing the device. Five patients were excluded because of irregularities in device use. An ICD was implanted in 24 patients at the end of the follow-up period. The WCD is effective in detecting and treating ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with an intermittently increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Further use of the system in larger patient populations is needed to confirm its safety and cost effectiveness.

The limited efficacy of and side effects associated with antiarrhythmic drug therapy have led to renewed interest in non-pharmacologic treatment options for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In addition to catheter ablation of the initiating ectopic atrial beats, electrical stimulation of the atrium is a new and promising method to reduce the frequency of arrhythmia recurrences. Recent studies have confirmed the importance of both the initiating triggers and the electrophysiologic substrate for the recurrence and perpetuation, respectively, of atrial fibrillation. Bradycardia and pauses, atrial premature beats, and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation all seem to play an important role for (re-)initiation of an episode. Results from single-site atrial pacing in the high right atrium have shown a reduction of atrial fibrillation episodes and progression into chronic atrial fibrillation in selected groups of patients (brady-tachycardia syndrome and vagally induced atrial fibrillation). Therefore, specific preventive pacing algorithms (atrial overdrive pacing, rate smoothing or rate acceleration after detection of atrial premature beats and termination of a mode-switch) and new pacing sites have recently been investigated in order to address all of these initiation mechanisms and to increase the efficacy of pacing. In studies published so far, the specific pacing algorithms seem to add benefit compared to atrial-based demand (AAI or DDD) pacing alone. Finally, attempts are being made to terminate recurrences of atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter with antitachycardia pacing algorithms in order to avoid progression into atrial fibrillation. Based on experimental and clinical evidence, the initial phase of the majority of atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrences is not 'leading circle reentry'. Most episodes start relatively regular and seem to have an excitable gap, allowing capture and pace termination.

This 52-year old female patient suffered from exertional dyspnea, fatigue and palpitations progressive for some months. She had rheumatic fever in childhood. Physical examination and echocardiography revealed severe pure mitral regurgitation, invasive studies showed dilatation of the left atrium and ventricle, a regurgitant volume of 70% of the stroke volume and mitral valve replacement was performed.

A 66 year old patient with chest pain and exertional dyspnea is described. Auscultation and physical examination showed signs of aortic stenosis combined with aortic insufficiency. Electrocardiography revealed left ventricular hypertrophy with associated ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities. Color blood flow imaging confirmed severe combined aortic stenosis and regurgitation, the hemodynamic evaluation demonstrated the indication for aortic valve replacement.